Anatomy Revision PDF

Basic Anatomy Revision By Prof. Dr Hoda El Aasar  Fascia What are the functions of Superficial fascia? 1. Retains warmth of the body. 2. Acts as a reservoir of fat. 3. Facilitates movement of skin. 4. In the upper part of chest, it contains mammary gland. 5....

Basic Anatomy Revision By Prof. Dr Hoda El Aasar  Fascia What are the functions of Superficial fascia? 1. Retains warmth of the body. 2. Acts as a reservoir of fat. 3. Facilitates movement of skin. 4. In the upper part of chest, it contains mammary gland. 5. Acts as a soft bed for passage of vessels and nerves to skin. What are the sites where muscles located in superficial fascia? (a)In the face (muscles of expression). (b) In neck (platysma) (c) In the palm (palmaris brevis) What are the functions of the deep fascia? 1)Keeps the underlying structures in position. 2) Binds the muscle into groups and extends between them as intermuscular septa. 3) Helps circulation in veins and lymphatics, when muscle contract against their fascia, they compress veins and lymphatics. 4)It forms interosseous membranes that bind bones together. 5) In certain areas it forms tubular sheathes around vessels and nerves, eg. Carotid sheath in neck, femoral sheath in the thigh. 6)Formation of fibrous sheaths around flexor tendons of hands and feet. Give sites of absence of deep fascia in the body. ▪ In the face ▪ In the anterior abdominal wall.  Give the sites of condensation of the deep fascia. 1- At wrist and ankle joints to form flexor and extensor retinaculae holding the tendons of the long muscles in place to prevent their bowing during contraction of their muscles. 2- At the palm of the hand forming palmer aponeurosis to protect the underneath vessels and nerves. 3- At the sole of the foot forming planter aponeurosis to protect the underneath vessels and nerves. 4- At the lateral side of the thigh forming iliotibial tract giving an attachment to strong muscles of the lower limb helping the lower limb to act as one stick in standing position. Give the sites of the hyaline cartilage in the body. 1.Articular cartilage 2.Cartilage of respiratory passage as nose, Larynx, trachea 3.Costal Cartilages 4.Skeleton of fetus and epiphyseal plate Give the sites of yellow elastic fibrocartilage in the body. 1.Ear pinna, External auditory meatus, Eustachian tube. 2.Some laryngeal cartilage as epiglottis. Give the sites of white fibrocartilage in the body. 1.Intervertebral disc. 2.Laberum glenoidal and laberum acetebulare 3.Symphysis Pubis 4.Semilunar cartilage of knee and meniscus What is the function of the bone? 1- Act as a central axis. 2- Support of the body and transmit body weight. 3- Give form of the body. 4- Protect the underlying structures. 5- Give attachments to muscles. 6- Form joints that allow locomotion. 7- Form blood cells in the red bone marrow. 8- Store of calcium and phosphorus. What are the sources of the blood supply of the long bones? 1.Nutrient artery: 2 2.Epiphyseal arteries:. 3.Metaphyseal arteries: 4.Periosteal arteries: Give the structure and function of the periosteum It is rough fibrous sheath surrounding the bone except the articular surface It consists of 2 layers a) Superficial white fibrous layer. b) Deep layer of elastic fibers and osteoblasts Function ▪ Growth of bone in width. ▪ Forming new bone in case of fracture. ▪ Its blood supply supplies also the underlying bone. Location of the growing endin long bones. From the knee I flee to the elbow I go. Give the difference between pale and red fibres of skeletal muscles. Pale fibers: Rapid contraction and rapid fatigue. Located in prime mover muscles which start the movement. Red fibers (high myoglobin content): Slow contraction but sustained. Located in antigravity muscles where continuous contraction is needed to maintain the posture of the body. Describe the different types of muscle attachment. Intermediate tendon  Tensor fascia lata External oblique muscle Give types of parallel form of the skeletal muscle fibers. Tendinous Fusiform intersection Quadrate Quadratus femoris Rectus Sartorius abdominus Palmaris longus Give types of pennate form of the skeletal muscle fibers. Pennate= feather like Unipennate Circumpennate Multipennate Flexor pollicis Rectus femoris Tibialis anterior Deltoid longus Give types of oblique nonpennate form of the skeletal muscle fibers. Triangular= temporalis cruciate= masseter Spiral= latissimus dorsi circular= orbicularis oculi Give types of muscle actions: A.Prime movers (agonist): Start and maintain the movement. B.Antagonistic muscles: Oppose the action of agonist. C.Synergists: Support the agonists preventing unwanted movement. D.Fixator muscles: Stabilize the origin of the agonist so it can act efficiently. Give types of fibrous joints with example. 1.Sutures: As in skull where the adjacent bone linked by sutural ligament 2.Syndesmosis: The adjacent bones are linked by interosseous ligament e.g. inferior tibiofibular joint. 3.Gomphosis: Between teeth and adjacent bones (sockets) where the collagen fibers of the periodontal ligament run between tooth and socket. Give location and criteria of 1ry cartilaginous joints: It is temporary joint Disappears at certain age. No movement allowed e.g. epiphyseal cartilage: Between epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones. Describe the criteria and sites of 2ry cartilaginous joints. The bones are connected by a fibro-cartilaginous disc It is permanent Limited degree of movement is allowed. Sites: (middle line of axial skeleton) Intervertebral discs Symphysis pubis. Give the criteria of the synovial joints. 1. Articular surfaces: Is covered by hyaline cartilage and separated from each other. 2. Joint cavity: It a Potential space. 3. Fibrous capsule: It covers the joint. 4, 5 Synovial membrane & fluid: It lines the inner aspect of the capsule and non-articular parts inside the joint. It secretes synovial fluid. 6. Ligaments: They enforce the capsule from outside 7. Intra-articular structures: May be present, e.g. a.Articular disc. b.Menisci c. Ligaments d.Tendons 8. Movements: They are freely mobile What are types of movements at the synovial joints? A. Plane joints B. Axial joints What are types of uniaxial joints with examples? 1. Hinge: allows flexion & extension e.g. elbow joint 2. Pivot : allows rotatory movement e.g. superior and inferior radio- ulnar joints. What are the types of biaxial joints? a. Condylar: It consists of either 2 separate convex surfaces (condyles), which articulate with 2 concave surfaces, e.g. knee joint (bicondylar) or one condyle articulating with one concave surface e.g. temporomandibular joint (unicondylar). b. Ellipsoid: It consists of one convex oval surface articulates with elliptical concave surface, e.g. wrist and metacarpo-phalangeal. c. Saddle: each surface is concave in one direction and convex at the perpendicular one, e.g. carpometacarpal of thumb.  Give the criteria of the multiaxial synovial joints A.The movements occurs around axes. B.The articular surface consists of a global rounded head articulates with a concave cup-shaped cavity. C.They are called ball and socket joints D.They are the most freely mobile joints in the body, e.g. the shoulder & hip joints. What are the factors maintaining stability of the joint? 1.Bony (skeletal) element: Shape and fitting of articulating surfaces. 2.Ligamentous element: Position and strength of ligaments as well as thickness and elasticity of the capsule 3.Muscular element: Strength of the surrounding muscles which are in direct contact with the joint capsule. 4.Intra-articular pressure: positive atmospheric pressure and negative intra-articular pressure help keeping the articulating surfaces in contact with each other. What are structues, function and sites of serrous sacs? Bursa  What are the types of blood circulations? Pathway of each circulation. The function of each one: 1. Pulmonary : gas exchange. 2. Systemic: cell respiration 3. Portal: carrying the digested food substances to the liver to be processed 1. What are the sites of end arteries? Give their importance. 2. What are the sites of tortuous arteries? Give their importance. 3. Give the criteria of the cardiac arteries. 4. Give the criteria of the cerebral arteries. Q. What are the types of arterial anastomoses and its importance? Q. Where are the sites of valveless veins in the body? Q. What are the factors helping the venous return? 1- Muscular contraction within the osteofascial compartments 2- Valves prevent back flow of blood towards the periphery. 3- Arterial pulsation of the arteries accompanied the veins. 4- Deep fascia surrounding the muscle groups. 5- The negative intra-thoracic pressure 6- The force of gravity helps the venous return. What are the characteristics of the arteriovenous shunt? It exists between smaller arteries and corresponding veins Straight or coiled Proximal to capillary bed Thick muscular wall Has sphincter rich sympathetic supply.  Capable of complete closure, in this case circulation passes in the capillary bed as usual. When patent, the blood passes directly from the artery to vein by passing the capillary bed. Poorly developed in newly-born. They develop rapidly in early years of life Undergo atrophy and sclerosis in old age. What are the sites of arteriovenous shunt & its importance? Sites : Exposed parts of the body Mucous membranes of alimentary canal The erectile tissue of the penis Importance: 1.Regulation of body temperature. 2.Facilitate the process of absorption 3.Has role in erection Q. What are the factors helping lymphatic return? Q. What are the function of the lymphatic system? Q. What are the functions of the spleen?  Q. What are the site and function of different endocrine glands? Q. Give the location of one of a mixed endo- and exocrine gand in the body and its functions. Q. What are the cranial nerves attached to different parts of the brain stem and cerebrum? Q. What are the different types of the nerve fibers in each cranial nerve and their distribution? Q. Give the number of the spinal nerves attached to different regions of the spinal cord.  Q. Compare between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system regarding their origin and function. Sympathetic system: Origin: thoracolumbar out flow. Function: prepares the body for activity, increases its capacity and arranges it for performing severe muscular effort as in emotional states, fight and fear. Parasympathetic system: Origin: caraniosacral out flow. Function: is anabolic and energy preserving. It arranges the body for sleep and digestion..