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What are the functions of superficial fascia?
- Retains warmth of the body. 2. Acts as a reservoir of fat. 3. Facilitates movement of skin. 4. Contains mammary gland in the upper part of the chest. 5. Acts as a soft bed for the passage of vessels and nerves.
What are the functions of deep fascia?
- Keeps the underlying structures in position. 2. Binds the muscles into groups with intermuscular septa. 3. Helps circulation in veins and lymphatics. 4. Forms interosseous membranes. 5. Forms tubular sheaths around vessels and nerves in certain areas. 6. Forms fibrous sheaths around flexor tendons.
Where are the sites of condensation of the deep fascia in the body?
- At wrist and ankle joints (flexor and extensor retinaculae). 2. At the palm of the hand (palmar aponeurosis). 3. At the sole of the foot (plantar aponeurosis). 4. At the lateral side of the thigh (iliotibial tract).
Where are the sites of absence of deep fascia in the body?
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What are the sites of hyaline cartilage in the body?
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Where is yellow elastic fibrocartilage located in the body?
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Where is white fibrocartilage found in the body?
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What is the function of bone?
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What are the sources of blood supply for long bones?
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What is the structure and function of the periosteum?
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What is the difference between pale and red fibers of skeletal muscles?
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What are the types of parallel forms of skeletal muscle fibers?
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What are the types of pennate forms of skeletal muscle fibers?
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What are the types of oblique non-pennate forms of skeletal muscle fibers?
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What are the types of muscle actions?
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Study Notes
Fascia
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Superficial Fascia
- Retains body heat.
- Serves as a fat storage reservoir.
- Allows for skin movement.
- Contains the mammary gland in the upper chest.
- Provides a pathway for vessels and nerves to the skin.
- Location of muscles:
- Face (muscles of expression)
- Neck (Platysma)
- Palm (Palmaris Brevis)
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Deep Fascia
- Holds underlying structures in place.
- Organizes muscles into groups, separating them with intermuscular septa.
- Assists with circulation in veins and lymphatics by compressing them during muscle contraction.
- Forms interosseous membranes that bind bones together.
- Creates tubular sheaths for vessels and nerves (e.g., carotid sheath in the neck, femoral sheath in the thigh).
- Forms fibrous sheaths around flexor tendons of the hands and feet.
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Absence of Deep Fascia:
- Face
- Anterior abdominal wall
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Condensation of Deep Fascia:
- Wrist and Ankle Joints: Forms flexor and extensor retinaculae, holding long muscle tendons in place to prevent bowing during contraction.
- Palm of the Hand: Forms the palmar aponeurosis, protecting underlying vessels and nerves.
- Sole of the Foot: Forms the plantar aponeurosis, protecting underlying vessels and nerves.
- Lateral Side of the Thigh: Forms the iliotibial tract, providing attachment for strong lower limb muscles and aiding in standing posture.
Cartilage
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Hyaline Cartilage
- Articular cartilage
- Cartilage in respiratory passages (nose, larynx, trachea)
- Costal cartilages
- Fetal skeleton and epiphyseal plate
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Yellow Elastic Fibrocartilage
- Ear pinna, external auditory meatus, Eustachian tube
- Some laryngeal cartilages (e.g., epiglottis)
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White Fibrocartilage
- Intervertebral discs
- Labrum glenoidal and labrum acetebulare
- Symphysis pubis
- Semilunar cartilage of the knee (meniscus)
Bone
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Functions of Bone:
- Acts as a central axis.
- Supports the body and transmits body weight.
- Provides body shape.
- Protects underlying structures.
- Serves as attachment points for muscles.
- Forms joints for locomotion.
- Produces blood cells in the red bone marrow.
- Stores calcium and phosphorus.
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Blood Supply of Long Bones:
- Nutrient artery
- Epiphyseal arteries
- Metaphyseal arteries
- Periosteal arteries
Periosteum
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Structure:
- Rough fibrous sheath surrounding bone (except articular surface)
- Two layers:
- Superficial white fibrous layer
- Deep layer with elastic fibers and osteoblasts
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Function:
- Bone growth in width.
- Formation of new bone during fracture.
- Supplies blood to the underlying bone.
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Growth End of Long Bones: "From the knee I flee to the elbow I go."
Skeletal Muscle
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Pale Fibers:
- Fast contraction and rapid fatigue.
- Found in prime mover muscles that initiate movement.
-
Red Fibers (High Myoglobin Content):
- Slow contraction but sustained.
- Found in antigravity muscles that maintain posture.
Muscle Attachments
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Types of Muscle Attachments:
- Intermediate tendon
- Tensor fascia lata
- External oblique muscle
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Parallel Form:
- Tendinous intersection
- Fusiform (e.g., Palmaris longus)
- Quadrate (e.g., Quadratus femoris)
- Rectus (e.g., Rectus abdominus)
- Sartorius
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Pennate Form (Feather-like):
- Unipennate (e.g., Flexor pollicis longus)
- Circumpennate (e.g., Rectus femoris)
- Multipennate (e.g., Tibialis anterior, Deltoid)
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Oblique Nonpennate Form:
- Triangular (e.g., Temporalis)
- Cruciate (e.g., Masseter)
- Spiral (e.g., Latissimus dorsi)
- Circular (e.g., Orbicularis oculi)
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Muscle Actions:
- Prime Movers (Agonists): Initiate and maintain movement.
- Antagonistic Muscles: Oppose the action of the agonist.
- Synergists: Support the agonists.
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Description
Explore the crucial roles of superficial and deep fascia in human anatomy. This quiz covers their functions, locations, and the implications of their absence in certain areas of the body. Understand how fascia supports and organizes the body's structures.
