anatomy-and-physiology-of-speech-exam-1-study-guide.pdf

lOMoARcPSD|45229895 Anatomy and Physiology of Speech Exam #1 Study Guide Anatomy And Physiology Of Speech (University of Pittsburgh) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endo...

lOMoARcPSD|45229895 Anatomy and Physiology of Speech Exam #1 Study Guide Anatomy And Physiology Of Speech (University of Pittsburgh) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Shamma Hassan ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45229895 V INTRODUCTION Definitions Language- a rule based system of symbols that we use to convey a message Speech- the actual activity of formulating sounds, in order to convey language; generating sound waves to convey language ○ Speech is an overlaid function; respiratory system is used to bring in oxygen and get out carbon dioxide-this is it’s vegetative function, speech is overlaid Hearing- the act of receiving the sound waves and processing it in the auditory system to the part of the brain that can perceive it Swallowing- involves the same mechanisms as speech The Speech Chain Production Acoustics Perception Speech/Swallowing Systems Respiration- how we inhale and exhale air to produce speech; problems breathing affects speech Phonation- the production of sound by the vibration of the vocal cords Resonance- a structure’s absorption and emission of energy at the same frequency Articulation- vegetative function of teeth is to chew, speech is overlaid General Anatomical terms Anterior/Ventral- toward the front, or away from the back Posterior/Dorsal- toward the back, or away from the front Superficial- toward the surface, ex. Skin Deep- away from the surface, ex. Bone Superior- upper/above; ex. Nose superior to lips Inferior- lower/below; ex. Neck inferior to head Cranial- toward the head; also known as rostal Caudal- toward the tail, away from the head External- toward the outer surface; often used the describe body cavities or the body wall Internal- toward the inner surface Medial- toward the axis or midline Lateral- away from the axis or midline Proximal- toward the body or toward the root of a free extremity Distal- away from the body or the root of a free extremity Central- pertaining to or situated at the center Downloaded by Shamma Hassan ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45229895 Peripheral- toward the outward surface or part Planes of Reference (think about the picture’s left and right) Sagittal- cut the body in half; separate into right and left halves Frontal/Coronal- divides the body into front and back Transverse- cuts the body across Tissue Epithelial- covers the external surfaces of the body, lines passages to the exterior, and lines internal cavities Connective- connects body parts to each other ○ Tendons- attach muscle to bone or muscle to cartilage ○ Ligaments- connect bone to bone, cartilage to cartilage, or bone to cartilage ○ Cartilage- not rigid, but provides a structure and support for the body like bone ○ Bone- hard, rigid, not flexible in adults; more flexible in children Mesothelial- specialized form of epithelial tissue which lines the primary body cavities ○ Peritoneal cavity- located in abdomen ○ 2 pleural cavities- house the lungs ○ Pericardial cavity- houses the heart Muscular- muscle is responsible for movement; when muscle contracts, it results in movement ○ Striated- voluntary, the muscle fibers have stripes ○ Smooth- muscle for internal organs, smooth texture, involuntary, found in stomach and intestines ○ Cardiac- heart muscle, involuntary, makes the heart contract ○ Information about muscles: Composed of groups of fibers Most muscles are connected to the skeletal system in some way; can be to bone, cartilage, or both When a muscle contracts, it shortens There’s an origin of a muscle and an insertion- she wants us to know where muscles are ATTACHED Nervous- NOT FOCUSED ON IN CLASS Vascular- doing things that help provide oxygen to organs that need it; also gets rid of waste; NOT FOCUSED ON IN CLASS RESPIRATION Introduction Respiration: the interchange of gases between an organism and the environment Downloaded by Shamma Hassan ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45229895 in which it lives ○ Bringing oxygen into the bloodstream, blood stream releases carbon dioxide out of the body The Respiratory Passage Oral and nasal cavities: to be discussed later Pharyngeal cavity: posterior border of oral and nasal cavity Larynx: valve that protects the airway; where vocal folds are housed Trachea ○ Inferior to the larynx ○ Connected to the larynx by the cricotracheal membrane ○ Alternating rings of cartilage and fibrous tissue; rings aren’t full rings, more of a “C” shape; rings are elastic and not rigid ○ Anterior to the food tube (esophagus) ○ Splits into 2 bronchi Bronchi ○ Bifurcation ○ Secondary bronchi ○ Bronchioles- further splitting off from secondary bronchi ○ Alveoli- little air sacs; pockets that are at the end of bronchioles Lungs: soft, porous, spongy tissue; surround the alveoli ○ Exterior of lungs have pleural lining ○ The lungs are NOT MUSCLE; they are passive and cannot contract ○ Lobes Right lung has 3 lobes, left lung has 2 lobes- matches number of bronchi Cavities ○ Thoracic- everything inside of the ribcage ○ Abdominal- everything below the ribcage ○ The DIAPHRAGM separates the two cavities Skeletal Framework Vertebral column- backbone ○ 32 to 34 smaller bones called vertebrae: 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 3-5 coccygeal ○ Single vertebra Central canal (or vertebral foramen)- large hole in the middle where spinal cord goes through Downloaded by Shamma Hassan ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45229895 Body (or corpus) Spinous process- bumps down your back Transverse processes (2) Two pairs of articulating facets- surfaces on the transverse processes One pair on body One pair on transverse process Ribs attach at articulating facets ○ First cervical vertebra (C1): atlas- holds up the skull-where the skull attaches to the vertebral column ○ Second cervical vertebra (C2): axis- allows the skull to rotate Rib cage ○ Sternum: (from superior to inferior)- anterior part of the rib cage Manubrium: most superior part Corpus or body Xiphoid process: tab at the bottom of the sternum; tiny bone at the base that can snap when administering CPR, which can then puncture a lung ○ Single rib Head- attaches at an articulating facet of the vertebral body Tubercle- attaches at an articulating facet on the transverse process of a vertebra Angle- moves posteriorly and then at an angle moves anteriorly Shaft- the bulk of the rib Costal cartilage- where the ribs connect to the sternum; anterior portion of a rib ○ 12 pairs of ribs Ribs 1-6 all have their own independent costal cartilage attachment to the sternum Downloaded by Shamma Hassan ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45229895 Ribs 7-10 share a common costal cartilage attachment Floating ribs have no anterior attachment All ribs attach posteriorly Pelvic girdle ○ Coxal (or hip) bones- aka bony pelvis ○ Forms bony pelvis, together with sacrum and coccyx ○ Each coxal bone made up of the following, fused together (from superior to inferior) ilium- iliac crest - the ridge on each hip bone Pubis- two bones that come together at the pubic symphysis Ischium ○ Pubic symphysis- cartilage that connects the pubis ○ Iliac crest ○ Inguinal ligament- point of attachment that goes from the iliac crest to the pubic symphysis Downloaded by Shamma Hassan ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45229895 Pectoral girdle ○ Clavicle- collar bone Articulates medially with the manubrium of the sternum Laterally articulates with the scapula (and with the humerus- but it’s not officially a part of the pectoral girdle) ○ Scapula- shoulder blade ○ (humerus)- the upper arm- not officially a part of the pectoral girdle Respiratory Musculature Muscles of Inhalation ○ Diaphragm- 1 single muscle made up of striated muscle- involuntary but can also be controlled Attaches to: Xiphoid process of sternum Downloaded by Shamma Hassan ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45229895 Inner surfaces of lower ribs anteriorly Entire length of rib 12 inferiorly Lumbar vertebrae If nerves in diaphragm are damaged you’ll have to be on a respirator Dome shaped (when relaxed) Forms the floor of the thoracic cavity and the roof of the abdominal cavity Inside the rib cage, attached to lumbar vertebra and rib 12 Forms airtight seal between thoracic cavity and abdomen When activated flattens out and pushes ribs; moves down and out ○ WHEN A MUSCLE CONTRACTS IT CONTRACTS IN THE DIRECTION OF ITS FIBERS; MOVES TOWARD THE FIXED ATTACHMENT ○ External intercostals- when they contract, help to elevate the rib cage as a unit From one rib down to the next, on outside of ribs From tubercle in back around to cartilage in anterior portion of the ribs Posterior view: down and outward (lateral) Anterior view: down and forward (medial) ○ Pectoralis major- 2 muscles Medial attachment to: (fixed point) Clavicle (superiorly) Sternum (medially) Ribs Lateral attachment to: Humerus Downloaded by Shamma Hassan ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45229895 Expands thoracic cavity laterally ○ Pectoralis minor Deep to pectoralis major Superior attachment to scapula- fixed point Inferior attachment to upper ribs ○ Sternocleidomastoid Attaches inferiorly to: Manubrium of sternum Clavicle Attaches superiorly to: Mastoid process of skull Unilateral contraction of the RIGHT sternocleidomastoid will rotate the head toward the LEFT Bilateral contraction flexes the neck toward the thorax When head is fixed, raises sternum and clavicle for inhalation Downloaded by Shamma Hassan ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45229895 ○ Scalenes- attach from cervical vertebrae to 1st and 2nd ribs Vertebrae will be FIXED in inhalation Anterior Medial Posterior ○ Serratus anterior (magnus) Lateral superior attachment to front of scapula Comes around side of ribs and flares out to multiple ribs EXPANDS the ribcage- so it’s a muscle of INHALATION ○ ○ ○ ○ Serratus posterior superior (1st and Downloaded by Shamma Hassan ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45229895 2nd back muscles) Medial attachment from bottom cervical vertebrae Lateral insertion to upper ribs Cervical vertebrae are fixed for inhalation ○ Latissimus dorsi (2nd of 2 back muscles) Lateral attachment to: Humerus Medial attachment to: Vertebral column Lowest 3 ribs Muscles of Exhalation ○ 4 major abdominal muscles: (from superficial to deep) Rectus abdominis Superior attachment ○ External surface of middle ribs ○ Xiphoid process Inferior attachment ○ Pubic symphysis External obliques Superior attachment: ○ External surface middle ribs Inferior attachment ○ Iliac crest ○ Inguinal ligament Internal obliques Superior attachment: Downloaded by Shamma Hassan ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45229895 ○ External surface lower ribs ○ Xiphoid process Inferior attachment: ○ Iliac crest ○ Inguinal ligament EXTERNAL OBLIQUE MUSCLE FIBERS MOVE IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION OF MUSCLE FIBERS IN INTERNAL OBLIQUES Transverse abdominis superior/lateral attachment: ○ Lower ribs ○ Iliac crest ○ Inguinal ligament inferior/medial attachment ○ Tendon at abdominal midline Sucking in, pulling in toward internal organs ○ Internal intercostals- muscles of exhalation Superior attachment: Lower borders of ribs Inferior attachment: Inner aspect of rib below Posterior view: down and medially Anterior view: down and laterally INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS CROSS AND MAKE AN “X” Downloaded by Shamma Hassan ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45229895 ○ Serratus posterior inferior Medial attachment: Lower thoracic vertebrae Upper lumbar vertebrae Lateral attachment: Lower ribs ○ Recognize the following as muscles of inhalation Transversus thoracic Subcostals Quadratus lumborum Respiratory Physiology ○ Boyle’s law Definition: if a gas is kept at a constant temperature, pressure and volume are inversely proportional to one another and have a constant product Air pressure inside a container wants to equal atmospheric pressure If the volume of the container decreases, pressure inside the container increases, and air molecules will flow out in order to equalize pressure- imagine a leak in the container Alveolar pressure: air pressure in the lungs Atmospheric pressure: reference point for us is 0 Pressure INCREASES in area with contained air molecules and walls closing in At the end of inhalation alveolar pressure = atmospheric pressure ○ Quiet respiration- breathing when relaxed The outer surface of the lungs is coated with a pleural membrane- all the outer surface of the lungs There’s also a pleural membrane lining inside of the ribcage as well Downloaded by Shamma Hassan ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45229895 as the superior surface of the diaphragm The lungs are suctioned to the inside of the ribcage and superior surface of the diaphragm THE LUNGS ARE PASSIVE, THE DIAPHRAGM HAS TO MOVE, OR MUSCLES ATTACHED TO THE RIBCAGE MUST MOVE TO MOVE THE LUNGS The lungs are elastic- they want to collapse but are attached to the diaphragm and ribcage by pleural membranes When the diaphragm contracts it moves down, when you relax it-it’s elastic and moves up passively to dome position These are elastic forces that are going to have an impact on the volume of the lungs In QUIET RESPIRATION the only muscle needed to inhale is the DIAPHRAGM The diaphragm moves down and flattens out, the lungs are pulled down with it (pleural linkage)- increases volume of the lungs, alveolar pressure becomes less than atmospheric pressure and air molecules rush ibn until pressures are equal We only bring in a small amount of air in quiet respiration To EXHALE- the diaphragm relaxes, passively springs up ○ In exhalation, alveolar pressure has increased to greater than atmospheric, so air molecules rush out until they are equal ○ Vital capacity: the quantity of air in the lungs that can be exhaled after as deep an inhalation as possible Whatever your largest available amount of air that you can inhale is 100% vital capacity; when you have exhaled as much as you can you’re at 0% vital capacity Measure air as it comes out Resting volume for quiet respiration is 38% When breathing quietly you don’t need a large amount 40% INHALATION 60% EXHALATION in one cycle of respiration ○ Speech Breathing Resting Expiratory Level (REL) State of equilibrium in the respiratory system...compression of the lungs is balanced by expansion of the thorax When we are at REL- the amount of force with which the lungs want to collapse is balanced by the amount of force with which the ribcage wants to expand This is the point where we start a quiet inhalation and end a Downloaded by Shamma Hassan ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45229895 quiet exhalation Inhale 10% of time but quickly, exhale 90% When carrying on a conversation don’t have to inhale as much as when you’re speaking loudly-still inhale quickly though Amount we inhale depends on how loud/soft we are talking and on how many words we’re saying DIFFERENCE: involvement in muscles other than the diaphragm Involves diaphragm and other muscles of inhalation Other muscles of inhalation come in to play in order to quickly elevate and expand the ribcage, so that we can get a large quantity of air in and get it in quickly If you want to talk for a really long time and want to push the air out from below the REL, the muscles of exhalation come in and make the volume of the lungs smaller Constant subglottal (ALVEOLAR) pressure We want the alveolar pressure to be going out of the lungs at a controlled amount of force Controlling the pressure allows us to produce a constant loudness WE CARE WHAT THE ALVEOLAR PRESSURE IS FOR SPEECH BREATHING (NOT QUIET) AND WE WANT TO CONTROL IT Recoil forces (relaxation pressure) Restore to equilibrium (REL) Recoil forces want to make the lungs collapse quickly, we want to do it in a slow controlled manner Checking action- when the muscles of inhalation contract while we are exhaling for speech-slowly relaxing so volume of lungs decreases slowly and allows us to prolong speech Residual volume- there will always be air left in your lungs when you have exhaled as fully as you can ○ Respiration A membrane function Transfer of oxygen to articulatory system, then to working organs From alveoli to capillaries ○ Ventilation Transfer of oxygen rich air into the lungs What we manipulate for talking Movement of air ○ Lung Volumes Resting tidal volume (TVrest): the volume of air inhaled during a Downloaded by Shamma Hassan ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45229895 single expiratory cycle Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): the quantity of air which can be inhaled beyond that inhaled in a resting tidal volume cycle Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled following a quiet or passive exhalation Residual volume: the quantity of air that remains in the luns and airways even after a maximum exhalation ○ Lung capacities (include two or more lung volumes): Inspiratory capacity (IC): the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled from the REL; VC = TVrest +IRV Vital capacity (VC): the quantity of air that can be exhaled after as deep an inhalation as possible; VC = TV + IRV + ERV Functional residual capacity (FRC): the quantity of air in the lungs and airways at the REL; FRC = ERV + RV Total lung capacity (TLC): the quantity of air the lungs are capable of holding at the height of a maximum inhalation; TLC = RV + VC PHONATION Introduction Requirements for speech ○ 1. A source of energy- the respiratory system ○ 2. Something vibrating- the vocal folds Vocal folds generate sound ○ Really just a buzzing sound ○ Causes sound energy to vocal/nasal cavity, resonates to differentiate Downloaded by Shamma Hassan ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45229895 between sounds ○ Takes air molecules and pushes them back and forth to make them into sound waves Acoustics: study of sound waves ○ Caused by the vocal folds vibrating ○ We can do things to change the rate and amplitude Vegetative functions (of the larynx) ○ Respiratory modulation- breathing ○ Airway protection- coughing to prevent food and liquid from going down the air pipe; dysphagia-swallowing disorder ○ Postural stability Valsalva- hold nose and close mouth to make ears pop Location (of the larynx) ○ Superior to the top tracheal ring ○ Attached to the trachea by the CRICOTRACHEAL MEMBRANE ○ Anterior to the esophagus Supportive Framework (of the Larynx) Hyoid bone ○ Located at the base of the tongue and superior to the cartilages of the larynx ○ Tongue muscles attach to the hyoid bone, then it attaches to one of the cartilages in the larynx ○ ATTACHED TO NO OTHER BONE ○ Thyrohyoid membrane and thyrohyoid ligament The hyoid bone attaches to the thyrohyoid cartilage by these ○ Greater cornu or horns ○ Lesser cornu or horns Downloaded by Shamma Hassan ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45229895 Cartilaginous Framework (of the Larynx) Cartilage: non vascular connective tissue, more flexible than bone ○ Calcifies and becomes more bone like with age, less flexible Nine cartilages: ○ 1 Thyroid Cartilage The largest of the laryngeal cartilages Walls known as lamina (meaning surface) 2 walls that come together anteriorly at the midline Thyroid angle- the “v” you see from above is different in males and females Thyroid notch- adam’s apple Oblique line Tiny raised ridge on the left and right laminas- they are points of muscle attachment On anterior surface, can’t see them posteriorly Superior horns or cornu Articulate with the greater horns of the hyoid bone Thyrohyoid ligament attaches these Inferior horns or cornu of thyroid cartilage Articulate with the cricoid cartilage Thyrohyoid membrane Runs entire inferior length of the hyoid bone to the thyroid lamina Downloaded by Shamma Hassan ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45229895 ○ Thin tissue or film ○ 1 Cricoid Cartilage Single cartilage, forms the base of the larynx, immediately superior to the trachea; shaped like a super bowl ring Cricotracheal membrane Attaches to the uppermost ring of the trachea to the cricoid cartilage Cricoid lamina- posterior, flat side Cricoid arch- the ring part, anything that is not the flat lamina; anterior surface Two pairs of facets: Cricoarytenoid articular facets: located on the superior surface of the cricoid lamina Cricothyroid articular facets: are on the arch, but are close to the posterior of the arch ○ 2 Arytenoid Cartilages Like a pyramid with a three-sided base Apex Base Vocal process- points anteriorly Muscular process- points laterally Cricoarytenoid joint: arytenoids rock, rotate and glide on cricoid Articulate at the cricoarytenoid articular facet Arytenoid cartilages meet the facets and form the joint Downloaded by Shamma Hassan ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45229895 ○ 1 Epiglottis Has a free upper border- doesn’t attach to anything Larynx rises in swallowing; Gets pushed by the larynx during swallowing and contributes to the closing of the airway Made up of cartilage Hyoepiglottic ligament- connects the hyoid bone to the epiglottis Thyroepiglottic ligament- connects the epiglottis to the thyroid angle ○ 2 Corniculate cartilages Located at the apex of the arytenoids Little cap sitting on top of apexes VESTIGIAL- structures have been reduced in size and function through evolution ○ 2 Cuneiform cartilage- VESTIGIAL Membranes and Ligaments Membranes: fibro-elastic structures (connective tissue) Ligaments: heavy connective tissue, that joins bones or cartilage together, permit movement (stretch) ○ Thyrohyoid membrane- aka hyrothyroid membrane Entire upper border of thyroid cartilage to inferior surface of hyoid bone ○ Cricotracheal membrane From base of cricoid cartilage to first tracheal ring ○ Lateral thyrohyoid ligament From superior horn of thyroid cartilage to greater horn of hyoid bone ○ Hyoepiglottic ligament Upper border of hyoid bone to anterior surface of epiglottis ○ Conus elastics Downloaded by Shamma Hassan ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45229895 From base of cricoid cartilage, lines larynx below vocal folds Terminates at upper free border, called vocal ligament Channels air into the vocal folds Laryngeal Cavities (areas of the larynx) Glottis- the space between the vocal folds Supraglottic (vestibule)- anything above the space between the vocal folds Infraglottic or subglottic- below the glottis, below the vocal folds Laryngeal musculature Extrinsic: attached to the larynx and something else, do not position the vocal folds; do change the height of the larynx ○ Suprahyoids Digastric- one on right and one on left- contract together to elevate the larynx Posterior belly: superior attachment to mastoid process; inferior attachment to hyoid bone Anterior belly: posterior attachment to hyoid bone; anterior attachment to mandible near midline Stylohyoid- superior attachment to styloid process; inferior attachment to hyoid bone Runs parallel to the posterior belly digastric When it contracts, it moves the larynx up and posteriorly Downloaded by Shamma Hassan ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45229895 (same direction as posterior belly digastric) Mylohyoid Runs along the inner surface of mandible to last molar; extends to anterior portion of hyoid bone Geniohyoid Inserts into lower portion of surface of mandible; runs to middle of hyoid bone Extrinsic tongue muscles: Hyoglossus genioglossus ○ Infrahyoids: Sternohyoid From manubrium of sternum and medial ends of clavicle to lower border of hyoid bone Sternum FIXED, depresses the hyoid bone; lowers larynx Omohyoid Inferior-posterior belly ○ From upper border of scapula to tendon Superior-anterior belly ○ From tendon to lower border of hyoid Depresses hyoid bone Sternothyroid Superior attachment to oblique line on thyroid lamina; inferior attachment to manubrium of sternum Not attached to hyoid bone Depresses thyroid cartilage Thyrohyoid Downloaded by Shamma Hassan ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45229895 Superior attachment to hyoid bone; inferior attachment to oblique line of thyroid lamina THIS IS THE ONE INFRAHYOID THAT ELEVATES THE LARYNX Intrinsic: attached fully within the laryngeal structures and are responsible for positioning the vocal folds for vegetative functions and voice production ○ Thyroarytenoid (TA): each thyroarytenoid has 2 bundles to it- 4 total; main muscular mass of the vocal folds; main source of vibration May consist of two bundles of muscle fibers: Thyrovocalis ○ Most medial portion of vocal folds ○ Anterior attachment: posterior surface of thyroid cartilage near thyroid angle ○ Runs posteriorly to vocal process and anterolateral surface of arytenoids ○ Fibers run parallel to vocal ligament and some fibers insert into the vocal ligament ○ Some fibers attach to conus elasticus Thyromuscularis ○ Lateral portion of vocal folds ○ Fibers run parallel to vocalis, which is medial to it ○ Inserts into thyroid lamina ○ Runs posteriorly to postero-lateral surface and muscular process of arytenoids ○ Cricothyroid: originate from antero-lateral arch of cricoid cartilage When cricothyroids contract they stretch and tense the vocal folds which vibrate faster Fibers course up and posteriorly in two distinct bundles: Pars oblique- lower or oblique fibers; insert into anterior Downloaded by Shamma Hassan ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45229895 margin of inferior horn of thyroid cartilage Pars recta- upper or anterior fibers; insert along inner aspect of lower margin of thyroid lamina Attachment to cricoid cartilage is fixed point Move as a set; act as a single unit and contract to move the thyroid cartilage down ○ Abduction vs. Adduction Adduction- bringing the vocal folds to the midline-towards the midline Abduction- opens the airway- separates the vocal folds-away from the midline ○ Interarytenoids- GLIDE the arytenoids toward the midline (adductors) Two parts Transverse arytenoid ○ Apex to base of one arytenoid and apex to base of other arytenoid Oblique arytenoid ○ Apex of one to base of other, and apex of other to base of other ○ Lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA)- ROTATE towards midline (adductors) Fan-shaped muscles Anterior attachment: upper border of cricoid arch Posterior attachment: muscular process of arytenoid Rotate arytenoids ○ Posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA)- ROTATE away from midline (abductor) Fan-shaped muscles Downloaded by Shamma Hassan ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45229895 Posterior surface of cricoid lamina Runs to posterior end of muscular process of arytenoid Abduct for inhalation ○ Arytenoids ROCK, ROTATE, and GLIDE Laryngeal Physiology-Phonation Position of vocal folds ○ Adduction- towards midline Interarytenoids- glide towards midline Lateral cricoarytenoids- rotate towards midline Muscles contract with different amounts of force depending on medial pressure (how loud i need to talk) ○ Abduction- away from midline Posterior cricoarytenoid-rotate away from midline ○ Alveolar pressure= subglottal pressure Palv = Psg = 7 cm h2o If i’m producing normal conversation speech medial pressure needs 7 cm H2O to blow vocal folds apart Puff of air escapes vocal folds, come back together, alveolar pressure continues to release and cycle is repeated ○ 125 Hz for men ○ 250 Hz for women ○ We talk on exhalation ○ Not muscles in vocal folds adducting and abducting in each cycle (not alternating contractions)- STAY ADDUCTED THE WHOLE TIME Components for bringing vocal folds together ○ Bernoulli effect In a narrow gap-air moves really fast Causes air pressure to drop Causes vocal cords to suck together Downloaded by Shamma Hassan ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45229895 Elasticity of the folds Talking louder requires more medial compression (extent to which vocal folds are pressed together) and subglottal pressure ○ Adjust to match speech production Vocal fold paralysis ○ When we have incomplete adduction- we will have breathy voice quality To produce /a/: ○ Sustained vocal fold vibration ○ Inhale ○ Adduct vocal folds with “correct” amount of medial compression ○ Exhale: increase alveolar/subglottal pressure ○ Overcome medial compression with increased subglottal pressure: folds blow apart ○ Fold come back together: Sustained muscular contraction Elasticity of vocal folds Bernoulli effect Myoelastic aerodynamic theory ○ Overcoming medial compression Pitch adjustment ○ Rate of vibration affects perception of pitch ○ If I increase the tension of the vocal folds they vibrate faster ○ Cricothyroids tense the vocal folds (cricothyroid contraction controls tension of vocal folds)- think of them bending forward the the pars oblique and pars recta tensing ○ Thyroarytenoids can contract to rock and the arytenoid, decreasing the tension and lowering the pitch Contraction of thyroarytenoid can also increase tension Posterior cricoarytenoid activity can keep thyroarytenoid from contracting Lowers pitch UNLESS something else is acting on it Pitch Change ○ Relates to rate of vocal fold vibration: Cps or Hertz ○ Increase rate of vibration (cricothyroid and thyrovocalis...and PCA) Increasing vf length Decreasing vf mass Increasing vf tension Contracting cricothyroid increased tension and decreases mass- it is the main muscle involved in increasing pitch When thyrovocalis contracts, it makes the vocal folds more tense, Downloaded by Shamma Hassan ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|45229895 and requires some PCA (PCA fixes the arytenoid in place Incomplete adduction ○ Ex. paralysis, bowing ○ Air leaks between folds ○ Breathiness ○ Effect on respiration? Wasting air more quickly Added mass: ○ Ex. vocal nodules, scar tissue ○ Decreases pitch ○ Irregular vibration: abnormal vocal quality When we are at rest-vocal folds are paramedian- not adducted or abducted; we don’t need huge quantities of air during quiet respiration ○ Some degree of PCA contraction Vocal folds consist of vocal ligament and thyromuscularis and thyrovocalis Spasmodic dysphoria- abnormal amount of medial compression- surge in amount of adduction activity, speaker has problem getting enough alveolar pressure to push through folds Phonation and voice are DIFFERENT from sound Swallowing Steps of swallowing ○ Bite off a piece of food and form it into a bolus with tongue (positions it into molars) ○ Chew and add saliva, while tongue keeps positioning it between molars ○ Position bolus in the middle of the tongue- move the tongue up and posteriorly to propel the bolus out of the back of the oral cavity into the pharynx ○ Elevate the larynx, adduct vocal folds, epiglottis closes ○ Muscles in pharynx push the bolus down the esophagus ○ Larynx depresses/lowers and vocal folds abduct, stomach muscles take over Aspiration- when you swallow and bolus goes down the larynx instead of the esophagus ○ Usually exhale and cough-vocal folds opening and pushing it out ○ Some cases person doesn’t have coughing mechanism - can lead to aspiration pneumonia- dysphagia Downloaded by Shamma Hassan ([email protected])