Questions and Answers
What is language?
A rule-based system of symbols used to convey a message.
What distinguishes speech from language?
Speech is the actual activity of formulating sounds to convey language.
What is the role of the respiratory system in speech?
It brings in oxygen and gets out carbon dioxide, serving both vegetative and speech functions.
What are the four components of the speech/swallowing systems?
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Which of the following terms refers to 'toward the front'?
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Which anatomical term corresponds to 'toward the tail'?
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The ______ divides the body into front and back.
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What is the function of epithelial tissue?
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Which type of muscle is involuntary and found in the heart?
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What is respiration?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Speech and Language
- Language: A rule-based system for conveying messages through symbols.
- Speech: The physical production of sound waves for communication, dependent on respiratory function.
- Hearing: The process of receiving and interpreting sound waves in the auditory system.
- Swallowing: Mechanically similar to speech, employing similar physiological processes.
The Speech Chain
- Components: Production, acoustics, and perception.
Speech and Swallowing Systems
- Respiration: The inhalation and exhalation of air essential for speech production; respiratory issues can impair speech.
- Phonation: Sound generation resulting from vocal cord vibration.
- Resonance: Energy absorption and emission by structures at specific frequencies.
- Articulation: Involves both feeding (teeth function) and speech production.
Anatomical Terminology
- Anterior/Ventral: Front side of the body.
- Posterior/Dorsal: Back side of the body.
- Superficial: Near the surface of the body.
- Deep: Further from the body's surface.
- Superior: Above; e.g., nose is superior to lips.
- Inferior: Below; e.g., neck is inferior to head.
- Cranial/Rostral: Towards the head.
- Caudal: Towards the tail.
- Medial: Toward the midline of the body.
- Lateral: Away from the midline.
- Proximal: Closer to the center of the body.
- Distal: Further from the center of the body.
- Central: At or pertaining to the center.
- Peripheral: Toward the outer surface or extremities.
Planes of Reference
- Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into right and left halves.
- Frontal/Coronal Plane: Separates the body into front and back sections.
- Transverse Plane: Cuts the body horizontally across.
Types of Tissue
- Epithelial Tissue: Covers surfaces and lines internal and external passages.
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Connective Tissue: Connects different body parts.
- Tendons: Attach muscle to bone or cartilage.
- Ligaments: Connect bones or cartilage.
- Cartilage: Offers flexible support.
- Bone: Rigid structure offering support, less flexible in adults than in children.
- Mesothelial Tissue: Lines body cavities (e.g., peritoneal, pleural, pericardial).
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Muscular Tissue: Responsible for body movement; exists as striated, smooth, or cardiac muscle.
- Striated Muscle: Voluntary movement, striped appearance.
- Smooth Muscle: Involuntary, found in internal organs.
- Cardiac Muscle: Involuntary, makes the heart contract.
- Nervous and Vascular Tissues: Not emphasized in class; vascular tissue aids in oxygen transport and waste elimination.
Respiration
- Definition: Gas exchange process between an organism and its environment, involving oxygen intake and carbon dioxide release.
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Description
This study guide is designed to prepare students for the first exam in the Anatomy and Physiology of Speech course at the University of Pittsburgh. It covers essential definitions, concepts, and principles related to the mechanics and biological processes involved in speech production.
