Basic Concepts in Anatomy PDF

(002) BASIC CONCEPTS IN ANATOMY DR. ERNESTO TAGORDA JR. / 09/16/2020 - Atoms are made up of subatomic particles such as the...

(002) BASIC CONCEPTS IN ANATOMY DR. ERNESTO TAGORDA JR. / 09/16/2020 - Atoms are made up of subatomic particles such as the proton, electron and neutron. OUTLINE - Two or more elements combine to form a Molecule, such as the water molecules, proteins and sugars found in I. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION living things. A. Chemical Level - Molecules are the chemical building blocks of all body B. Cellular Level structures. II. BASIC STUCTURE OF HUMAN BODY A. Skin - Several macromolecules combine to form the organelle B. Faciae and combined organelles forms cell. C. Muscles D. Joints or Articulations B. Cellular Level E. Ligaments - At the cellular level, the smallest unit of living matter is F. Bursae cell. G. Synovial Fluids - Individual cells may have some common functions but H. Blood Vessels vary widely in size and shape. I. Lymphatic System J. Nervous Systems - Humans are multicellular animals. That means we are K. Membranes made of lots of cells, not just one cell. L. Bones - The cells in many multi-cellular animals and plants are M. Cartilage specialized, so that they can share out the process of life. III. THE BODY CAVITIES - They work together like a team to support the different A. Ventral Cavity processes in an organism. B. Dorsal Cavity C. Minor Cavities II. BASIC STRUCTURE OF HUMAN BODY I.LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION A. Skin - External covering of the body - Human body has several levels of structural organization. 1. Divided into two parts - Atom is the simplest level within the structural a. Epidermis- superficial part hierarchy b. Dermis- deeper part 2. Appendages Of The Skin a. Nails b. Hair follicles c. Glands (Sebaceous and sweat glands) B. Fasciae A. Chemical Level - Lies between the skin and underlying muscles and bones - At the chemical level of organization, scientists 1. Divided into consider the particles, Atoms and Molecules, the a. Superficial Fascia or subcutaneous tissue simplest building blocks of matter: Unites the dermis of the skin to the underlying - All matters in the universe are composed of one or more deep fascia. unique pure substances called elements. Made of loose areolar and adipose tissue. E.g., Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Calcium and b. Deep Fascia Iron A membranous layer of the connective tissue covering - The smallest unit of any of these pure substances muscles and other deep structures. (elements) is an atom. PREPARED AND EDITED BY: TRANS GROUP 1  (002) BASIC CONCEPTS IN ANATOMY DR. ERNESTO TAGORDA JR. / 09/16/2020 E. Ligaments - Cord or band of connective tissue uniting two structures - Ligament connects bone to bone - Tendon connects bone to muscle 1..Composed of a. Collagen Fibers (unstretchable) b. Elastic Fibers (Stretchable) C. Muscles - Produce contractions that move the body 1. 3 types: a. Skeletal Muscles- Voluntary, Striated F. Bursae A lubricating device consisting of a closed fibrous sac lined with a delicate smooth membrane. Found wherever tendons rub against bones, b. Smooth Muscles- Involuntarily, non-striated ligaments and other tendons or in proximity to joints c. Cardiac Muscle- Involuntary, Striated where the skin rubs against underlying bony structure. D. Joints Or Articulations E.g., Prepatellar bursae - Point of union or junction between two or more bones whether or not movement occurs between them. - Joint eg. Junction between the bone in the skull 1. Classified into a. Fibrous Joints- articulating surfaces are joined by fibrous tissue b. Cartilaginous Joints- articulating surfaces are joined by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage c. Synovial Joints- articulating surfaces of bones are covered with a thin layer of hyaline cartilage G. Synovial Sheath separated by a joint cavity. - A tubular bursa that surrounds a tendon. PREPARED AND EDITED BY: TRANS GROUP 1  (002) BASIC CONCEPTS IN ANATOMY DR. ERNESTO TAGORDA JR. / 09/16/2020 H. Blood Vessels 2. Functionally divided into A. Are of three types a. Somatic NS- Controls voluntary activities eg. a. Arteries- transport blood from the heart Skeletal muscle throughout the body b. Autonomic NS- Controls involuntary activities b. Vein- transport blood back to the heart Involuntary “cannot be controlled” eg. Intestine, o Veins transport deoxygenated blood and heart, Heart, smooth muscle arteries transport oxygenated blood. However, this is not true for Pulmonary o veins and pulmonary arteries, it’s the opposite. c. Capillaries- microscopic vessels connecting arterioles to venules. K. MEMBRANES Two types: a) Mucous Membrane- the lining of the organs or I. Lymphatic System passages that communicate with the outside of the 1. Lymphatic tissues and vessels body eg. Lines the lining of the nose and ear canal a. Thymus b) Serous Membrane- lines the cavities of the trunk b. Lymph Nodes and are reflected on to the cervical organs lying c. Spleen within these cavities. d. Malt e. Bone Marrow etc. o The picture in the lymphatic system shows the distribution of the lymphatic organ L. BONE - A living tissue capable of changing its structure as the result of the stresses to which it is subjected. - Forms the skeleton. J. Nervous System 1. Divided into: a. Central Nervous System (CNS)- Brain + Spinal Cord b. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- Cranial nerves, spinal nerves and ganglia PREPARED AND EDITED BY: TRANS GROUP 1  (002) BASIC CONCEPTS IN ANATOMY DR. ERNESTO TAGORDA JR. / 09/16/2020 o Visceral organ- these are organs in a cavity eg. Abdominal cavity containing the stomach, liver and intestine o urinary bladder is a pelvic organ but when filled with urine (or water used by doctors to access the urinary bladder) it becomes an abdominal organ. B. Dorsal Cavity 1. Cranial Cavity- Houses the brain 2. Vertebral Cavity- Spinal cord and spinal nerves M. CARTILAGE - A form of connective tissue in which the cells and fibers are embedded in a gel like matrix. - 3 types: 1. Hyaline Cartilage 2. Fibro Cartilage 3. Elastic Cartilage C. MINOR CAVITIES 1. Orbital Cavity- Eyes - houses the eyes (also known as orbits) 2. Nasal Cavity- Olfactory epithelium - houses receptors responsible for olfaction 3. Buccal or oral cavity- Tongue, teeth, hard or soft palate, Uvula, tonsils - tonsils located at the lateral portion of the oral cavity SUMMARY III. THE BODY CAVITIES Gross Anatomy is a study of the shapes and structures of - Separated areas which house different organ systems the body and its parts with the unaided eye. The body is divided into 2 major cavities: The study of anatomy may be approached topographically, A. Ventral Cavity systematically or clinically. 1. Thoracic or pleural Cavity In the study of anatomy, there is a common international - Ribs, lungs, heart, pericardium, great vessels language to describe the different parts of the body. - Heart is covered by the pericardium The body can be divided into sections or planes. 2. Abdominopelvic cavity The levels of the human organization begins with the - bdominopelvic cavity- usually are two chemical levels in the form of an atom up to cellular level, different cavitiAes the organism. a. Abdominal- Liver, stomach, small and There are 13 basic structures that large intestines, spleen, pancreas, gall The body cavities bladder, kidney, ureter. b. Pelvic- Urinary Bladder, uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes (for female);Prostrate gland, urinary bladder, ejaculatory duct (males) PREPARED AND EDITED BY: TRANS GROUP 1  (002) BASIC CONCEPTS IN ANATOMY DR. ERNESTO TAGORDA JR. / 09/16/2020 1. Which of the following correctly describe Bursae 8. PNS is composed of the following except a. A lubricating device consisting of a closed fibrous a) Cranial nerves gland lined with a delicate smooth membrane. b) Spinal nerves b. A lubricating device consisting of a opened fibrous c) Spinal cord sac lined with a delicate smooth membrane. d) Ganglia c. A lubricating device consisting of a closed fibrous sac lined with a delicate skeletal membrane. 9. Which of the following is an example of an Somatic NS d. A lubricating device consisting of a closed fibrous a) Heart sac lined with a delicate smooth membrane. b) Smooth muscle c) Skeletal muscle 2. Articulating surfaces are joined by what tissue? d) Intestine a. Skeletal tissue b. Muscle tissue 10. A membranous layer of the connective tissue covering c. Fibrous tissue muscles and other deep structures. d. Hyaline cartilage a) Skin b) Dermis 3. Identify which best describe ligaments c) Deep fascia a. A cord or band of connective tissue uniting two d) Superficial fascia structures and is composed of collagen and elastic fibers b. A cord or band of fibrous tissue uniting two Answer: 1.d 2.c 3.a 4d 5.b 6b 7c 8.d 9.c 10.c structures and is composed of collagen and elastic References; fibers c. A cord or band of connective tissue uniting three Marieb, E. N. (2015). Essentials of human anatomy & physiolog. structures and is composed of collagen and elastic Pearson Education, Inc. fibers d. A cord or band of fibrous tissue uniting three Netter, F. H. (2019). Atlas of Human Anatomy. Philadelphia: structures and is composed of collagen and elastic Elsevier. fibers Shiland, B. J. (2012). Medical terminology & anatomy for ICD-10 4. Lymphatic tissues and vessel include the following coding. Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby. except: Wineski, L. E. (2019). Snell’s Clinical Anatomy by Regions. a. Thymus Atlanta: Wolters Kluwer. b. Lymph Nodes c. Spleen d. pancreas 5. These are articulating surfaces of bones and are covered with a thin layer of hyaline cartilage separated by a joint cavity. a. Cartilaginous Joints b. Synovial Joints c. Fibrous Joints d. Junctions on the skull 6. Epithelial membranes includes the following except a) Serous b) Fibrous c) Mucuos d) Cutaneous 7. Which correctly defines cartilage a) A form of connective tissue in which the cells and fibers are embedded in a fluid like matrix. b) A form of supportive tissue in which the cells and fibers are embedded in a gel like matrix. c) A form of connective tissue in which the cells and fibers are embedded in a gel like matrix. d) A form of connective tissue in which the cells bodies are embedded in a gel like matrix. PREPARED AND EDITED BY: TRANS GROUP 1