ASU 113: Professional Ethics and Legislations Lecture Notes PDF

ASU 113: Professional Ethics and Legislations Lecture 5 Presented by Dr. Mohamed Mokhtar  OUTLINES 1. Critical Thinking a. A Model For Critical Thinking b. Intellectual Standards c. Elements of Thought d. Intellect...

ASU 113: Professional Ethics and Legislations Lecture 5 Presented by Dr. Mohamed Mokhtar  OUTLINES 1. Critical Thinking a. A Model For Critical Thinking b. Intellectual Standards c. Elements of Thought d. Intellectual Traits 2. Reasoning a. Inductive Reasoning b. Deductive Reasoning 2 Critical Thinking  1. CRITICAL THINKING Critical thinking is routinely applying intellectual standards to the elements of thought as they seek to develop the traits of a mature engineering mind. 4 1.1 A Model of Critical Thinking 5  Intellectual Standards 1. Clarity : understandable, the meaning can be Grasped 2. Accuracy: free from errors or distortions, true. 3. Relevance: relating to the matter at hand 4. Logicalness: the parts make sense together, no contradictions. 5. Breadth: encompassing multiple view points. 6  Intellectual Standards 6. Precision: exact to the necessary level of detail. 7. Significance: focusing on the important, not trivial. 8. Completeness: something is whole, nothing is missing. 9. Fairness: Justifiable, non self serving or one sided 10. Depth: containing complexities and multiple view points. 7  1.3ELEMENTS OF THOUGHTS 1. Purposes 2. Points of view 3. Assumptions 4. Implications 5. Information 6. Inferences 7. Concepts 8. Questions 8  1.3 ELEMENTS OF THOUGHTS When we understand the structure of thought, we ask important questions implied by these structures. 9  1.4 INTELLECTUAL TRAITS 1. Intellectual Humility: is knowledge of ignorance, sensitive to what you know and what you don’t know. 2. Intellectual Autonomy: is thinking for oneself while adhering to standards of rationality. 3. Intellectual Integrity: consists of holding yourself to the same intellectual standards you expect others to honor (no double standards) 10  1.4 INTELLECTUAL TRAITS 4. Intellectual Courage: is the disposition to question beliefs about which you feel strongly. 5. Intellectual Perseverance: is the disposition to work your way through intellectual complexities despite frustrations inherent in the task. 11  1.4 INTELLECTUAL TRAITS 6. Confidence in Reason: is based on the belief that one’s own higher interests and those of humankind at large are best served by giving freest play to reason. 7. Intellectual Empathy: is awareness of the need to actively entertain views that differ from your own, especially those with which you strongly disagree. 12 REASONING  2. Reasoning Reasoning occurs when we draw conclusions based on reason. Reasoning includes Analyzing and Interpreting Information and Data where, Trends are observed, Percentages are determined, Common Sense is applied, and Logical explanation is given to Draw Conclusions and Formulate Recommendations 14 EXAMPLE 1 15 The power generation and distribution data for several electric companies are given in Table 1. If the reserve power is defined as the difference between the generated capacity and load supplied, while the average unit capacity is the generating capacity divided by the number of units, give a detailed discussion for Table 1. Table 1 Generation and load data of three electric companies. Company Total No. of Load Generation no. Generation Generating Supplied Cost Capacity Units (MW) ($/MWh) (MW) 1 3450 21 3000 100 2 1488 17 1200 50 3 6220 18 6900 25  SOLUTION Table 2 Reserve and unit capacities of three electric companies. Company Reserve Power Average Unit Generation no. (MW) Capacity Cost (MW) ($/MWh) 1 450 164.285 100 2 288 87.52 50 3 - 680 345.556 25 Company 3 has the largest unit capacity, while company 2 has the least. Company 1 has the largest power reserve. Company 3 needs to buy extra power from other companies to supply its loads. Company 3 should buy the total reserve 288 MW of company 2 as it is cheaper and then buy the rest 392 MW from company 1. EXAMPLE 2 18 If Figure 1 shows some experimental results, Discuss the figure. Figure 1 Potential difference versus current.  SOLUTION Resistance changes with temperature. The relationship is nonlinear for coil in air. The relationship is linear for coil in water. Resistance increases for coil in air. Resistance is constant for coil in water. 20  2.1 Two basic categories of human reasoning Deduction: reasoning from general premises, which are known or presumed to be known, to more specific, certain conclusions. Induction: reasoning from specific cases to more general, but uncertain, conclusions. Both deductive and inductive arguments occur frequently and naturally…both forms of reasoning can be equally compelling and persuasive, and neither form is preferred over the other (Hollihan & Baske, 1994). 22  2.2 Deduction Vs. Induction Deduction: Induction commonly associated commonly known as with “formal logic.” “informal logic,” or involves reasoning from “everyday argument” known premises, or involves drawing uncertain premises presumed to be inferences, based on true, to a certain probabilistic reasoning. conclusion. the conclusions reached the conclusions reached are probable, reasonable, are certain, inevitable, plausible, believable. inescapable. 23  2.3 Sample Deductive and Inductive Arguments Example of Deduction Example of Induction major premise: All Boss to employee: tortoises are vegetarians “Biff has a tattoo of minor premise: Bessie is an anchor on his arm. a tortoise He probably served in conclusion: Therefore, the Navy.” Bessie is a vegetarian 24  Inductive or deductive reasoning? A sample of fifty motorists The Law of the Sea treaty who were stopped by a states that any vessel beyond checkpoint on a Saturday a 12 mile limit is in at midnight revealed that international waters. The one in four drivers were treaty also states that any either uninsured, vessel in international waters intoxicated, or both. Thus, cannot be legally stopped or if you get involved in an boarded. Therefore, when the accident on the freeway U.S. Coast Guard intercepts there is a 25% chance the boats coming from Cuba or other motorist will be Haiti more than 12 miles from drunk or uninsured. the U.S. coast, it is violating the Law of the Sea. Thanks for your Attention Any Questions Dr. ………………….. ………[email protected] ASU 113: Professional Ethics and Legislations Lecture 1 Presented by Dr. Mohamed Mokhtar  Course Aim This course aims to: Introduce undergraduate engineering students to the concepts, theory and practice of engineering ethics. Familiarize the student with the meaning, history and different aspects of engineering. Help the student exploring future career and provide him/her with resources for job opportunities. Introduce professional practice, responsibilities, health and safety and engineering ethics in academia and in the workplace. 2  Assessment methods Group Presentation 30% Quiz 5% Mid-Term Examination 25% Final Examination 40% 3 INTRODUCTION 4  What is “ Engineer” ? The word “ Engineer” has its roots in the latin word “ Ingeniator” which means ingenious, to devise in the sense of construct or craftsmanship. National Academy of Engineers in the US defines Engineer 2020 as “ understands the principals of inquiry-based scientific methods and engineering under constraint and be able to apply them in the technological society” 5  History of Engineering Pre-Scientific revolution Industrial revolution Second industrial revolution Information revolution. 6  Pre-scientific Revolution The forerunners of engineers, practical artists and craftsmen, proceeded mainly by trial and error. Yet tinkering combined with imagination produced many marvelous devices and monuments. The ancient Egyptians temples and monuments such as the great Pyramids are examples of craftsmanship and intuitive engineering ingenuity. The prehistory of modern engineering features ancient master builders and Renaissance engineers such as Leonardo da Vinci. 7  Industrial Revolution From the eighteenth through early nineteenth century, civil and mechanical engineers changed from practical artists to scientific professionals. This phase of engineering lasted through the First Industrial Revolution, when machines, increasingly powered by steam engines, started to replace muscles in most production. 8  Second Industrial Revolution In the century before World War II, chemical, electrical, and other science-based engineering branches developed electricity, cars, airplanes, telecommunications, and mass production. The second industrial revolution, symbolized by the advent of electricity and mass production, was driven by many branches of engineering. 9  Information Revolution Microelectronics, telecommunications, and computer engineering joined force to precipitate the information revolution in which intellectual chores are increasingly alleviated by machines. 10  Responsibilities 1. Safety of the public 2. Welfare of the society 3. Environmental concerns 4. Abide by laws, regulations, standards and ethical code 11  Responsibilities 5. Produce products/devices that have the following characteristics: o Adequate performance o Cost-efficient o Low operating and maintenance cost o Longevity/durability 12  Value of Engineering Profession Engineers are responsible of development of civilizations. They provide: o Infrastructure o Communication to link people o Products to make our lives easier and more enjoyable 13  Legal Framework of Engineering Profession Codes and standards set minimum requirements to ensure public safety and adequate performance. Example of the first structural design code: the code of Hammourabi Code of ethics of the profession such as conflict of interest. 14  Engineering Majors-Traditional Civil Engineering Environmental Engineering Mechanical Engineering Electrical Engineering Computer Engineering Chemical Engineering Architectural Engineering Construction Engineering 15  Engineering Majors: Non-Traditional Bioengineering Building Engineering Materials Engineering Communication Systems Engineering Manufacturing Engineering Energy & Renewable Energy Engineering Engineering Physics Petroleum Engineering Genetic Engineering 16  What is Ethics? Ethics is a system of moral principles. The study of standards of conduct and moral judgment; moral philosophy. They affect how people make decisions and lead their lives. Ethics is concerned with what is good for individuals and society. 17  What is Ethics? Ethics and morals relate to “right” and “wrong” conduct. Ethics refer to rules provided by an external source, e.g., codes of conduct in workplaces or principles in religions. Morals refer to an individual’s own principles regarding right and wrong. 18  Professional Ethics Resources Religion. Custom. Conscience. Life is not right without morals, and there is no work without morals. For example: the importance of credibility at work. Serious quest to learn new and different skills. Diligence in work and mastering every little detail in it. 19  Major Ethical Perspectives There are several well-respected ways of looking at ethical issues. Here, we take a brief look at: a) Utilitarianism, b) Deontology, c) Social justice and social contract theory, and d) Virtue theory. 20  a) Utilitarianism Utilitarianism emphasizes not rules but results. Originally intended as a guide for legislators charged with seeking the greatest good for society, the utilitarian outlook may also be practiced individually and by corporations. 21  b) Deontology Deontology requires that we put duty first, act rationally, and give moral weight to the inherent equality of all human beings. For example: “If you were to consider misrepresenting yourself on a resume for a particular job you really wanted and you were convinced that doing so would get you that job, you might be very tempted to do so.” 22  c) Social justice and social contract theory Social justice theorists worry about “distributive justice”—that is, what is the fair way to distribute goods among a group of people? members of society should be given goods to according to their needs. But this redistribution would require a governing power to decide who gets what and when. 23  c) Social justice and social contract theory The relationship between rights and duties—in both law and ethics—calls for some explanations: I. If you have a right of free expression, the government has a duty to respect that right but can put reasonable limits on it. II. Rights and duties exist not only between people and their governments but also between individuals. III. Your right in legal terms is only as good as your society’s willingness to provide legal remedies through the courts and political institutions of society.. 24  d) Virtue Theory Virtue theory, or virtue ethics, has received increasing attention over the past twenty years, particularly in contrast to utilitarian and deontological approaches to ethics. Virtue theory emphasizes the value of virtuous qualities rather than formal rules or useful results. Aristotle is often recognized as the first philosopher to advocate the ethical value of certain qualities, or virtues, in a person’s character. 25 Thanks for your Attention Any Questions Dr. Mohamed Mokhtar [email protected] ASU 113: Professional Ethics and Legislations Lecture 01_Part B Health and Safety  Outline 1. Legislations 2. Safe workplace 3. Accidents and prevention 4. Health and safety in labs 5. First Aid 2  Legislations Set by Occupation Health & Safety Administration 3  Legislations Background On December 29, 1970, President Nixon signed the OSHA Act This Act created OSHA, the agency, which formally came into being on April 28, 1971 Mission save lives, prevent injuries and protect the health of workers. 4  Legislations Actions Develop job safety and health standards Enforce standards through worksite inspections, Keep track of job-related injuries and illnesses Providing occupational safety and health training programs 5  Legislations Top 10 Cited Hazards (2022) 1. Fall Protection – General Requirements (1926.501) 2. Hazard Communication (1910.1200) 3. Respiratory Protection (1910.134) 4. Ladders (1926.1053) 5. Scaffolding (1926.451) 6. Lockout/Tagout (1910.147) 7. Powered Industrial Trucks (1910.178) 8. Fall Protection – Training Requirements (1926.503) 9. Personal Protective and Life Saving Equipment – Eye and Face Protection (1926.102) 10. Machine Guarding (1910.212) 6 Legislations 7  Safe Workplace The creation of OSHA gave workers the right to a safe and healthful workplace. Section 5(a)(1) of the OSHA Act states: “Each employer shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees." 8  Safe Workplace Safety Achievement Steps: 1. Define scope of work All possible activities and tasks 2. Analyze workplace hazards Step by step search for all existing & potential hazards through: ▪ Records ▪ Incidents ▪ Screening surveys ▪ Existing controls 9  Safe Workplace Safety Achievement Steps: 3. Develop & implement controls 4.Training & education Ensure that all staff are aware of potential hazards & protection methods Training should include all employees including managers 10  Safe Workplace Safety Achievement Steps: 5.Perform work within controls Activities are done under the enforced safety restrictions 6.Record keeping & evaluation To determine the overall effectiveness of the controls To identify deficiencies To determine changes and modifications that should be made To get improved controls 11  Accidents & Prevention Accidents $ Direct costs (Medical, insurance, lost time, fines) Indirect costs (Cancelled contracts, investigation time, …) 12  Accidents & Prevention Hand & Power Tools: Hazards Objects that fall, fly, are abrasive, or splash Harmful dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, and gases Frayed or damaged electrical cords, hazardous connections, and improper grounding Vibration and impact Injuries Electric shock - Flash burns – Falling Hand and Eye injuries - Hearing loss – Crushing, cuts or losing a body part – Ergonomic injuries 13  Accidents & Prevention Hand & Power Tools: Protection Inspect the tool before use Read Tool Owners Manual prior to use Use PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) Use guards Properly store and maintain the tool Keep the workplace neat and free of clutter Use safe handling techniques 14 Accidents & Prevention 15  Accidents & Prevention Scaffolding: Hazards Falls - Falling items - Electrical Protection Be on a firm foundation with base plates Mason’s Adjustable Hydro-mobile Frames 16  Accidents & Prevention Scaffolding: Protection Have a fully planked work deck Have guardrails over 10 feet 17  Accidents & Prevention Scaffolding: Protection Be tied-in over 4:1 height to base ratio Have an adequate means of access and egress Ladder Ladder Tower Ladder Frame Stairway Frame Platform with gate 18  Accidents & Prevention Fall from Heights: Protection Fall Safety Arrest Monitors Guardrails and warning lines 19  Accidents & Prevention Fall from Heights: Protection Guardrails and warning lines Deck mounted brackets Side mounted brackets 20  Accidents & Prevention Fall from Heights: Protection Safety nets 21  Accidents & Prevention Fall from Heights: Protection Personal fall arrest systems 22  Accidents & Prevention Fall from Heights: Protection Scaffolds, ladders, aerial lifts Scaffolds Aerial lifts 23  Accidents & Prevention Fire Safety: Protection (fire safety plan) Identification of significant fire hazards Procedures for recognizing and reporting unsafe conditions Alarm procedures Procedures for notifying employees of a fire emergency Procedures for notifying fire response organizations of a fire emergency Procedures for evacuation Procedures to account for all employees after an evacuation; and Names, job titles, or departments or individuals who can be contacted for information about the plan 24  Accidents & Prevention Fire Safety: Protection Fixed fire extinguishers Portable fire extinguishers 25  Accidents & Prevention Fire Safety: Protection Employee training Additional training for fire watch duty 26  Accidents & Prevention Cranes & Motor Vehicles: Hazards Crane tip over & failure incidents Striking worker on foot 27  Accidents & Prevention Cranes & Motor Vehicles: Hazards Pinned in/under equipment Equipment rolling over 28  Accidents & Prevention Cranes & Motor Vehicles: Hazards Backing equipment Maintenance Hazards 29  Accidents & Prevention Cranes & Motor Vehicles: Hazards Collisions 30  Accidents & Prevention Cranes & Motor Vehicles: Hazards Materials handling & storage Transporting & unloading material 31  Accidents & Prevention Cranes & Motor Vehicles: Prevention High visibility clothing Loading equipment properly 32  Accidents & Prevention Cranes & Motor Vehicles: Prevention Stack & store materials properly Wearing seatbelts 33  Accidents & Prevention Cranes & Motor Vehicles: Prevention Inspect all slings Barricade swing radius 34  Accidents & Prevention Cranes & Motor Vehicles: Prevention Lockout or tag out the equipment during maintenance Avoid conflicting movement of trucks, equipment & workers ▪ Separation by space (barriers) ▪ Separation by time 35  Health & Safety in Labs Hazards Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals Can Result in acute or chronic health effects Acute – occurring within hours or days of exposure Chronic – occur after exposure over many years 36  Health & Safety in Labs OSHA’s Lab Standards Requires your School to: Determine staff exposure to any substances regulated by the standard Conduct initial training & additional training if a new hazard is introduced into the lab Develop a Chemical Hygiene Plan 37  Health & Safety in Labs Chemical Hygiene Plan Must include: Designation of a Chemical Hygiene Officer Exposure control measures Measures to ensure properly functioning fume hoods & equipment Staff training on hazard awareness & measures available to protect themselves Provisions for medical consultation & examination Respiratory protection program Recordkeeping procedure Hazard identification system 38  First Aid Definition First AID is the help given to a person in case of SUDDEN INJURY or SICKNESS so that the INJURY/SICKNESS does not AGGRAVATE FURTHER and due to swift action further DETERIORATION is checked, same condition is maintained & recovery promoted till the arrival of Medical Help. 39  First Aid Steps Diagnosis Treatment Disposal 40  First Aid Priorities Check Breathing Check Blood loss Treat Shock Treat Fracture Look For Simple Injuries Disposal 41  First Aid Recovery Position (In case of unconscious casualty) 42  First Aid Transportation 43  First Aid Transportation 44  First Aid Transportation 45 Thanks for your Attention Any Questions Dr. Mohamed Mokhtar ([email protected]) Dr. Ahmed Zakaria ([email protected]) ASU 113: Professional Ethics and Legislations Lectures 2&3 Presented by Dr. Mohamed Mokhtar  Ethics Ethics is a system of moral principles. They affect how people make decisions and lead their lives. Ethics is concerned with what is good for individuals and society. 2  Professional ethics Professional ethics are principles that govern the behavior of a person or group in a business environment. 3  The components of professional ethics Some professional organizations may define their ethical approach in terms of a number of discrete components. Typically these include : Honesty – Integrity – Transparency – Accountability – Confidentiality – Objectivity – Respect – Obedience to the law – Loyalty. 4  The aims and objectives of professional ethics (a)To understand the moral values that ought to guide the Engineering profession, (b)To resolve the moral issues in the profession, (c)To justify the moral judgment concerning the profession. (d)To assure clients that professional services will be rendered in accordance with reasonably high standards and acceptable moral conduct. 5  How do you practice professional ethics? Practice reasonable, responsible, and transparent behavior that avoids harmful actions by: o Embodying high ethical standards. o Act without bias. o Comply with laws. o Protect confidentiality. 6  How do you develop professional ethics? Here are some things you can do now to develop a good work ethic. 1- Develop the habit of being on time or early for all appointments. 2-Develop professionalism. Professionalism goes beyond a white shirt and tie. 3-Cultivate self-discipline. 4-Use time wisely. 5-Stay balanced. 7  What makes a strong work ethic? Having a strong work ethic involves upholding the values and goals of the company by performing your job to the best of your ability. It means focusing on completing assigned tasks on time. An employee with a strong work ethic is professional in attitude and appearance. 8  LEGAL ETHICS Legal ethic is the behavioral norms and morals which govern judges and lawyers. Legal ethics is the minimum standards of appropriate conduct within the legal profession. 9  1. Engineering Ethics Engineering ethics is the field of applied ethics that examines and sets standards for engineers’ obligations to the public, their clients, employers and profession. Engineering does not have a single uniform system of ethical conduct across the entire profession. Ethical approaches vary somewhat by discipline, and most influenced by whether the engineers are independent or working for the government. 10  1. Engineering Ethics Engineering ethics is defined by the codes and standards of conduct endorsed by engineering (professional) societies with respect to the particular set of beliefs, attitudes and habits displayed by the individual or group. 11  1. Engineering Ethics This section discusses: 1. Five unethical communication concerns engineers sometimes practice either knowingly or unknowingly. 2. Tools for ethical decision making. 3. Points to be considered when facing a dilemma. 12 1.1 Five Communication Concerns Avoid: 1. Copyright infringement. 2. Tampering with results. 3. Withholding adverse information. 4. Writing unclear instructions. 5. Omitting safety warnings. 13 1.2 Tools for Ethical Decision Making Using the Code of Ethics (published by professional engineering associations, or large firms) can always help you justify doing the right thing. 14  1.2 Tools for Ethical Decision Making Figure 1.1 A Typical Code of Ethics for the engineering profession. Source: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, ”Code of Ethics of Engineers,” http://sections.asme.org/colorado/ethics.html Accessed October 19. 2011. 15  1.2 Tools for Ethical Decision Making 16 Figure 1.1 A Typical Code of Ethics for the engineering profession. Source: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, ”Code of Ethics 16 of Engineers,” http://sections.asme.org/colorado/ethics.html Accessed October 19. 2011. 1.2 Tools for Ethical Decision Making Ethical issues to be addressed in catastrophic failure (lives are lost, properties are collapsed) cases: 1. Who is ultimately responsible for checking the safety of final designs as depicted in shop drawings? 2. In terms of meeting building codes, what are the responsibilities of the engineer, the fabricator, the owner? 3. What measures can professional societies take to ensure catastrophes do not occur? 17  1.3 Facing a Dilemma When facing a difficult problem in your engineering career, you must: 1. Analyze the situation carefully. 2. Consider the issues involved from more than one angle. 3. Consult with others. 4. Think long and hard before making a decision. 18 18  CASE STUDY 1 Collapse of Hyatt Regency Hotel Walkways 19  EVENTS On the evening of July 17, 1981, approximately 1,600 people gathered in the lobby to participate in and watch a dance competition. The fourth floor and the second floor walkways fell to the lobby floor below, resulting in 114 deaths. Lately, It was discovered that 1. The contractor believed that the original design did not meet the minimum load required by the building codes. 2. Hence, The contractor altered the original design made by the engineering firm which unfortunately made the walkways more weaker instead of stronger. 3. The contractor sworn that his company telephoned the engineering firm for change approval but the engineering firm denied this call. 4. Another story says that engineering firm agreed without performing any basic calculations that would have revealed the danger of the second design.  ETHICAL QUESTIONS Who is ultimately responsible for the fatal design flaw? Why? Does the disputed telephone call matter to the outcome of the case? Why or Why not? What is the responsibility of a licensed professional engineer who affixes his/her seal to fabrication drawings? In terms of meeting building codes, what are the responsibilities of the engineer? the fabricator? The owner? What measures can professional societies take to ensure that catastrophes such as the Hyatt Regency Walkways collapse do not occur? ASU 113: Professional Ethics and Legislations Lecture 02_Part B Environmental Concerns Presented by Dr. Ahmed Zakaria  Outline 1. Pollution a. Air (Outdoor, Indoor) b. Water 2. Global Warming 3. Environmental Impact Statement 2  1. Air Pollution ▪ No element of the natural world is more essential to life than air, and no environmental task more critical than keeping it clean. ▪ Air supplies us with oxygen which is essential for our bodies to live. ▪ Air is 99.9% nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and inert gases. ▪ Human activities can release substances into the air, some of which can cause problems for humans, plants, and animals.  1. Air Pollution Cairo-Black clouds are caused by emissions of: - annual burning of rice stubble in rural areas, - car exhaust fumes. http://www.middle-east-online.com/english Air Pollution Outside (outdoor) air pollution Inside (indoor) air pollution  1. Air Pollution Outside (outdoor) air pollution Causes: ▪ “Smog” burning fuel for energy such as vehicles and power plants ▪ Acid rain ▪ Green house effect/Global warming ▪ Ozone Depletion, i.e. “holes” in the ozone layer  1. Air Pollution (outdoor) “Smog” in Cairo: Wikipedia Smog: ▪ It is caused by chemical reactions between pollutants derived from different sources, mainly automobile exhaust and industrial emissions. “Smog” in china: Wikipedia ▪ Cities (ex. Cairo) are often centers of these types of activities especially during the warm months of the year.  1. Air Pollution (outdoor) Smog (Cont.):  1. Air Pollution (outdoor) Acid Rain: ▪ When a pollutant (ex. Sulfuric Acid) combines with droplets of water in the air, the water (or snow) can become acidified. ▪ “Acid rain refers to rainwater that, having been contaminated with chemicals introduced into the atmosphere through industrial and automobile emissions, has had its acidity increased beyond that of clean rainwater.  1. Air Pollution (outdoor) Acid Rain (Cont.): ▪ The effects of acid rain on the environment can be very serious; it: o damages plants by destroying their leaves, o poisons the soil, o changes the chemistry of lakes and streams, and o negatively affects the wildlife.  1. Air Pollution (outdoor) Greenhouse Effect / Global warming: ▪ It is believed to come from the build up of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) in the atmosphere when fuels are burned ▪ Plants convert CO2 back to Oxygen (O2), but the release of CO2 from human activities is higher than the world's plants can process ▪ The situation is made worse since many of the earth's forests are being removed, and plant life is being damaged by acid rain  1. Air Pollution (outdoor) Greenhouse Effect / Global warming (Cont.): http://www.gnb.ca/0009/0369/0018/0002-e.asp  1. Air Pollution (outdoor) Greenhouse Effect / Global warming (Cont.): ▪ Thus, the amount of CO2 in the air is continuing to increase ▪ This buildup acts like a blanket and traps heat close to the surface of our earth. ▪ Changes of even a few degrees will affect us all through changes in the climate and even the possibility that the polar ice caps may melt  1. Air Pollution (outdoor) Ozone Depletion: ▪ Ozone is a naturally occurring molecule containing three molecules of oxygen. ▪ Chemicals released by our activities affect the one of the atmospheric layers surrounding earth (stratosphere). ▪ The ozone layer in the stratosphere protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun.  1. Air Pollution (outdoor) Ozone Depletion (Cont.): ▪ Release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) from aerosol cans, cooling systems and refrigerator equipment removes some of the ozone, causing "holes"; to open up in this layer and allowing the radiation to reach the earth ▪ Ultraviolet radiation is known to cause skin cancer and has damaging effects on plants and wildlife. Air Pollution (Indoor)  1. Air Pollution (Indoor) ▪ People spend almost 80-90% of our lives indoors (enclosed environments where air circulation may be restricted). ▪ There are many sources of indoor air pollution, such as: o tobacco smoke, o cooking and heating appliances, and o vapors from building materials, paints, furniture, etc.  1. Air Pollution Minimizing the Damage of Air Pollution: ▪ In many countries, steps are being taken to stop the damage to our environment from air pollution: o Scientific groups study the damaging effects on plant, animal and human life. o Legislative bodies write laws to control emissions o Educators teach students, beginning at very young ages, about the effects of air pollution.  1. Air Pollution Minimizing the Damage of Air Pollution: o Regulatory agencies can play an essential role in reducing and preventing air pollution in the environment. o Adequate ventilation controls exposure to indoor air pollution. o Home and work environments should be monitored for adequate air flow and proper exhaust systems installed. Water Pollution  1. Water Pollution http://www.givemetalk.com/ health/water-pollution/ http://waterpollutionsolutions.info/water-pollution- solutions.html  1. Water Pollution ▪ Water pollution caused by: 1. Sewage and fertilizers contain nutrients (ex. nitrates and phosphates) - In excess levels, nutrients over stimulate the growth of aquatic plants and algae http://www.buzzle.com/articles/sewage-water-pollution.html  1. Water Pollution - Excessive growth of these types of organisms consequently clogs our waterways, use up dissolved oxygen as they decompose, and block light to deeper waters. http://gobiidae.com/PN/dumpingsewage.html  1. Water Pollution ▪ Water pollution caused by: 2. Silt and other suspended solids (ex. soil) wash off plowed fields, construction and logging sites, urban areas, and eroded river banks when it rains.  1. Water Pollution (Ground Water) ▪ 95% of all fresh water on earth is ground water. ▪ Ground water is found in natural rock formations. ▪ A large percentage of population rely on ground water as a source of drinking water particularly in rural areas. ▪ Significant ground water contamination may take place due to sewage leakage and waste disposal. 1. Water Pollution (Ground Water) http://www.ec.gc.ca/eau-water/default.asp?lang=En&n=6A7FB7B2-1  1. Other Waste (Material Recycling) ▪ Recycles materials such as: o Plastic, Paper, Rubber, and Food residue can have harmful effect on our environment if they are not properly treated or recycled.  2. Environmental Impact Statement ▪ Whenever engineering projects or programs are planned, there are potential impacts upon the environment. ▪ When these proposed projects are federally funded, such impacts become more important to the public. ▪ What these impacts may be and the magnitude of their effect are reported in Environmental Impact Statements. ▪ These statements are often important in environmental regulation and litigation  2. Environmental Impact Statement (Pollution) “Any use of natural resources at a rate higher than nature's capacity to restore itself can result in pollution of air, water, and land.” Thus; The production, consumption and throw away a high volume of material resources at a very high rate (excessive production and consumption) http://www.tropical-rainforest-animals.com/causes-of-pollution.html  2. Environmental Impact Statement (Pollution) It is not only excessive production and consumption but; - Inefficient methods of production. - careless & thoughtless disposal of post-consumption waste resources (bottles,….and others that could be recycled). Thus to solve the pollution problem, we should focus on: http://www.tropical-rainforest-animals.com/causes-of-pollution.html  2. Environmental Impact Statement (Pollution) Fundamental Pollution Drivers 1. Industrialization is the 1st fundamental cause of pollution. Fossil fuels (oil, gas & coal) usage is the main sources of pollution. 2. Population growth is the 2nd fundamental pollution cause as the demand for food and other goods goes up with population increase. This demand is met by expanded http://www.tropical- production and use of natural rainforest- animals.com/causes- resources, which increases pollution. of-pollution.html  2. Environmental Impact Statement (Pollution) Fundamental Pollution Drivers (Cont.) 3. Globalization. Developing countries usually have much looser laws on environmental protection. With this “benefit” as well as the population growth and easy availability of cheap labor, big industry prefers to move its facilities to such “pollution havens” rather than work in more regulated markets. http://www.tropical-rainforest-animals.com/causes-of-pollution.html  2. Environmental Impact Statement (Pollution) Causes of pollution: PRODUCTION is the primary cause because the whole cycle of extracting and processing natural resources and then selling processed in major sectors. CONSUMPTION is the secondary cause of pollution because this stage comes after, and depends on, production. http://www.tropical-rainforest-animals.com/causes-of-pollution.html 2. Environmental Impact Statement (Pollution) http://www.tropical-rainforest-animals.com/causes-of-pollution.html 2. Environmental Impact Statement (Pollution) European Economic Community (EEC) Thanks for your Attention Any Questions Dr. Mohamed Mokhtar ([email protected]) Dr. Ahmed Zakaria ([email protected]) ASU 113: Professional Ethics and Legislations Lectures 2&3 Presented by Dr. Mohamed Mokhtar  CASE STUDY 2 Explosion of Space Shuttle the Challenger 2  EVENTS The Space Shuttle Challenger disaster occurred on January 28, 1986, leading to the deaths of its seven crew members. A seal in the rocket booster failed allowing pressurized hot gas from within the solid rocket motor to reach the external fuel tank. Lately, It was discovered that : 1. NASA managers had known contractor's design of the boosters contained a potentially catastrophic flaw in its seals since 1977, but failed to address it properly. 2. Managers also disregarded warnings from some engineers about the dangers of launching.  ETHICAL QUESTIONS What could NASA management have done differently? What could their subordinates have done differently (if anything)? In answering this question, keep in mind that the engineers had families to support and cannot afford getting fired. What should the designer have done differently (if anything)? What do you see as your future engineering professional responsibilities in relation to both being loyal to management and protecting the public welfare?  2. Ethics of Honest Research You are guilty of cheating (Academic Misconduct) when: 1. Present someone’s work as your own work without doing it. 2. Help someone else to cheat. 5  2. Ethics of Honest Research This section: 1. Defines plagiarism 2. Explains how to avoid plagiarism 3. Explains why information sources should be documented. 4. Presents a procedure for documenting 5. Shows the reference page format 6. Gives a sample of references. 6  2.1 Plagiarism Plagiarism is the act of using someone else’s work without giving proper credit. Plagiarism is a result of: 1. Dishonesty 2. Carelessness and laziness 3. Ignorance 7 7  2.1 Plagiarism Plagiarism is done in one of the following ten ways: 1. Using another writer’s words without proper citation. 2. Using another writer’s ideas without proper citation. 3. Using another writer’s words without proper citing your source but reproducing the exact words of a printed source without quotation marks. 4. Borrowing the structure of another author’s phrases or sentences without crediting the authors from whom it come. 8  2.1 Plagiarism 5. Borrowing all or part of another student’s paper or using someone else’s outline to write your own paper. 6. Using a paper writing service or having a friend write the paper for you. 7. In computer programming classes, borrowing computer code from another student and presenting it as your own. 9  2.1 Plagiarism 8. Multiple submission is the practice of submitting a single paper for credit in two different classes (in the same term or in different terms). 9. Exams: Copying from someone else’s paper or using notes in the exam. 10. Collaboration: Failure to collaborate. 10 11  2.2 How to Avoid Plagiarism? When you do research, all information (including diagrams, ideas, facts, theories, findings, opinions, and graphics) that you obtain from journals, books, interviews, the internet, or any other sources must be fully documented ─that is, accompanied by references to the sources where you obtained the information. Note: No need to reference 1. Your own ideas and opinions. 2. Common knowledge. 12  2.3 Why Document Sources of Information? You document your information borrowings in order to: 1. Protect the originator. (he/she will get credit for having developed it.) 2. Protect yourself from accusations of plagiarism. 3. Show readers that you have done your work and are aware of the latest developments in the particular field. 4. Enable readers to track down the information so that they can read it for themselves. 13 13  2.4 Procedure for Documenting 1. Refer to the source of your information in the text by inserting consecutive numbers in brackets, beginning with 1, at the end of each segment of cited information, like this. 2. Insert the reference number at the end of a sentence or within it, without changing the sentence punctuation. For example: according to the 2006 U.S. Census Bureau , we see that……… 14  2.4 Procedure for Documenting 3. Leave a space before the bracketed number and stick the punctuation to the second bracket. 4. References at the end of quotation marks are punctuated with a period after the reference, “like this” [8, p. 23]. 15  2.4 Procedure for Documenting 5. Identify the page numbers of your source of information if you want to refer to a part of a book or article, like this [4, pp. 3-6], [8, p. 23], or However, on page 79 of the author seems to ……………. 16 16  2.4 Procedure for Documenting 6. Use semicolons to separate multi-information sources for one paragraph, like this [6, p. 46; 7, pp.29-31; 9, pp. 8, 12]. 7. Once you have numbered a source, use the same number for all subsequent references to that source throughout your work. 17 2.4 Procedure for Documenting Figure 2.1 A page from a well-documented research paper. Source: D. Beer, and D. McMurrey, 18 A Guide to Writing as an Engineer, 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2009.  2.5 Reference Page Format 1. List your sources in a numerical order according to when they are first cited in the text. 2. Give the initials of authors’ first names. 3. Single-space individual references, with a second, or third line aligned with the first. 4. Double-space between separate references. 5. End each entry with a period. 19  2.5 Reference Page Format 6. List every source once on your reference page, even if you have referenced to the same source more than once in your paper. 7. In case of journals, a. Titles of journal articles are given in sentence form rather than title form. b. Use a common abbreviation for the journal title if there is one, e.g. IEEE transactions. Otherwise, give the full name of the journal. 20 2.5 Reference Page Format Figure 2.2 An example of a brief reference page. Source: D. Beer, and D. McMurrey, A Guide to Writing as an Engineer, 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2009. 21  2.6 Sample References Book C. Conrad and M. S. Poole, Strategic Organizational Communication, 5th ed. New York: Harcourt Press, 2002. Journal Article N. M. Tahir, A. Hussain, S. A. Samad, and H. Husain, “Shock graph for representation and modeling of posture,” ETRI Journal, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 507-514, August 2007. World Wide Web “AT&T enters India residential local phone market,” www.att.com Accessed January 26, 2003. 22 Thanks for your Attention Any Questions Dr. Mohamed Mokhtar [email protected] ASU 113: Professional Ethics and Legislations Lecture 4 Presented by Dr. Mohamed Mokhtar  Presentation Outline 1. How to be a good listener. 2. Effective Studying. 2 1. How to be a good listener  How to Be a Good Listener ? To go away from a talk as a more informed person, you should 1. Review your notes before class. 2. Go to class a few minutes early. 3. Maintain natural eye contact with the speaker. 4. Show by your posture that you are alert and interested. 4  How to Be a Good Listener ? 5. Ignore distractions such as side talks or other external noise. 6. Take notes on the speaker’s most important points and prepare questions. 7. Be sure to turn off cell phones. 5 CORNELL NOTE TAKING METHOD 6 2. EFFECTIVE STUDYING  Guidelines To Study Effectively 1. Connect class work to long range goals 2. Become Active and involved in learning 3. Get control over your time by time scheduling o Make a Weekly master plan. o Make a semester calendar. 8  WHY SCHEDULING? WHY SCHEDULING? Reduces the amount of time wasted; hence saves time. Separate work and play; hence promotes balance in your life. Helps prevent cramming. 9 WHY SCHEDULING? 10 WHY SCHEDULING? 11 WHY SCHEDULING? 12 WHY SCHEDULING? 13 WHY SCHEDULING? 14 WHY SCHEDULING? 15  Guidelines To Study Effectively 4. Stick to your schedule, fight Laziness, day dreaming and practice patience. 5. Study your difficult classes early afternoon. 6. Begin to prepare for tests a week in advance. 7. Incorporate self-testing into your study schedule. 8. Best Time to study is right after class 16 THE FORGETTING CURVE 17 9. Follow a good study strategy. 18  So WHAT DOES SQ3R STAND FOR? SURVEY QUESTION READ RECITE REVIEW 19 10. Practice a good test-taking strategy. 20  MORE TIPS ON TAKING TEST Arrive on time. Do a memory dump. Read directions carefully. Budget time Wisely. Practice relaxation. Answer all the questions. Use all the time. 21 Thanks for your Attention Any Questions ASU 113: Professional Ethics and Legislations Lecture 5 Presented by Dr. Mohamed Mokhtar Types of construction contracts  ❑Lump sum contract The amount of money provided to the contractor shall be agreed upon before starting work. The employer gives drawings and specifications containing approximate numbers, and the contractor is responsible for any increase in the numbers without an increase in the agreed amount.. ‫ يتم االتفاق على المبلغ المقدم للمقاول قبل البدء في العمل‬ ‫ ومواصفات فيها أعداد تقريبية والمقاول مسئول عن أي‬، ‫ رب العمل يعطي رسومات‬. ‫زيادة في األعداد وذلك دون زيادة في المبلغ المتفق عليه‬  ❑Unit price contract In this type, the contractor sets a price for each unit. If there is an increase in the number in any item, there are two cases: a) If the increase is less than 25%, the contractor shall submit it at the price written in the BOQ. b) If more than 25%, he makes a variation order and sets the price he wants. ‫ ويقوم المقاول بوضع سعر لكل‬، ‫ يوجد في هذا النوع مقايسة لألعمال بالوحدة‬. ‫وحدة‬ -: ‫ لو حدث زيادة في العدد في أي بند يوجد حالتين‬. ‫ يقدمها المقاول بالسعر المكتوب في المقايسة‬%25 ‫– لو الزيادة أقل من‬. ‫ يعمل أمر تغير ويحدد السعر الذي يريده‬%25 ‫– لو أكثر من‬  ❑Cost Plus contract The profit margin is divided into: percentage of costs as profit margin Sets a fixed amount of profits regardless of costs Determine a percentage of the costs that will be the profit margin + take a percentage of your savings : ‫تنقسم من حيث تحديد هامش الربح إلى‬ ‫تحدد نسبة من التكاليف تكون هامش الربح‬ ‫يحدد مبلغ ثابت لألرباح بغض النظر عن التكاليف‬ ‫ يأخذ نسبة مما يوفره‬+ ‫تحدد نسبة من التكاليف تكون هامش الربح‬  ‫التصميم واإلدارة ونقل الملكية‬ BOT )‫(والبناء والتشغيل ونقل الملكية‬ A company implements the project and operates the project for a certain period so that it recovers what it spent + profit, then the ownership of the project is transferred to the government. be in infrastructure projects. It is resorted to in the absence of financial appropriations for the project. ‫تقوم إحدى الشركات بتنفيذ المشروع ويقوم بتشغيل المشروع لمدة معينة بحيث يسترد ما أنفقه‬. ‫ ربح ثم تؤول ملكية المشروع الى الحكومة‬+. ‫يكون في مشاريع البنية التحتية‬. ‫يتم اللجوء إليه في حالة عدم وجود اعتمادات مالية للمشروع‬  FIDIC Fédération Internationale Des Ingénieurs-Conseils ‫عقود اإلتحاد الدولي للمهندسين االستشاريين‬ ❑ An international organization that speaks on behalf of consulting engineers. ❑ It has created standard models (Templates) for construction contracts that include all the requirements between (the employer, the contractor, and the engineer). ❑ These forms are named after the cover color of each form: : Red: Civil engineering works contracts. Yellow: Mechanical and electrical works contracts. Orange: Design and construction contracts. White: Terms of contract between the employer and the consulting engineer..  ‫‪FIDIC‬‬ ‫‪Fédération Internationale Des Ingénieurs-Conseils‬‬ ‫عقود اإلتحاد الدولي للمهندسين االستشاريين‬ ‫❑ منظمة عالمية تتكلم بلسان المهندسين االستشاريين ‪.‬‬ ‫❑ وقامت بعمل نماذج نمطية لعقود التشييد وتشتمل على كافة االشتراطات‬ ‫بين ( رب العمل والمقاول – المهندس )‬ ‫❑ هذه النماذج سميت باسم لون الغالف الخاص بكل نموذج ‪:‬‬ ‫األحمر ‪ :‬أعمال الهندسة المدنية ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫األصفر ‪ :‬مقاوالت األعمال الميكانيكية والكهربية ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫البرتقالي ‪ :‬عقود التصميم والتشييد ( تسليم مفتاح )‬ ‫ ‬ ‫األبيض ‪ :‬شروط عقد بين رب العمل والمهندس االستشاري‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫❑ ال يستخدم في مصر إال في المشاريع المشتركة مع األجانب ويطلبوا ذلك‬ ASU 113: Professional Ethics and Legislations Lecture 5 - part B Tenders and auctions Law Presented by Dr. Ahmed Zakaria Tenders and auctions Law If one of the parties to the contract is the government, then there must be more controls than the construction contract law. ❑Tender Through tender, the project owner seeks to obtain the lowest prices among the technically acceptable proposals (bids) submitted in closed envelopes. ‫❑المناقصة‬ ‫تسعى من خاللها الجهة صاحبة المشروع للحصول على اقل االسعار من‬ ‫بين العروض المقبولة فنيا والمقدمة فى مظاريف مغلقة‬ ❑Practice It is similar to the tender, however; it allows applicants to compete in the session to reduce the price. ‫❑الممارسة‬ ‫تتشابه مع المناقصة وتزيد بأنها تتيح للمتقدمين ان يتنافسوا فى الجلسة‬ ‫لتخفيض السعر‬ ❑Proposals / Bids It is the contractor’s bid to the owner of the project, and it consists of two closed envelopes, one financial and the other technical. ‫❑العطاء‬ ‫هو العرض المقدم من المقاول للجهة صاحبة المشروع ويتكون من‬ ‫مظروفين مغلقين احدهما مالى واالخر فني‬ ❑Primary insurance: An amount to be paid by the contractor with his bid. It is determined by the project owner in the tender’s announcement, and within the limits of 2% of the estimated value of the project. ‫❑التأمين المؤقت‬ ‫مبلغ بيدفعه المقاول مع عطائه تحدده الجهة صاحبة المشروع فى شروط‬. ‫ من القيمة التقديرية للمشروع‬% 2 ‫اإلعالن عن المناقصة ويكون فى حدود‬ ❑Final insurance: After accepting the bid, the accepted contractor shall complete the primary insurance to 5% within ten days of being notified of the acceptance of his bid. ‫❑التأمين النهائي‬ ‫ فى‬% 5 ‫بعد قبول العطاء يستكمل المقاول المقبول التأمين االبتدائي الى‬. ‫خالل عشرة أيام من إخطاره بقبول عطائه‬.  1 ‫مادة‬ The contract for the purchase of movables, business contracting or transportation, or for the receipt of services, consulting studies and technical works shall be through public tenders or general practices. A decision of the competent authority shall be issued following either of the two methods according to the circumstances and the nature of the contract. However, it is permissible As an exception, and by a reasoned decision from the competent authority, contracting in one of the following ways: a) Limited tender b) Local tender c) Limited practice d) Direct agreement  ‫مادة ‪1‬‬ ‫يكون التعاقد على شراء المنقوالت ‪ ٬‬او على مقاوالت االعمال او النقل ‪ ٬‬او على‬ ‫تلقى الخدمات و الدراسات االستشارية و االعمال الفنية ‪ ٬‬عن طريق مناقصات عامة‬ ‫او ممارسات عامة و يصدر باتباع اى من الطريقين قرار من السلطة المختصة وفقا‬ ‫للظروف و طبيعة التعاقد و مع ذلك يجوز استثناء ‪ ٬‬و بقرار مسبب من السلطة‬ ‫المختصة ‪ ٬‬التعاقد باحدى الطرق االتية‬ ‫أ ‪ -‬المناقصة المحدودة‬ ‫ب ‪ -‬المناقصة المحلية‬ ‫ج ‪ -‬الممارسة المحدودة‬ ‫د ‪ -‬االتفاق المباشر‬ ‫و ال يجوز فى اى حال تحويل المناقصة الى ممارسة عامة او ممارسة محدودة و فى‬ ‫جميع الحاالت يتم التعاقد فى الحدود و وفقا للشروط و القواعد و االجراءات الواردة‬ ‫بهذا القانون و الئحته التنفيذية‬  ‫مادة ‪2‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪Both public tender and public practice are subject to the‬‬ ‫‪principles of publicity, equal opportunity, equality and‬‬ ‫‪freedom of competition. Both of them are either internal to‬‬ ‫‪be announced in Egypt or external to be announced in Egypt‬‬ ‫‪and abroad.‬‬ ‫تخضع كل من المناقصة العامة و الممارسة العامة لمبادئ العالنية و تكافؤ الفرص‬ ‫و المساواه و حرية المنافسة ‪ ٬‬و كلتاهما اما داخلية يعلن عنها فى مصر او خارجية‬ ‫يعلن عنها فى مصر و فى الخارج ‪ ٬‬و يكون االعالن فى الصحف اليومية ‪ ٬‬و يصح‬ ‫ان يضاف اليها غير ذلك من وسائل االعالم واسعة االنتشار‪.‬‬  3 ‫مادة‬ limited tender is used in cases whose nature requires limiting participation in the tender to suppliers, contractors, consultants, technicians or experts themselves, whether in Egypt or abroad, provided that they fulfill the conditions of technical and financial competence and good reputation. ‫يكون التعاقد بطريق المناقصة المحدودة فى الحاالت التى تتطلب طبيعتها قصر االشتراك‬ ‫ سواء‬٬ ‫فى المناقصة على موردين او مقاولين او استشاريين او فنيين او خبراء بذواتهم‬ ‫ على ان تتوافر فى شأنهم شروط الكفاية الفنية و المالية و‬٬ ‫فى مصر او فى الخارج‬.‫حسن السمعة‬  4 ‫مادة‬ The contract shall be through local tender for a value not exceeding 200,000 pounds, shall be limited to local suppliers and contractors whose activity falls within the province where the contract is executed. ‫يكون التعاقد بطريق المناقصة المحلية فيما ال تزيد قيمته على مائتى الف جنية‬ ‫ و يقصر االشتراك فيها على الموردين و المقاولين المحليين الذى يقع‬٬ ‫نشاطهم فى نطاق المحافظة التى يتم بدائرتها تنفيذ التعاقد‬  5 ‫مادة‬ Contracting shall be by way of limited practice in the following cases: a) Things that are not manufactured or imported except by entities or persons themselves. b) The things whose nature or the purpose of obtaining them requires that they be purchased from the places of their production. An example of an extension of the same device. c) Technical works that, according to their nature, require that they be performed by technicians, specialists or experts themselves. d) Contracts that require national security considerations to be conducted in a confidential manner. ‫يكون التعاقد بطريق الممارسة المحدودة فى الحاالت االتية‬.‫ االشياء التى ال تصنع او تستورد اال لدى جهات او اشخاص بذواتهم‬-‫أ‬ ‫ االشياء التى تقتضى طبيعتها او الغرض من الحصول عليها ان يكون اختيارها او شراؤها‬-‫ب‬. ‫ مثال إمتداد لنفس الجهاز‬-.‫من اماكن انتاجها‬ ‫ االعمال الفنية التى تتطلب بحسب طبيعتها ان يقوم بها فنيون او اخصائيون او خبراء‬-‫ج‬.‫بذواتهم‬ ‫ التعاقدات التى تقتضى اعتبارات االمن القومى ان تتم بطريقة سرية‬-‫د‬  7 ‫مادة‬ In urgent cases that do not bear the need to follow tender or practice procedures of all kinds, the contract may be concluded by way of direct agreement based on authorization from: a) The head of the authority, President of the Commission, and whoever has his powers in the other authorities, and that is in a matter that does not exceed its value 50,000 pounds in relation to the purchase of movables, receiving services, consulting studies, technical works, or transport contracting, and 100,000 pounds in relation to business contracting. ‫يجوز فى الحاالت العاجلة التى ال تحتمل اتباع اجراءات المناقصة او الممارسة بجميع‬ : ‫ ان يتم التعاقد بطريق االتفاق المباشر بناء على ترخيص من‬٬ ‫انواعهما‬ ‫ و ذلك فيما‬٬ ‫ او رئيس المصلحة و من له سلطاته فى الجهات االخرى‬٬ ‫ رئيس الهيئة‬- ‫أ‬ ‫ال تجاوز قيمته خمسين الف جنيه بالنسبة لشراء المنقوالت او تلقى الخدمات او‬ ‫ و مائة الف جنيه بالنسبة‬٬ ‫الدراسات االستشارية او االعمال الفنية او مقاوالت النقل‬. ‫لمقاوالت االعمال‬  7 ‫مادة‬ b) The competent minister and whoever has his powers, or the governor, and that is in a matter that does not exceed its value 100,000 pounds in relation to the purchase of movables, receiving services, consulting studies, technical works, or transport contracting, and 300,000 pounds in relation to business contracting. ‫ او المحافظ فيما ال تجاوز قيمته‬٬ ‫ الوزير المختص و من له سلطاته‬- ‫ب‬ ‫مائة الف جنيه بالنسبة لشراء المنقوالت او تلقى الخدمات او الدراسات‬ ‫ و ثالثمائة الف جنيه‬٬ ‫االستشارية او االعمال الفنية او مقاوالت النقل‬ ‫بالنسبة لمقاوالت االعمال‬  7 ‫مادة‬ c) The Prime Minister, in case of extreme necessity, may authorize direct contracting in excess of the limits stipulated in Clause B of the previous paragraph. ‫ ان يأذن بالتعاقد‬٬ ‫ فى حالة الضرورة القصوى‬٬ ‫و لرئيس مجلس الوزراء‬ ‫بالطريق المباشر فيما يجاوز الحدود المنصوص عليها فى البند ب من‬ ‫الفقرة السابقة‬  8 ‫مادة‬ The Ministries of Defense and Military Production and their agencies may, in cases of necessity, contract through limited tender, local tender, limited practice, or direct agreement with the provisions of Law No. 204 of 1957 regarding exempting contracts related to armaments from taxes, fees, financial rules, and laws. ‫ التعاقد‬٬ ‫ فى حاالت الضرورة‬٬ ‫يجوز لوزارتى الدفاع و االنتاج الحربى و اجهزتهما‬ ‫بطريق المناقصة المحدودة او المناقصة المحلية او الممارسة المحدودة او االتفاق‬ ‫ بشأن اعفاء العقود الخاصة‬1957 ‫ لسنة‬204 ‫المباشر مع اعمال احكام القانون رقم‬ ‫بالتسليح من الضرائب و الرسوم و القواعد المالية و القوانين‬  10 ‫مادة‬ Bids shall be submitted in two sealed envelopes, one for the technical offer and the other for the financial offer. The opening of envelopes for financial contracts is limited to technically accepted offers, and all of this is in accordance with the rules and procedures indicated by the executive regulation. ‫ و‬٬ ‫تقدم العطاءات فى مظروفين مغلقين احدهما للعرض الفنى و االخر للعرض المالى‬ ‫ و ذلك كله وفقا‬٬ ‫يقتصر فتح مظاريف العقود المالية على العروض المقبولة فنيا‬.‫للقواعد و االجراءات التى تبينها الالئحة التنفيذية‬  11 ‫مادة‬ Deciding on all kinds of tenders shall be through two committees, one of which shall open the envelopes and the other shall decide on the bid, provided that for the bid whose value does not exceed fifty thousand pounds, one committee shall handle opening the envelopes and deciding on the tender. ‫ تقوم احداهما بفتح‬٬ ‫يكون البت فى المناقصات بانواعها عن طريق لجنتين‬ ‫المظاريف و االخرى بالبت فى المناقصة على انه بالنسبة للمناقصة التى ال تجاوز‬ ‫ فتتولى فتح المظاريف و البت فى المناقصة لجنة واحدة‬٬ ‫قيمتها خمسين الف جنيه‬  15 ‫مادة‬ Tender/Auction cancellation is carried out if: a) If the Tender is completely dispensed with, or if the public interest so requires b) If only one bid was submitted, or if only one bid remained after the disqualified bids. c) If all or most of the bids are accompanied by comments. d) If the value of the lowest bid exceeds the estimated value of project.  ‫مادة ‪15‬‬ ‫تلغى المناقصة قبل البت فيها اذا استغنى عنها نهائيا او اقتضت المصلحة‬ ‫العامة ذلك ‪ ٬‬كما يجوز الغائها فى اى من الحاالت االتية‬ ‫أ ‪ -‬اذا لم يقدم سوى عطاء وحيد ‪ ٬‬او لم يتبقى بعد العطاءات المستبعدة اال‬ ‫عطاء واحد ‪.‬‬ ‫ب ‪ -‬اذا اقترنت العطاءات كلها او اغلبها بتحفظات‬ ‫ج ‪ -‬اذا كانت قيمة العطاء االقل تزيد عن القيمة التقديرية‬ ‫و يكون االلغاء فى هذه الحاالت بقرار من السلطة المختصة بناء على‬ ‫توصية لجنة البت و يجب ان يشتمل القرار على االسباب التى بنى عليها‬  17 ‫مادة‬ A primary insurance must be paid with each bid, The amount of primary insurance is determined by the administrative authority in the conditions of the announcement, which doesn’t exceed 2% of the estimated value of the project. The primary insurance shall be returned to the unacceptable bidders without any request, immediately after the expiry of the period specified for the validity of the bid. ‫يجب ان يؤدى مع كل عطاء تأمين مؤقت تحدد الجهة االدارية مبلغه ضمن شروط‬ ‫ و يستبعد كل غير مصحوب بكامل‬٬‫ من القيمة التقديرية‬2% ‫االعالن بما ال يجاوز‬. ‫هذا المبلغ‬ ‫و يجب رد التأمين المؤقت الى اصحاب العطاءات غير المقبولة دون توقف على‬.‫ و ذلك فور انتهاء المدة المحددة لسريان العطاء‬٬ ‫طلب منهم‬  18 ‫مادة‬ The owner of the accepted bid shall, within ten days, starting from the day following his notification of acceptance of his bid, the final insurance that supplements the primary insurance to (5%) of the contract value, and for contracts concluded with a contractor abroad, the payment shall be within twenty days. If the primary insurance exceeds the final insurance, the excess must be returned immediately without a request. ‫ على صاحب العطاء المقبول ان يؤدى خالل عشرة ايام تبدأ من اليوم التالى‬ ‫الخطاره بكتاب موصى عليه بعلم الوصول بقبول عطاءه التأمين النهائى الذى يكمل‬ ‫ و بالنسبة للعقود التى تبرم‬٬ ‫) من قيمة التعاقد‬%5 ( ‫التأمين المؤقت الى ما يساوى‬. ‫مع متعاقد فى الخارج يكون االداء خالل عشرين يوم‬. ‫و اذا جاوز التأمين المؤقت التأمين النهائى وجب رد الزيادة فورا بغير طلب‬. ‫ و يجب رده فور اتمام التنفيذ بغير طلب‬٬ ‫و يكون التأمين النهائى ضامنا لتنفيذ العقد‬  19 ‫مادة‬ The final insurance is not paid if the owner of the accepted bid supplied all the items and the administrative authority finally accepted them within the period specified for the payment of the final insurance. ‫ال يؤدى التأمين النهائى اذا قام صاحب العطاء المقبول بتوريد جميع‬ ‫االشياء التى رسا عليه توريدها و قبلتها الجهة االدارية نهائيا خالل‬. ‫المهلة المحددة الداء التأمين النهائى‬  23 ‫مادة‬ If the contractor is late in executing the contract beyond the date specified for him, the competent authority may, for reasons of public interest, give the contractor an additional period to complete the implementation, provided that a fine is imposed on him for the delay period according to the principles, proportions, and within the limits indicated by the executive regulations, so that the total fine does not exceed 3% of the contract value for the purchase of movables, receiving services, consulting studies and technical works, and 10% for contracting business and transport works and the fine is occurred as soon as the delay occurs without the need for warning or taking any other action.  ‫مادة ‪23‬‬ ‫اذا تأخر المتعاقد فى تنفيذ العقد عن الميعاد المحدد له ‪ ٬‬جاز للسلطة المختصة لدواعى‬ ‫المصلحة العامة اعطاء المتعاقد مهلة اضافية التمام التنفيذ على ان توقع عليه غرامة‬ ‫عن مدة التأخير طبقا لالسس و بالنسب و فى الحدود التى تبينها الالئحة التنفيذية ‪٬‬‬ ‫بحيث ال يجاوز مجموع الغرامة ( ‪ )%3‬من قيمة العقد بالنسبة لشراء المنقوالت و‬ ‫تلقى الخدمات و الدراسات االستشارية و االعمال الفنية ‪ ٬‬و ( ‪ )% 10‬بالنسبة العمال‬ ‫المقاوالت و النقل و توقع الغرامة بمجرد حصول التأخير دون حاجه الى تنبيه او انذار‬ ‫او اتخاذ اى اجراء اخر و يعفى المتعاقد من الغرامة ‪ ٬‬بعد اخذ رأى ادارة الفتوى‬ ‫المختصة بمجلس الدولة ‪ ٬‬اذا ثبت ان التأخير السباب خارجة عن ارادته ‪ ٬‬و للسلطة‬ ‫المختصة عدا هذه الحالة بعد اخذ رأى االدارة المشار اليها ‪ ٬‬اعفاء المتعاقد من الغرامة‬ ‫اذا لم ينتج عن التأخير ضرر و اليخل توقيع الغرامة بحق الجهة االدارية فى الرجوع‬ ‫على المتعاقد بكامل التعويض المستحق عليه عما اصابها من اضرار بسبب التأخير و‬ ‫فى حالة االدعاء باخالل الجهة االدارية بالتزاماتها الواردة بالعقد بخطأ منها ‪ ٬‬يكون‬ ‫للمتعاقد الحق فى اللجوء للقضاء للمطالبة بتعويضه عما يكون قد لحقه من ضرر‬ ‫نتيجة لذلك ‪ ٬‬ما لم يتفق الطرفان على التحكيم وفقا للقواعد و االجراءات المنصوص‬ ‫عليها فى قانون التحكيم فى المواد المدنية و التجارية الصادر بالقانون رقم ‪ 27‬لسنة‬ ‫‪ 1994‬معدال بالقانون رقم ‪ 9‬لسنة ‪.199‬‬  24 ‫مادة‬ The contract shall be automatically terminated in the following two cases : a) If it is proved that the contracting party has attempted, by himself or through others, directly or indirectly, to bribe an employee of the bodies subject to the provisions of this law, or has obtained the contract through bribery. b) If the contracting party became bankrupt or insolvent. The contractor shall be deleted in the case stipulated in (A) of the suppliers or contractors register, and the General Authority for Government Services shall be notified of this in order to publish the deletion decision.  ‫مادة ‪24‬‬ ‫يفسخ العقد تلقائيا فى الحالتين االتيتين‬ ‫أ ‪ -‬اذا ثبت ان المتعاقد قد شرع ‪ ٬‬بنفسه او بواسطة غيره بطريق مباشر او‬ ‫غير مباشر فى رشوة احد موظفى الجهات الخاضعة الحكام هذا القانون ‪٬‬‬ ‫او حصل على العقد عن طريق الرشوة ‪.‬‬ ‫ب ‪ -‬اذا افلس المتعاقد او اعسر ‪.‬‬ ‫و يشطب المتعاقد فى الحالة المنصوص عليها فى البند أ من سجل‬ ‫الموردين او المقاولين و تخطر الهيئة العامة للخدمات الحكومية بذلك لنشر‬ ‫قرار الشطب بطريق النشرات المصلحية و يتم بناء على طلب المتعاقد الذى‬ ‫شطب اسمه اعادة قيده فى سجل الموردين او المقاولين اذا انتفى سبب‬ ‫الشطب بصدور قرار من النيابة العامة بأال وجه القامة الدعوة الجنائية‬ ‫ضده او بحفظها اداريا او بصدور حكم نهائى ببرائته مما نسب اليه ‪ ٬‬على‬ ‫ان يعرض قرار اعادة القيد على الهيئة العامة للخدمات الحكومية لنشره‬ ‫بطريق النشرات المصلحية‪.‬‬  ‫مادة ‪25‬‬ ‫‪ The administrative authority may terminate the‬‬ ‫‪contract or implement it at the expense of the‬‬ ‫‪contracting party, if he violates any of its‬‬ ‫‪conditions.‬‬ ‫يجوز للجهة االدارية فسخ العقد او تنفيذه على حساب المتعاقد ‪ ٬‬اذا‬ ‫خل بأى شرط من شروطه و يكون الفسخ او التنفيذ على حساب‬ ‫المتعاقد بقرار من السلطة المختصة ‪ ٬‬يعلن للمتعاقد بكتاب موصى‬ ‫عليه بعلم الوصول على عنوانه المبين فى العقد ‪.‬‬  26 ‫مادة‬ In all cases of termination of the contract, as well as in the case of its implementation of the contract by another contractor, the final insurance becomes the right of the administrative agency. The administrative agency also has the right to deduct the due fines and the value of each loss incurred by it from any amounts of money due to the contracting party with the administrative agency. In the event that these amounts of money are not sufficient, the administrative agency resorts to deducting the fine from the contracting party's dues with any other administrative agency. ‫ و كذا فى حالة تنفيذه على حساب المتعاقد يصبح التأمين‬٬ ‫فى جميع حاالت فسخ العقد‬ ‫ كما يكون لها ان تخصم ما تستحقه من غرامات و قيمة‬٬ ‫النهائى من حق الجهة االدارية‬ ‫كل خسارة تلحق بها من اية مبالغ مستحقة او تستحق للمتعاقد لديها و فى حالة عدم‬.‫كفايتها تلجأ الى خصمها من مستحقاته لدى اى جهة ادارية اخرى‬ ASU 113: Professional Ethics and Legislations Lectures 03 and 04 - part B Presented by Dr. Ahmed Zakaria  Construction Contract Law "Contract between two parties: one undertakes to do something for pay and the other undertakes to pay. " The importance of this contract between the employer and the contractor derives from: a) the relatively high financial value of the subject matter of the contract, and b) its length of time. c) It's influenced by some external influences, such as the consulting engineer, the subcontractor.  Construction Contract Law Subcontractor: The subcontractor assigned to complete the work by the original contractor and the original contractor will be responsible for him. Construction Contract Law  647 ‫مادة‬ The contractor may provide his work, and the employer will provide the material that he uses, or he needs in carrying out his work. The contractor may provide the work and the material together. ‫❑يجوز أن يقتصر المقاول على التعهد بتقديم عمله على أن يقدم رب العمل المادة‬ ‫التى يستخدمها أو يستعين بها فى القيام بعمله‬. ً‫❑ كما يجوز ان يتعهد المقاول بتقديم العمل والمادة معا‬  648 ‫مادة‬ If the contractor undertakes to provide all or part of the work material, he will be responsible for its quality and must guarantee it to the employer. ‫ كان مسئوال عن جودتها وعليه‬، ‫إذا تعهد المقاول بتقديم مادة العمل كلها أو بعضها‬.‫ضمانها لرب العمل‬  649 ‫مادة‬ If the employer will provide the needed material, the contractor must take care of it, and give details to the employer for what he used in it and return to him what is left of the material. If any of this material becomes unusable because of contractor's negligence or lack of technical competence, the contractor is obligated to return the value of wasted material to the employer. ‫ فعلى المقاول أن يحرص عليها ويراعى أصول‬، ‫إذا كان رب العمل هو الذى قدم المادة‬ ‫الفن فى استخدامه لها وأن يؤدى حساباً لرب العمل عما استعملها فيه ويرد إليه ما بقى‬. ‫منها‬ ‫فإذا صار شيء من هذه المادة غير صالح لالستعمال بسبب إهماله أو قصور كفايته الفنية‬.‫ ألتزم يرد قيمة هذا الشيء لرب العمل‬،  650 ‫مادة‬ If the contractor performs the work in a defective manner. a) No way to fix it. The contract is terminated without warning. b) It can be fixed give a chance to make the repair The contract may be rescinded, or another contractor may undertake to repair the work at the expense of the existing contractor ‫▪لو المقاول بينفذ الشغل بشكل معيب‬ ‫مستحيل اصالحه‬ ‫▪يتم فسخ العقد دون انذار‬ ‫يمكن اصالحه‬ ‫▪يعطى أجل ويطلب تعديل طريقة العمل‬ ‫▪يمكن فسخ العقد او يتعهد لمقاول أخر على نفقة المقاول الموجود بإصالح‬ ‫العمل‬  651 ‫مادة‬ The engineer and the contractor are responsible for what happens to the facility during the ten years. 10 years starts from the date of delivery What happens to the facility Fully destroyed Partial destroyed Defects that harm the facility ‫▪المهندس والمقاول متضامنين عن ما يحدث خالل عشر سنوات للمنشأة‬ ‫ سنوات من تاريخ التسليم‬10 ‫▪تبدأ مادة‬ ‫ما يحدث للمنشأة‬ ‫▪تهدم كلى‬ ‫▪تهدم جزئي‬ ‫▪عيوب تضر بالمنشأة‬  653 ‫مادة‬ Any condition that exempts the Engineer and Contractor from liability is null and shall be void ‫أى شرط يعفى المهندس والمقاول من المسؤلية يكون باطال‬  654 ‫مادة‬ The guarantee claims shall be forfeited if 3 years have passed since the demolition. ‫ سنوات على التهدم‬3 ‫▪تسقط دعاوى الضمان لو مر‬  655 ‫مادة‬ If the “employer” does not receive the work without a legitimate and technically acceptable reason after receiving an official warning, the work is considered to have been handed over to him. ‫▪لو لم يستلم ”رب العمل“ العمل دون سبب مشروع ومقبول فنيا‬ ‫بعد ما دعوته بإنذار رسمي يعتبر العمل تم تسليمه اليه‬  657 ‫مادة‬ If the contract is a unit price contract and it was found that the contract costs more, the contractor must notify the employer of the required increase (variation order). If he doesn't, his right is forfeited. If the increase is too much, the employer has the right to suspend the work and give the contractor the price of what he has done without compensation for the rest. ‫▪لو كان العمل بمقايسة بالوحدة ووجد أن العمل يحتاج زيادة الزم المقاول يخطر صاحب‬ variation order ‫العمل بالزيادة المطلوبة‬ ‫▪اذا لم يفعل سقط حقه‬ ‫▪لو الزيادة كبيرة حق لرب العمل أن يوقف التنفيذ ويعطى المقاول ثمن ما نفذه دون‬ ‫تعويض عن الباقي‬  658 ‫مادة‬ If the contract is a lump sum contract and an agreement has been made with the contractor on the wage. If there is an adjustment in the design, the contractor does not ask for the increase in wage unless the employer agrees to this increase or if the increase is a result of the employer’s mistake. The Contractor shall not be compensated for raising prices unless an external matter such as war or natural disasters occurs. ‫( وتم االتفاق مع المقاول على األجر‬lump sum ‫▪لو المشروع بأجر اجمالى (مقطوعيه‬ ‫▪ال يطلب المقاول الزيادة لو حدث تعديل فى التصميم اال اذا كان رب العمل موافق على‬ ‫الزيادة او كانت الزيادة نتيجة خطأ رب العمل‬ ‫▪المقاول ال يعوض عن رفع االسعار اال اذا حدث امر خارج مثل حرب او كوارث طبيعيه‬  659 ‫مادة‬ In the event that the wage is not determined, it will be determined based on the value of the work and the contractor's expenses. ‫▪لو لم يحدد االجر يتم الرجوع الى قيمة العمل ونفقات المقاول‬  660 ‫مادة‬ The engineer will take a wage for designing and managing works. If the wage is not specified, it shall be determined according to custom. If the engineer's design is not used, he shall be paid for the time in which the design was drawn up, taking into account the nature of the work. ‫▪يكون للمهندس أجر تصميم وعمل مقايسة وإدارة أعمال‬ ‫▪لو لم يحدد األجر تحدد طبقا للعرف‬ ‫▪لو لم يستخدم تصميم المهندس يأخذ اجر الوقت الذى وضع فيه التصميم مع مراعاة‬. ‫طبيعة العمل‬  661 ‫مادة‬ The contractor may assign a subcontractor and be responsible for him: Unless: a) A condition in the work is that the contractor must perform the work himself. b) The work requires the competence of the original co