Professional Ethics Questions Banks PDF

Prof. Dr. Rashid A. Saeed, Electronics Engineering Professional Ethics Questions Banks 1. What is the primary purpose of engineering ethics? 6. What is "ethical relativism" in the context of engineer- A) To ensure engineers are paid fairly for their work. ing practice? B) T...

Prof. Dr. Rashid A. Saeed, Electronics Engineering Professional Ethics Questions Banks 1. What is the primary purpose of engineering ethics? 6. What is "ethical relativism" in the context of engineer- A) To ensure engineers are paid fairly for their work. ing practice? B) To guide engineers in making decisions that promote A) The belief that ethical principles are universally ap- public safety and welfare. plicable regardless of context. C) To outline the technical standards for engineering B) The view that ethical standards are determined by so- practice. cietal or cultural norms and can vary between different D) To establish guidelines for professional networking societies. within the engineering community. C) The theory that ethical behavior is dictated by the laws and regulations of a country. 2. The concept of "whistleblowing" in engineering ethics D) The idea that engineers should follow their personal refers to: moral beliefs over professional codes. A) The process of reporting unethical behavior by a col- league to a superior. 7. Which of the following best describes "due diligence" B) The act of publicly disclosing confidential infor- in engineering practice? mation about a project. A) Ensuring that all project documentation is completed C) The practice of resigning from a position when faced accurately and submitted on time. with unethical practices. B) The process of regularly reviewing and updating per- D) The act of exposing wrongdoing within an organiza- sonal skills and knowledge. tion to the public or authorities. C) Taking all reasonable steps to identify and address potential risks and ensure compliance with relevant 3. According to the Code of Ethics of most engineering standards. societies, which of the following is an engineer's pri- D) The practice of conducting market research to iden- mary obligation? tify new business opportunities. A) To maximize profits for their employer. B) To serve the interests of their clients above all else. 8. What is "professional integrity" in the context of engi- C) To hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of neering ethics? the public. A) The ability to balance personal and professional life D) To maintain professional competence in their area of effectively. expertise. B) The commitment to act honestly, responsibly, and transparently in all professional interactions. 4. Which ethical theory focuses on the consequences of C) The adherence to the technical requirements of engi- actions rather than the actions themselves? neering practice. A) Deontological ethics D) The pursuit of continuous professional development B) Virtue ethics and certification. C) Utilitarianism D) Rights-based ethics 9. What is the primary ethical concern when engineers work on projects involving new technologies? 5. In the context of engineering ethics, "conflict of inter- A) Ensuring the technology is cost-effective. est" refers to: B) Maximizing the commercial potential of the technol- A) A situation where an engineer has to choose between ogy. two equally beneficial projects. C) Assessing and mitigating potential risks to society B) A scenario where personal interests or relationships and the environment. could improperly influence professional judgment. D) Ensuring that the technology is patented. C) A disagreement between engineers over the technical approach to a project. 10. The term "engineering negligence" refers to: D) A case where the interests of the public and the inter- A) The failure to perform engineering duties in accord- ests of the client are aligned. ance with professional standards. B) A deliberate act of wrongdoing by an engineer. 0 Prof. Dr. Rashid A. Saeed, School of Electronics Engineering, Sudan University of Science and Technology Professional Ethics Questions Banks C) The practice of taking shortcuts to meet project dead- 15. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates a lines. "conflict of interest" for an engineer? D) The inability to keep up with technological advance- A) An engineer working on a project that is directly rel- ments. evant to their field of expertise. B) An engineer receiving a personal benefit from a sup- 11. Which of the following is an example of an ethical plier while working on a project involving that supplier. dilemma in engineering? C) An engineer collaborating with a colleague on a joint A) Deciding whether to use a more expensive material research paper. for better durability. D) An engineer taking on a leadership role in a profes- B) Choosing between two equally effective solutions for sional organization. a technical problem. C) Facing a situation where a project could harm the en- 16. The concept of "due process" in engineering ethics vironment but is financially beneficial. refers to: D) Selecting the most efficient manufacturing process. A) The thorough investigation and consideration of all aspects before making a decision. 12. The principle of "respect for persons" in engineering B) The formal procedure for submitting project pro- ethics primarily involves: posals for approval. A) Ensuring fair treatment and acknowledging the dig- C) The process of adhering to standard operating proce- nity of all individuals affected by engineering decisions. dures during project execution. B) Prioritizing the needs of the engineering team over D) The practice of documenting all engineering deci- the clients. sions and actions. C) Focusing on the efficiency and speed of project com- pletion. 17. Which of the following is a key element of ethical D) Providing monetary rewards for outstanding perfor- leadership in engineering? mance. A) Demonstrating technical expertise and innovation. B) Encouraging compliance with ethical standards and 13. Which ethical approach is concerned with the inher- leading by example. ent rightness or wrongness of actions, regardless of their C) Maximizing profits and achieving project milestones. outcomes? D) Maintaining strong professional relationships and A) Utilitarianism networking. B) Deontological ethics C) Virtue ethics 18. In engineering ethics, "sustainable development" is D) Contractualism best defined as: A) Developing technologies that are profitable in the 14. What does "informed consent" mean in the context short term. of engineering projects? B) Creating solutions that satisfy current needs without A) Ensuring all stakeholders agree with the financial compromising future generations' ability to meet their terms of a project. own needs. B) Providing stakeholders with all necessary infor- C) Focusing on rapid technological advancements. mation to make an informed decision about their in- D) Implementing cost-saving measures in engineering volvement in the project. projects. C) Guaranteeing that the project complies with all legal regulations. 19. The principle of "non-maleficence" in engineering D) Obtaining formal approval from regulatory bodies ethics means: before starting a project. A) Ensuring that engineering practices do not cause harm to people or the environment. B) Maximizing the benefits of engineering projects. 1 Prof. Dr. Rashid A. Saeed, School of Electronics Engineering, Sudan University of Science and Technology Professional Ethics Questions Banks C) Disclosing all potential risks associated with a project 24. When considering the ethics of a project, what is the to stakeholders. importance of "stakeholder analysis"? D) Adhering strictly to legal regulations and standards. A) It helps in determining the financial viability of the project. 20. What is "engineering ethics compliance"? B) It identifies all parties affected by the project and A) The adherence to industry regulations and standards evaluates how their interests and well-being might be set by professional engineering societies. impacted. B) The process of ensuring that engineering practices C) It assists in managing project deadlines and budgets. align with ethical codes and principles. D) It provides insight into the technical requirements of C) The implementation of new technological solutions the project. in engineering projects. D) The routine submission of project reports and docu- 25. "Ethical relativism" suggests that: mentation. A) Ethical principles should be the same regardless of cultural or individual differences. 21. Which of the following is a responsibility of engi- B) The ethical value of an action is determined by its ad- neers when working on public projects? herence to established laws and regulations. A) Maximizing the project budget to ensure high-qual- C) Ethical standards are based on individual cultural ity outcomes. and societal norms and can vary between different con- B) Ensuring transparency and accountability in all pro- texts. ject-related activities. D) Ethics in engineering is determined solely by the out- C) Prioritizing personal gains over public welfare. come of actions. D) Minimizing the amount of regulatory oversight re- quired for the project. 26. What is the role of a "code of conduct" in engineering ethics? 22. In engineering ethics, the term "professional compe- A) To define the technical specifications for engineering tence" refers to: projects. A) The ability to complete projects within budget and B) To provide a formal set of guidelines and expecta- on schedule. tions for professional behavior and decision-making. B) The ongoing development and application of the C) To outline the financial regulations for engineering skills and knowledge necessary to perform engineering practices. tasks effectively. D) To establish standards for project management and C) The capacity to secure funding for engineering pro- execution. jects. D) The skill in negotiating contracts and agreements. 27. In the context of engineering ethics, "due care" refers to: 23. The "ethical principle of justice" in engineering re- A) Ensuring that all project deadlines are met. quires: B) The diligence and attention to detail required to pre- A) Ensuring that all engineering solutions are cost-effec- vent harm and ensure safety in engineering practices. tive. C) The ability to resolve conflicts between team mem- B) Distributing the benefits and burdens of engineering bers. projects fairly among all stakeholders. D) The practice of reviewing and updating project doc- C) Prioritizing the needs of the client over those of the umentation. public. D) Maximizing the technical efficiency of engineering 28. The ethical principle of "beneficence" in engineering solutions. involves: A) Ensuring that engineering solutions provide maxi- mum benefit to the largest number of people. 2 Prof. Dr. Rashid A. Saeed, School of Electronics Engineering, Sudan University of Science and Technology Professional Ethics Questions Banks B) Avoiding any potential conflicts of interest in engi- 33. In engineering, why is it important to establish trust neering projects. with clients and stakeholders? C) Preventing harm to individuals and the environ- A) To ensure a competitive advantage over other firms. ment. B) To secure repeat business and positive referrals based D) Maintaining transparency and accountability in all on reliable performance. engineering activities. C) To increase the profitability of engineering projects. D) To gain access to restricted industry information. 29. When faced with an ethical dilemma, engineers should: 34. What does "reliability" in engineering ethics primar- A) Prioritize personal interests over professional obliga- ily concern? tions. A) The ability to forecast future trends accurately. B) Follow the instructions of their supervisors without B) The consistent delivery of safe, effective, and high- question. quality engineering solutions. C) Consider all possible consequences, consult relevant C) The negotiation skills used to finalize project con- ethical guidelines, and seek advice if needed. tracts. D) Make decisions based solely on the project's financial D) The financial stability of the engineering firm. implications. 35. How can engineers demonstrate reliability in their 30. Trust in engineering professionals is primarily built professional roles? on: A) By adhering to project timelines and budgets while A) Their ability to complete projects ahead of schedule. maintaining high standards of quality. B) Their adherence to ethical standards and reliability in B) By engaging in frequent social media promotions of delivering quality work. their achievements. C) Their networking and connections within the indus- C) By prioritizing their personal preferences over client try. specifications. D) Their success in securing high-value contracts. D) By reducing the scope of work to minimize effort and costs. 31. The concept of "professional reliability" in engineer- ing refers to: 36. Trust between engineers and clients is often estab- A) The ability to meet project deadlines consistently. lished through: B) The commitment to performing duties accurately and A) Delivering projects ahead of deadlines. responsibly, according to established standards. B) Clear communication, transparency, and consistent C) The skill in negotiating favorable terms with clients. delivery of agreed-upon outcomes. D) The capacity to handle a large volume of work. C) Offering the lowest possible project bids. D) Frequent meetings and progress reports. 32. Which of the following best describes "trustworthi- ness" in the context of engineering ethics? 37. Which ethical principle is most directly related to A) The ability to maintain confidentiality in all profes- maintaining professional trust and reliability? sional interactions. A) Autonomy B) The capacity to perform work efficiently under pres- B) Beneficence sure. C) Integrity C) The consistent demonstration of ethical behavior and D) Justice adherence to professional standards. D) The success in obtaining and managing large pro- 38. In engineering, "confidentiality" supports trust by: jects. A) Ensuring that all project details are publicly available for transparency. 3 Prof. Dr. Rashid A. Saeed, School of Electronics Engineering, Sudan University of Science and Technology Professional Ethics Questions Banks B) Protecting sensitive information from unauthorized A) It ensures that engineers are only responsible for disclosure. their individual tasks. C) Allowing unrestricted access to all project docu- B) It requires engineers to be answerable for their ac- ments. tions and decisions, thereby building trust with stake- D) Enforcing strict compliance with financial regula- holders. tions. C) It limits the scope of responsibility to avoid complex projects. 39. Which of the following actions undermines profes- D) It emphasizes the importance of financial success sional trust in engineering? over project quality. A) Adhering to project specifications and safety stand- ards. 44. Engineers can enhance their reliability by: B) Disclosing proprietary or sensitive information with- A) Prioritizing their own career advancement over pro- out consent. ject success. C) Providing accurate and honest reports on project pro- B) Ensuring transparent communication and consistent gress. adherence to ethical practices. D) Engaging in continuous professional development. C) Avoiding involvement in any aspect of project man- agement. 40. The concept of "due diligence" in engineering en- D) Minimizing interactions with clients and stakehold- sures: ers. A) That all project costs are minimized. B) That all potential risks are identified and managed 45. Which of the following is a common challenge to appropriately to maintain reliability. maintaining trust in engineering projects? C) That engineers receive their due compensation for A) Providing regular updates to stakeholders. their work. B) Managing conflicts of interest and ensuring objectiv- D) That projects are completed as quickly as possible. ity in decision-making. C) Meeting project deadlines and budget constraints. 41. How does adherence to ethical codes enhance an en- D) Adhering to industry regulations and standards. gineer's reliability? A) By ensuring that engineers can always meet tight 46. The principle of "transparency" in engineering helps deadlines. build trust by: B) By providing a framework for making decisions that A) Keeping all project details confidential from stake- align with professional and public expectations. holders. C) By guaranteeing that engineers will receive positive B) Providing clear and open communication about pro- performance reviews. ject progress, challenges, and changes. D) By focusing solely on achieving financial success. C) Allowing engineers to work independently without reporting to anyone. 42. An engineer’s commitment to "professional excel- D) Focusing on the competitive aspects of engineering lence" is demonstrated by: practice. A) Winning industry awards and recognitions. B) Consistently producing high-quality work that meets 47. An engineer's "reputation" is primarily built on: or exceeds established standards. A) Their ability to meet project budgets. C) Securing the largest number of clients. B) Their history of ethical behavior, reliability, and suc- D) Maintaining a strong presence in industry confer- cessful project outcomes. ences and seminars. C) Their proficiency in technical skills alone. D) Their connections and influence within the industry. 43. What role does "accountability" play in fostering trust in engineering? 4 Prof. Dr. Rashid A. Saeed, School of Electronics Engineering, Sudan University of Science and Technology Professional Ethics Questions Banks 48. What is the importance of "ethical decision-making" B) Analyzing potential effects of a proposed industrial in maintaining professional reliability? project on local wildlife and air quality. A) It helps engineers avoid legal issues related to project C) Estimating the return on investment for a new engi- management. neering technology. B) It ensures that engineers make choices that are con- D) Determining the efficiency of a manufacturing pro- sistent with ethical standards, thereby preserving their cess. trustworthiness. C) It focuses on enhancing technical skills and 53. "Environmental ethics" in engineering primarily knowledge. concerns: D) It emphasizes the financial benefits of engineering A) Maximizing profit while minimizing environmental decisions. regulations. B) Making decisions that balance economic benefits 49. "Consistent performance" in engineering means: with environmental protection and social responsibility. A) Meeting or exceeding quality and safety standards C) Expanding the scope of engineering projects to in- on every project, thereby building and maintaining clude more resources. trust. D) Prioritizing technological innovation over environ- B) Completing projects within the shortest time possi- mental concerns. ble. C) Maximizing financial gains from each project. 54. Which of the following best describes the "precau- D) Avoiding complex or high-risk projects. tionary principle" in environmental engineering? A) Implementing environmental measures only after a 50. What is the primary goal of environmental engineer- project has caused harm. ing? B) Taking preventive action in the face of uncertainty to A) To maximize the economic benefits of engineering avoid potential environmental harm. projects. C) Waiting for scientific consensus before making any B) To design and implement solutions that protect and environmental decisions. improve the environment. D) Avoiding costly environmental regulations when- C) To streamline project management processes. ever possible. D) To develop new technologies for increased produc- tivity. 55. The concept of "ecological footprint" measures: A) The financial cost of an engineering project. 51. The principle of "sustainable development" in envi- B) The total impact of human activities on the environ- ronmental engineering focuses on: ment, including resource use and waste generation. A) Prioritizing short-term gains over long-term impacts. C) The efficiency of energy use in industrial processes. B) Using resources in a way that meets current needs D) The effectiveness of pollution control technologies. without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. 56. "Life cycle assessment" (LCA) is used to: C) Minimizing the costs associated with environmental A) Assess the economic benefits of a new engineering compliance. technology. D) Reducing the scope of projects to limit environmental B) Evaluate the environmental impacts of a product or impacts. process from cradle to grave. C) Determine the safety of construction materials. 52. Which of the following is an example of an environ- D) Analyze the performance of engineering designs un- mental impact assessment (EIA)? der various conditions. A) Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of a new construc- tion material. 57. The term "green engineering" refers to: A) Developing new technologies for economic growth. 5 Prof. Dr. Rashid A. Saeed, School of Electronics Engineering, Sudan University of Science and Technology Professional Ethics Questions Banks B) Designing products and processes that are environ- D) Environmental costs should be minimized through mentally friendly and resource-efficient. reduced regulation. C) Implementing cost-saving measures in engineering projects. 62. What is "environmental stewardship" in the context D) Expanding engineering practices to include more of engineering? sectors. A) Focusing solely on the economic aspects of engineer- ing projects. 58. Which of the following is a key consideration in B) Taking responsibility for managing and protecting managing environmental risks in engineering projects? the environment through sustainable practices and eth- A) Maximizing the project's financial returns. ical decision-making. B) Identifying potential environmental hazards and im- C) Limiting engineering projects to those with minimal plementing mitigation strategies. environmental impact. C) Reducing the project scope to minimize environmen- D) Prioritizing technological innovation over environ- tal impacts. mental considerations. D) Increasing the project's duration to ensure thorough planning. 63. "Greenwashing" is best described as: A) The process of cleaning up environmental damage 59. "Environmental justice" in the context of engineering caused by engineering projects. means: B) A marketing tactic that falsely promotes a product or A) Ensuring that engineering projects are completed on company as environmentally friendly. time and within budget. C) The practice of implementing genuine sustainable B) Ensuring that environmental benefits and burdens practices in engineering projects. are distributed fairly among all communities, especially D) The process of evaluating the environmental impacts marginalized groups. of a project. C) Maximizing the technical efficiency of engineering solutions. 64. The concept of "biodiversity" is important in envi- D) Prioritizing economic growth over environmental ronmental engineering because: protection. A) It focuses on increasing economic growth through engineering projects. 60. What is the role of "regulatory compliance" in envi- B) It highlights the importance of preserving the variety ronmental engineering? of life forms and ecosystems affected by engineering ac- A) To ensure that engineering projects are completed as tivities. quickly as possible. C) It emphasizes the efficiency of resource use in engi- B) To adhere to laws and regulations designed to protect neering projects. the environment during project planning and execution. D) It addresses the technical challenges of engineering C) To focus on maximizing the financial profitability of design. engineering projects. D) To limit the scope of projects to reduce environmen- 65. "Climate change adaptation" in engineering in- tal impacts. volves: A) Developing technologies to reduce carbon emissions 61. The "polluter pays principle" suggests that: only. A) The government should cover the costs of pollution B) Designing infrastructure and systems that can with- control. stand the effects of climate change and environmental B) The costs of managing environmental pollution variability. should be borne by those who cause it. C) Focusing on immediate economic benefits of engi- C) Industries should receive subsidies to offset the costs neering projects. of pollution control. 6 Prof. Dr. Rashid A. Saeed, School of Electronics Engineering, Sudan University of Science and Technology Professional Ethics Questions Banks D) Limiting engineering projects to those with minimal 70. The primary purpose of risk assessment in engineer- environmental impact. ing is to: A) Increase the financial profitability of projects. 66. Which of the following practices is NOT typically as- B) Identify potential hazards and evaluate their impact sociated with sustainable engineering? to ensure safety and reliability. A) Using renewable energy sources. C) Reduce the time required for project completion. B) Implementing waste reduction strategies. D) Minimize the cost of engineering materials. C) Designing for minimal energy consumption. D) Ignoring environmental regulations to reduce project 71. Which of the following is a key component of a risk costs. management plan? A) Cost minimization strategies. 67. "Resource efficiency" in environmental engineering B) Identification of risks, assessment of their impact, and refers to: implementation of mitigation measures. A) The ability to maximize financial returns from re- C) Expansion of project scope to include more features. source use. D) Acceleration of project deadlines. B) The practice of using resources in a way that mini- mizes waste and environmental impact while maximiz- 72. "Risk mitigation" in engineering involves: ing productivity. A) Ignoring potential risks to focus on project deadlines. C) The focus on expanding the scope of engineering pro- B) Implementing strategies to reduce or eliminate iden- jects. tified risks. D) The prioritization of technological advancements C) Increasing project budgets to cover unexpected costs. over resource conservation. D) Reducing the scope of the project to limit complexity. 68. The concept of "sustainable engineering design" in- 73. Which type of risk is associated with the potential for cludes: harm or loss due to external factors beyond the control A) Designing systems that focus solely on cost-effective- of the engineer? ness. A) Technical risk. B) Creating solutions that meet current needs without B) Environmental risk. compromising the ability of future generations to meet C) Organizational risk. their own needs. D) Regulatory risk. C) Implementing designs that ignore environmental regulations. 75. The concept of "due diligence" in risk management D) Prioritizing immediate financial gains over long- means: term sustainability. A) Minimizing the amount of work required for risk as- sessment. 69. An example of an environmental mitigation strategy B) Conducting a thorough and careful evaluation of po- in engineering is: tential risks and implementing appropriate measures. A) Reducing project costs by minimizing safety C) Completing risk assessments only when required by measures. regulations. B) Implementing technologies to reduce emissions and D) Prioritizing cost savings over safety considerations. pollutants. C) Extending project deadlines to avoid environmental 76. A "failure mode and effects analysis" (FMEA) is used assessments. to: D) Ignoring environmental regulations to speed up pro- A) Predict the financial outcomes of a project. ject completion. B) Identify potential failure points in a system and as- sess their impact on overall performance. C) Evaluate the environmental impact of a project. 7 Prof. Dr. Rashid A. Saeed, School of Electronics Engineering, Sudan University of Science and Technology Professional Ethics Questions Banks D) Determine the market value of engineering innova- 82. An "engineering ethics review" of a project primarily tions. focuses on: A) The financial profitability of the project. 77. "Risk tolerance" refers to: B) The adherence to ethical principles and the manage- A) The maximum acceptable level of risk that an organ- ment of risks associated with ethical considerations. ization is willing to accept. C) The speed of project completion. B) The minimum budget required for risk management. D) The technical specifications and performance of the C) The time required to complete a risk assessment. project. D) The extent to which engineers can ignore safety standards. 83. "Risk assessment" differs from "risk management" in that it: 78. What is the role of "contingency planning" in risk A) Focuses on implementing risk mitigation measures. management? B) Involves identifying and evaluating potential risks A) To avoid conducting a formal risk assessment. but does not include the implementation of mitigation B) To prepare alternative strategies and actions in case strategies. identified risks materialize. C) Prioritizes financial considerations over safety. C) To reduce the overall cost of engineering projects. D) Addresses the long-term impacts of engineering pro- D) To increase the speed of project execution. jects. 79. "Risk communication" involves: 84. The concept of "acceptable risk" refers to: A) Sharing information about risks and risk manage- A) The level of risk that is deemed too high to manage ment strategies with all stakeholders involved in a pro- effectively. ject. B) The level of risk that is considered tolerable given the B) Keeping risk-related information confidential within benefits and costs associated with a project. the engineering team. C) The risk that is eliminated through engineering con- C) Minimizing the amount of communication about trols. risks to reduce stakeholder concerns. D) The risk that can be completely avoided through de- D) Focusing solely on technical aspects of risk without sign changes. considering stakeholder perspectives. 85. The term "risk transfer" in engineering refers to: 80. In engineering, "technical risk" primarily concerns: A) Shifting the responsibility for managing risk to an- A) Financial uncertainties related to project budgets. other party, such as through contracts or insurance. B) Potential issues with the design, materials, or con- B) The process of increasing project budgets to cover po- struction methods that could affect project performance. tential risks. C) Compliance with environmental regulations. C) The delegation of risk assessment tasks to lower-level D) Organizational changes within the engineering team. staff. D) The elimination of risks through design modifica- 81. "Residual risk" is: tions. A) The risk that remains after all possible mitigation strategies have been implemented. 86. "Risk avoidance" is a strategy that involves: B) The initial level of risk before any mitigation A) Accepting all identified risks without taking any ac- measures are applied. tion. C) The risk that can be completely eliminated through B) Altering project plans or processes to completely engineering controls. eliminate the risk. D) The risk that is transferred to third parties through C) Delegating risk management responsibilities to other contracts. stakeholders. 8 Prof. Dr. Rashid A. Saeed, School of Electronics Engineering, Sudan University of Science and Technology Professional Ethics Questions Banks D) Minimizing the impact of risks through contingency D) The moral character of the individual performing the planning. action. 87. What is the purpose of "risk prioritization" in a risk 92. According to Utilitarianism, the rightness or wrong- management plan? ness of an action is determined by: A) To focus on the most cost-effective risk management A) The intention behind the action. strategies. B) The action's conformity to established laws. B) To rank identified risks based on their potential im- C) The consequences or outcomes of the action. pact and likelihood, so that resources can be allocated D) The adherence to personal moral principles. effectively. C) To avoid addressing minor risks that have little im- 93. In a Utilitarian framework, which of the following pact on the project. actions would be considered morally right? D) To reduce the overall scope of the project to minimize A) An action that causes significant harm to a few but risks. benefits many. B) An action that adheres to personal principles, regard- 88. "Inherent risk" refers to: less of the outcome. A) The risk that exists after implementing all risk miti- C) An action that follows established societal norms gation measures. without consideration of the results. B) The risk that is present in a project before any controls D) An action that maximizes personal gain even if it or mitigation measures are applied. harms others. C) The risk associated with financial aspects of the pro- ject. 94. The principle of "utility" in Utilitarianism refers to: D) The risk that can be entirely eliminated through de- A) The use of resources in the most efficient way. sign changes. B) The overall happiness or well-being produced by an action. 89. Which of the following is NOT a common risk man- C) The application of universal moral laws. agement technique used in engineering? D) The avoidance of harm to individuals. A) Risk avoidance. B) Risk reduction. 95. Which of the following best describes "Act Utilitari- C) Risk acceptance. anism"? D) Risk elimination through legal action. A) It evaluates each individual action based on its spe- cific consequences. 90. "Risk-based decision making" involves: B) It follows predetermined rules that generally lead to A) Making decisions based solely on financial out- the greatest good. comes. C) It focuses on the moral character of the individual B) Considering the likelihood and impact of potential performing the action. risks in the decision-making process to make informed D) It considers the long-term impact of actions on socie- choices. tal norms. C) Prioritizing project speed over risk assessment. D) Ignoring potential risks to focus on immediate pro- 96. "Rule Utilitarianism" differs from "Act Utilitarian- ject goals. ism" in that: A) It evaluates actions based on their adherence to 91. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that emphasizes: moral rules that lead to the greatest good. A) Adherence to strict rules and duties. B) It focuses on the consequences of specific actions ra- B) The greatest good for the greatest number of people. ther than following general rules. C) The protection of individual rights above all else. C) It prioritizes individual rights over overall utility. D) It disregards rules and focuses solely on outcomes. 9 Prof. Dr. Rashid A. Saeed, School of Electronics Engineering, Sudan University of Science and Technology Professional Ethics Questions Banks A) The requirement to follow local business regulations. 97. A criticism of Utilitarianism is that: B) The obligation to act with honesty and integrity. A) It is too rigid and does not allow for flexibility in C) The need to maximize shareholder profit. moral decision-making. D) The importance of complying with technical specifi- B) It can justify actions that may violate individual cations. rights if the overall outcome benefits the majority. C) It prioritizes individual rights over overall well-be- 103. "Ethical relativism" is the view that: ing. A) Moral principles are universally applicable and D) It fails to consider the consequences of actions on so- should be followed by everyone. cietal norms. B) Moral standards are subjective and can vary based on culture, society, or individual preferences. 98. In Utilitarian ethics, which of the following is a chal- C) Morality is based solely on religious beliefs and prac- lenge in measuring the utility of an action? tices. A) Determining the long-term consequences of actions D) Ethical behavior is determined by legal standards on overall happiness. alone. B) Evaluating the immediate financial benefits of ac- tions. 104. According to "deontological ethics," the morality of C) Ensuring actions comply with established moral an action is judged based on: laws. A) The outcomes or consequences of the action. D) Assessing the personal intentions behind actions. B) The adherence to a set of rules or duties regardless of the consequences. 99. Utilitarianism often requires: C) The personal benefits derived from the action. A) Strict adherence to legal and professional codes. D) The overall happiness generated by the action. B) Balancing individual rights with the overall good. C) Prioritizing personal virtues over outcomes. 105. "Utilitarianism" assesses the morality of actions D) Ignoring the potential for harm to a minority. based on: A) The intrinsic nature of the action itself. 100. The term "hedonistic Utilitarianism" refers to: B) The adherence to moral duties and obligations. A) A version of Utilitarianism that focuses on maximiz- C) The greatest overall benefit or happiness produced ing pleasure and minimizing pain. by the action. B) A form of Utilitarianism that emphasizes economic D) The intentions and character of the individual per- efficiency over personal satisfaction. forming the action. C) An ethical theory that prioritizes adherence to tradi- tional moral values. 106. A "moral dilemma" arises when: D) A Utilitarian approach that values equality over A) An individual faces a situation where all possible ac- overall happiness. tions are legally permissible. B) There are conflicting moral principles or values that 101. Morality generally refers to: make it difficult to determine the right course of action. A) The adherence to laws and regulations. C) The consequences of an action are clear and unam- B) A set of principles or standards that guide individu- biguous. als in determining what is right and wrong. D) The decision does not impact any other individuals. C) The ability to make rational decisions without con- sidering ethical implications. 107. "Moral absolutism" is the belief that: D) The pursuit of personal or financial gain. A) Moral principles are relative and can change based on context. 102. Which of the following is an example of a moral B) There are objective and unchanging moral standards principle? that apply universally. 10 Prof. Dr. Rashid A. Saeed, School of Electronics Engineering, Sudan University of Science and Technology Professional Ethics Questions Banks C) Morality is determined by the legal system. D) Ethical decisions are based solely on individual pref- 113. Write the three values of the SEC? erences. 1. …………………………………… 2. ………………………………….. 108. In the context of moral philosophy, "virtue ethics" 3. ………………………………….. focuses on: Excellence A) The consequences of actions and their impact on Transparency and accountability overall well-being. Efficiency B) The adherence to moral duties and principles. C) The development of moral character and virtues such 114. Write the three of the SEC’s strategic goals? as courage, honesty, and compassion. 1. ………………………………… D) The legal implications of ethical decisions. 2. ……………………………….. 3. ………………………………… 109. "Moral integrity" involves: Promote Efficient Engineering Professionalism A) Acting in accordance with personal beliefs and val- Enhance the Significance of Engineering Ethics in Be- ues even in the face of external pressure. havior and Practice B) Following all legal and regulatory requirements Develop Engineering Capacity in Sudan strictly. C) Prioritizing financial gain over ethical considera- 115. SEC is evaluating all engineering programs at Su- tions. danese universities and colleges: D) Adapting one's moral principles to fit the situation at True hand. False 110. The concept of "moral responsibility" refers to: 116. In SEC, the engineering profession consists of four A) The duty to comply with societal norms and expec- categories, write them tations. 1. ……………………………………………… B) The obligation to act in a way that aligns with ethical 2. ……………………………………………… principles and takes into account the impact on others. 3. …………………………………………….. C) The right to make decisions based solely on personal 4. …………………………………………….. interests. D) The ability to avoid legal consequences through stra- Answer tegic decision-making. Engineer Technological 111. Write the three types of Penalties in Sudanese En- Technician gineering council skilled worker 1. ………………………………………. 2. ………………………………………. 117. Which of the following reasons could result in the 3. ………………………………………. removal of a registration from the council records? Reprimand (Choose multiple answers if applicable) Temporary suspension 1. Dead Permanent Suspension 2. Work for other career and profession 3. Ethical issues 112. Sudanese Engineering Council is initiated in 4. He has not been in the profession for a long a) 70s time. b) 60s 5. Request by the engineer himself c) 80s 6. If he obtains a nationality other than Sudanese d) 90s 11