Academic Writing (NEW) PDF

Main Objectives :​ 1. The Meaning of Academic Writing. 2. How to Use Formal Language in Academic Writing.​ 3. Academic Voice.​ 4. Citation and Reference / Reporting verbs. 5. Referencing.​ 6. Paraphrasing.​ 7. Summarizing  Academic writing is clear,...

Main Objectives :​ 1. The Meaning of Academic Writing. 2. How to Use Formal Language in Academic Writing.​ 3. Academic Voice.​ 4. Citation and Reference / Reporting verbs. 5. Referencing.​ 6. Paraphrasing.​ 7. Summarizing  Academic writing is clear, concise, focused, structured and backed up by evidence. Its purpose is to aid the readers’ understanding. The Meaning of It has a formal tone and style, but it is not Academic Writing​ complex and does not require the use of long sentences and complicated vocabulary. Use formal language in academic writing: In academic writing you are expected to use formal language. Avoid using slang terms. Write words out in full rather than shortening them. For example, instead of writing “don't” or “isn't” you would be expected to write “do not” or “is not”.  Academic voice When you write academic papers or essays, you often need to refer to evidence or research from other sources. The term 'voice' is used to differentiate between your ideas, or your voice, and that of other authors. An understanding of the use of academic voice in writing can help in avoiding plagiarism and increase your academic writing skills.  Academic voice Other voices Your voice Support your ideas. Introduces new ideas. Provide evidence, examples, data. Presents arguments. Must be labelled States conclusions. and referenced. Citation and References: When you refer to someone else's work in your assignments, you must include a citation in the text as well as the full reference at the end of your work. When we use someone else's ideas, we should: put them into your own words (paraphrasing), summarize them, or quote directly. Citation and References: Why we use citation and references : By doing this, you will give the reader enough information to find the source you have consulted and support your work with evidences. Citation and References: The format for the citation will vary depending on the referencing style you use, so be sure to check. Examples of referencing style: APA (American Psychological Association). MLA (Modern Language Association). Chicago/Turabian style. Harvard style.  There are two ways to refer to other voices: 1. Without using the exact words of the source which is called Citation.(including Parenthetical and Narrative In-text citation). 2. The other way is known as Quotation or Direct Quote (including Parenthetical and Narrative In-text citation) that refers to using the exact words of the source. It can be: 2.1. Short quotations: Fewer than 40 words (This is what the topic will address). 2.2. Block quotations: 40 words or more. (For more information: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/quotations) (self-learning for your project )  In-text citations have two formats: 2- Narrative 1- Parenthetical. Narrative citations, the author's In parenthetical citations, the family name is incorporated into author's family name and the text as part of the sentence publication date appear in and the year follows in parentheses. parentheses. (American Psychological Association, 2023) summary There are two ways to refer to other voices: 1- Citation. 2- Quotation or Direct Quote. Note: Parentheti formats in-text citation Both citation and cal quotation use parenthetical and narrative in-text citation formats. Narrative  1-2 Citations 01 Parenthetical Citations: Paraphrase/summaries source. Source identified outside sentences. The paraphrase or the summarize (Family Name, Year). Example: Collaborative activates develop many interpersonal skills such as … (Brown, 1999).  1-2 Citations 02 Narrative Citations: Paraphrase/summaries source Source identified as part of sentence. Family Name (Year) reporting verb the paraphrase or the summarize. Example: Peters (2007) expresses the point of view that many employers request that…. OR According to Family Name (Year), the paraphrase or the summarize. According to Peters (2007), the point of view that many employers request that...  2-2 Direct Voice (Quotes ): Short quotations Uses exact words of source Source identified as a part of or outside sentence. 01 (Parenthetical Citations - Source identified outside sentence) “the exact words of source” (Family Name, Year, Page number) Examples: One study found that “ the listener's familiarity with the topic of discourse greatly facilit ates the interpretation of the entire message” (Gass & Varonis, 1984, p. 85).​ Machismo is defined as a norm that includes "aggression and antisocial behavior, greater levels of alexithymia, and more wishful thinking as a coping mechanism” (Anderson et al., 2017, p.19).  2-2 Direct Voice (Quotes ): Short quotations Direct Voice (Quotes ): (Narrative Citations - Source identified as a part of sentence) 02 Family Name (Year) reporting verb “the exact words of source” (Page number). Example: Anderson et al. (2017) define machismo as a norm that includes "aggression and antisocial behavior, greater levels of alexithymia, and more wishful thinking as a coping mechanism” (p.19). ​ Gass and Varonis (1984) found that “the listener’s familiarity with the topic of discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message” (p. 85).  Note: (Fewer than 40 words) In-text citations are for direct quotes: 1. DO NOT forget to Narrative: Harris (2001) found that The main add quotation marks that is “ ”. considerations are "the scope of the project, the cost and the duration of the work" (p. 20). Parenthetical: The main considerations are "the scope of 2. When you quote directly from a source that includes the project, the cost and the duration of the work" (Harris, page numbers, the in-text citation must include a page 2001, p. 20). number.  Citation and References: Reporting verbs: Reporting verbs can be grouped into the three main categories of : 1. Strong verbs convey a degree of certainty about an issue. 2. Neutral verbs do not indicate any value judgements on the part of the author. They are rather descriptive in tone. 3. Tentative verbs show that the writer tends to feel a certain way about an issue but is not wholly sure. Reporting Verbs: Examples of the three types of reporting verb : Strong Neutral Tentative argue assume claim assert demonstrate hypothesise challenge describe imply contend examine intimate counter the view that illustrate moot deny indicate posit the view that emphasise mention postulate maintain note propose negate observe question the view that theorize point out recommend refute report speculate reject reveal suggest strongly believe that show support the view that state study Citation and Reporting verbs (Focusing on authors' number): 1. Book or article by One Author: Narrative According to family name (year of publication), + Sentence. According to Bandura (1997), mastery experiences are one of the most effective strategies to increase self-efficacy. or Family name (year of publication) + reporting verb + Sentence. Bandura (1997) strongly believes that mastery experiences are one of the most effective strategies to increase self-efficacy. Parenthetical Sentence + (family name, year of publication). Mastery experiences are one of the most effective strategies to increase Self-efficacy (Bandura, 1997). Citation and Reporting verbs (Focusing on authors' number ): 2. Book or article by Two Authors: Narrative According to 1st author family name and 2nd author family name (year of publication), + Sentence. According to Peterson and Seligman (2004), courage is a character trait that stimulates the use of willpower to achieve goals even when faced with adversity. or 1st author family name and 2nd author family name (year of publication) + reporting verb + Sentence. Peterson and Seligman (2004) define courage as a character trait that stimulates the use of willpower to achieve goals even when faced with adversity. Parenthetical Sentence + (1st author family name & 2nd author family name, year of publication). Work–life balance was most important in predicting life satisfaction among the self-employed (Best & Chinta, 2021). Citation and Reporting verbs (Focusing on authors' number ): 3. Book or article by Three or More: (et al.) Narrative According to 1st author family name et al. (year of publication), + Sentence. According to Ferreira et al. (2021), limited financial resources restrict the degree to which purchasers might accomplish their objectives, raising doubt about independence and control, negatively affecting their well-being. OR: 1st author family name et al. (year of publication) + reporting verb + Sentence. Ferreira et al. (2021) contends that limited financial resources restrict the degree to ​which purchasers might accomplish their objectives, raising doubt about independence ​and control, negatively affecting their well-being. Parenthetical ​ Sentence + (1st author family name et al., year of publication). Debt and income represented 40 and 60 % of the anticipated difference of life satisfaction level (Tay et al., 2017). Citation and Reporting verbs (Websites): 4. Website:​ If the website name is Saudi Arabia Vision 2030, the citation will be: ​ ​ Narrative ​ According to Website name (year of publication), + Sentence. According to Saudi Arabia Vision 2030 (2021), Investing in private companies is essential to realizing Vision 2030. OR: Website name (year of publication) + reporting verb + Sentence. Saudi Arabia Vision 2030 (2021) mentions that investing in private companies is essential to realizing Vision 2030. ​ Parenthetical ​ Sentence + (Website name, year of publication). Investing in private companies is essential to realizing Vision 2030 (Saudi Arabia Vision 2030, 2021).  Note: Special issues: Multiple works: (separate each work with semi-colons) Research shows that listening to a particular accent improves comprehension of accented speech in general (Gass & Varonis, 1984; Krech Thomas, 2004). Note: Special issues: If you read a work by an author X in which author # was cited, and you were unable to read author # work yourself, cite author # work as the original source, followed by author X work as the secondary source. In other words, In the text, identify the primary source and write “as cited in” the secondary source that you used.) For example: If you read a work by Lyon et al. (2014) in which Rabbitt (1982) was cited, and you were unable to read Rabbitt’s work yourself, use this way: (Rabbitt, 1982, as cited in Lyon et al., 2014) In the reference list, provide an entry for the secondary source that you read. For example: Only Lyon et al.’s work appears in the reference list.  Note: -Regardless of the type of any source* that you want to use, the In-text citation will be Narrative or Parenthetical. Citation= Paraphrase/summaries source. Quotation= Uses exact words of source - Referencing will differ based on the source type. -In-text citation of books and articles will differ based on the number of authors. *Sources such as book, article and website. Common References formats in APA Style: Book: Information Needed Author(s) Family Name, INITIAL Year Title of work (italic) Publisher Basic: Author(s) Family Name, INITIAL. (year of publication). Title of work. Publisher. Examples: Jacob, H. (1944). Six thousand years of bread. Doubleday. Hay, P., & Mitchison, D. (2019). Eating disorders and obesity: The challenge for our times. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. Common References formats in APA Style: Book: Special issues: Use the copyright date shown on the book’s copyright page as the year of publication in the reference, even if the copyright date is different than the release date. Include any edition information in parentheses after the title, without italics. If the book includes a DOI, include the DOI in the reference after the publisher's name. Example: Jackson, L. M. (2019). The psychology of prejudice: From attitudes to social action (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000168-000  Common References formats in APA Style: Article Information Needed Author(s) Family Name, INITIAL Date Title of article Title of journal (italic) Volume number (italic) Issue number (in parentheses) Page range DOI (if available) If no DOI is available, use URL. Long URLs may be shortened with a URL shortener such as https://bitly.com. Author, A., Author, B., Author, C., & Author, D. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume N(issue N), page N-page N. DOI if available (all DOIs are prefaced with https://doi.org/). If no DOI is available use URL.  Common References formats in APA Style: Article Example: Byrd-Craven, J., Auer, B., Granger, D., & Massey, A. (2012). The father– daughter dance: The relationship between father–daughter relationship quality and daughters stress response. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(1), 87-94. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026588 Common References formats in APA Style: Website Information Needed Author(s) Family Name, INITIAL(s) Date of publication, use (n.d.) for "no date" if date isn't published Title of article or page (italic) Site name (if the site name/institution isn't being used as the author) URL When authors are listed Author, A., & Author, B. (Date of publication, if available). Title of page. Site Name. http://webpage Examples: Semega, J., Kollar, M., Creamer, J., & Mohanty, A. (2019, September 10). Income and poverty in the United States: 2018. U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2019/demo/p60-266.html Common References formats in APA Style: Website Examples: When no authors are listed Site Name. (Date of publication, if available). Title of page. http://webpage Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2019, September 10). Understanding child trauma. https://www.samhsa.gov/child-trauma/understanding-child-trauma Special issues: Webpage with institution as author and no date Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (n.d.). Understanding child trauma. https://www.samhsa.gov/child-trauma/understanding-child-trauma Common References formats in APA Style: Note: In text Citation of a website: Parenthetical citations: (Toner, 2020) Narrative citations: Toner (2020), Referencing of a website: Toner, K. (2020, September 24). When Covid-19 hit, he turned his newspaper route into a lifeline for senior citizens. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/04/us/coronavirus-newspaper-deliveryman-groceries-senior-citizens-cnnhero es-trnd/index.html Use this format for articles from news websites. Common examples are BBC News, BET News, Bloomberg, CNN, HuffPost, MSNBC, Reuters, Salon, and Vox. These sites do not have associated daily or weekly newspapers. Paraphrasing and summarizing  Paraphrasing Step 1: Read the original text. Make sure you understand it: e.g.: Only 9% of the students who work part-time earn sufficient income to support themselves. Step 2: Identify the shared language that is we can not change (9%, students) Note down different words from the original text (part-time jobs, make enough money, earn a living). Step 3: Using the words and phrases from (step 2), write your paraphrase. Do not look at the original text.  Paraphrasing First draft: Of all the students who work part-time jobs, 9% make enough money to earn a living. Step 4 : Compare your paraphrase with the original. Check the following: - Does the paraphrase have the same/meaning as the original? - Does the paraphrase use different sentence structure and vocabulary from the original sentence? - As a general rule, if you have taken more than three words in a row from the original sentence, you should rewrite that part)  Paraphrasing Step 5: Revise your paraphrase as necessary. Final paraphrase: Of all the students who have part-time jobs, just 9% make enough money to earn a living  Exercise: Paraphrases of this original sentence: 1- Table computers will not only make textbooks obsolete, but also potentially revolutionize education. 2- Medical Officials blame sedentary activities like internet use and video games for the dramatic jump in obesity among teenagers.  Exercise 1: 1- Table computers will not only make textbooks obsolete, but also potentially revolutionize education. - Using table computers may change education a lot, and textbooks will no longer be necessary. - Education could be radically changed with the use of table computers which will replace textbooks.  Exercise 2: 2- Medical officials blame sedentary activities like internet use and video games for the dramatic jump in obesity among teenagers. -According to medical officials, activities that do not involve movement such as the internet and video games are responsible for increasing obesity among teenagers. -The obesity among teenagers is increasing dramatically because they play physically inactive games such as the internet and video games, as reported by medical officials.  Summarizing A summary includes the main ideas of an author or the essence of their argument/s and is always substantially shorter than the length of original text. How we can write summaries: step 1: Read the original passage. Make sure you understand it. Step 2: Identify the key point or points. These are supported by specific details, statistics and examples.  Summarizing Step 3: From the key points, identify and write down the shared language, details from the original using different words. Step 4: Using only the words and phrases in your notes, write your summary. Do not look at the original text.  Summarizing Step 5: Compare your summary with the original. Check the following: 1. Does the summary use different vocabulary? 2. Does the summary have a different sentence structure? 3. Does the summary include only key points?(The summary should not include specific details, statistics, or examples.) 4. Does the summary avoid using more than three words in a row from the original? Step 6: Revise your summary as necessary. Finally: When you write an academic papers or essays, you must pay attention to:​ Manuscript Format Margins Use 1-inch margins for the entire document. Use a 1/2-inch indent for every paragraph. Text Formatting Use 12-point Times New Roman typeface. Double-space the text, title, headings, quotations, references. Leave only one space after all periods, commas, colons, and semicolons.  American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Apa style. American Psychological Association. https://apastyle.apa.org/ Brick, J., Herke, M., & Wong, D. (2020). Academic culture: A student's guide to studying at university. References: Bloomsbury Publishing. Pacific Oaks College. (n.d.). APA 7: In-text citations. In-Text Citations - APA 7 - LibGuides at TCS Education System. https://tcsedsystem.libguides.com/APA7/In-TextCitations Penn State University. (n.d.). Library guides: APA quick citation guide: In-text citation. In-text Citation - APA Quick Citation Guide. https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext Wingate, U. (2006). Doing away with ‘study skills’. Teaching in higher education, 11(4), 457-469.