Academic Writing and Citation Practices

Differentiates between your ideas and those of other authors
An understanding of academic voice can help in avoiding plagiarism and increase academic writing skills
"Your voice" includes:
- Introducing new ideas
- Presenting arguments
- Stating conclusions
"Other voices" include:
- Providing evidence, examples and data
- Supporting your ideas
- Must be labelled and referenced

Citation is required when referring to someone else's work
Citation is required in the text and in the full reference at the end of the work
Citation provides enough information to find the source consulted
Examples of referencing style:
- APA (American Psychological Association)
- MLA (Modern Language Association)
- Chicago/Turabian style
- Harvard style

Two formats for citations:
- Parenthetical citations
- Narrative citations
Both formats use parenthetical and narrative in-text citation formats
Parenthetical citations include author's name and publication date in parentheses
Narrative citations incorporate author's family name into the text as part of the sentence and the year follows in parentheses

Parenthetical citations:
- Paraphrase/summarize source outside sentence
- Include source identification with (Family Name, Year)
Narrative citations:
- Paraphrase/summarize source as part of sentence
- Identify source with Family Name (Year) reporting verb paraphrase/summarize
Example Parenthetical Citation:
- Collaborative activities develop many interpersonal skills such as … (Brown, 1999).
Example Narrative Citation:
- Peters (2007) expresses the point of view that many employers request that…. OR
- According to Fa …

Academic writing is clear, concise, focused, structured, and backed up by evidence.
Its purpose is to aid the reader's understanding.
It has a formal tone and style, but it is not complex and doesn't require long sentences and complicated vocabulary.

### How to Use Formal Language in Academic Writing

Avoid using slang terms.
Write words out in full rather than shortening them.
- For example, instead of writing “don't” or “isn't” you should write “do not” or “is not”.

### Academic Voice

When writing academic papers or essays, you often need to refer to evidence or research from other sources.
The term 'voice' is used to differentiate between your ideas, or your voice, and that of other authors.
An understanding of the use of academic voice in writing can help avoid plagiarism and increase academic writing skills.
Support your arguments with evidence, examples, and data.
Present arguments and label and reference them.
State conclusions.

### Citation and References

When referring to someone else's work in assignments, include a citation in the text and the full reference at the end of the work.
When using someone else’s ideas, either paraphrase, summarize, or quote directly.
By doing this, you give the reader enough information to find the source you have consulted and support your work with evidence.
The format for the citation will vary depending on the referencing style used.
Examples of Referencing Styles
- APA (American Psychological Association)
- MLA (Modern Language Association)
- Chicago/Turabian style
- Harvard style

### Two Ways to Refer to Other Voices

Citation - without using the exact words of the source.
- Parenthetical In-text citation
- Narrative In-text Citation
Quotation or Direct Quote - Using the exact words of the source.
- Parenthetical In-text citation
- Narrative In-text Citation

### Types of Quotations

### In-text Citations

Parenthetical: Author's family name and publication date appear in parentheses.
- Example: (American Psychological Association, 2023)
Narrative: The author's family name is incorporated into the text as part of the sentence and the year follows in parentheses.
- Example: American Psychological Association (2023)

### Citations Formats

Parenthetical Citations:
- Paraphrase/summaries source.
- Source identified outside sentences.
- Example: Collaborative activates develop many interpersonal skills such as … (Brown, 1999).
Narrative Citations:
- Paraphrase/summaries source
- Source identified as part of sentence.
- Example: Peters (2007) expresses the point of view that many employers request that…. OR
- According to Fa...