ABPS311 Abnormal Psychology Prelims PDF

ABPS311 – ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY WEEK 1: UNDERSTANDING ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY - Scientific study of psychological disorders COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGISTS...

ABPS311 – ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY WEEK 1: UNDERSTANDING ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY - Scientific study of psychological disorders COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGISTS PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Ph.D., Ed.D., Psy. D. Tend to study and treat adjustment and The scientific study of psychological vocational issues encountered by relatively disorders healthy individuals 4D’s (Distress, (extreme negative CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS experience) Dysfunction, Deviance, Danger Ph.D., Psy. D. PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER Usually concentrate on more severe A psychological dysfunction within an psychological disorders individual associated with distress or PSYCHIATRIST impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected First earn an M.D. degree in medical school and then specialize in psychiatry during ABNORMALITY residency training that lasts 3 to 4 years Outside the normality Investigate the nature and causes of DSM describes abnormality as behavioral, psychological disorders, often from a psychological, or biological dysfunctions that biological point of view; make diagnoses; are unexpected in their cultural context and and offer treatments. associated with present distress and Emphasize on drugs or other biological impairment in functioning, or increased risk treatments, although most use psychosocial of suffering, death, pain, or impairment treatments as well PSYCHOLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORKER Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or Master’s degree in social work behavioural functioning Develop expertise in collecting information Can be in school, work, or in social settings relevant to the social and family situation of the individual with a psychological disorder → Distress – Implies an external and usually PSYCHIATRIC NURSES temporary cause of great physical or mental strain and stress Advanced degrees, such as a master’s or → Impairment – Diminishment or loss of even a Ph.D. function or ability Specialize in the care and treatment of → Atypical – Not culturally expected patients with psychological disorders, → Cultural Relativism – View that there are no usually in hospitals as part of a treatment universal standards or rules for labeling a team behavior abnormal pg. 1  ABPS311 – ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY CLINICAL DESCRIPTION SUPERNATURAL TRADITION - Represents the unique combination of EXORCISM behaviours, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder Various religious rituals were performed in an effort to rid the victim of evil spirits PRESENTS ACEDIA (Referral question) A traditional shorthand way of indicating why The sin of sloth a person came to the clinic TREPHINATION PREVALENCE Statistics on how many people in the population as a whole has a disorder INCIDENCE Statistics on how many new cases occur during a given period COURSE → Chronic Course – Tend to last a long time → Episodic Course – (Seasonal depression disorder) An individual is likely to recover within a few months only to suffer a recurrence of the disorder in a later time → Time – Limited Course – The disorder will improve without treatment in a relatively short period ONSET SAINT VITUS’S DANCE → Acute Onset – Began suddenly AKA Tarantism → Insidious Onset – Develop gradually over Modernly known as rave (but with music) an extended period of time In Europe, whole groups of people were PROGNOSIS simultaneously compelled to run out in the streets, dance, shout, race, and jump around The anticipated course of the disorder in patterns as if they were ay a particularly wild ETIOLOGY party late at night Study of origins MASS HYSTERIA Has to do with why a disorder begins Emotion contagion Includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions MOB PSYCHOLOGY HISTORICAL CONCEPTIONS OF Shared response (stimulus) ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR pg. 2  ABPS311 – ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY PARACELSUS JOHN P. GREY Swiss physician The cause of insanity is always physical Rejected the notion of possession of devil Mentally ill patients should be treated as “Lunatic” physically ill BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS BIOLOGICAL TRADITION → Insulin Shock Therapy HIPPOCRATES o Manfred Sakel → Shock Therapy Father of Modern Western Medicine o Benjamin Franklin Psychological disorders could be treated like o Joseph von Meduna any other disease o Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini Brain – seat of wisdom, consciousness, → Hydro Shock Therapy – High pressure cold intelligence, and emotion water FOUR BODILY FLUID OR HUMORS → SANGUINE PSYCHOLOGICAL TRADITION o Blood PLATO o Cheerful and optimistic o Insomnia and delirium The two causes of maladaptive behavior were → MELANCHOLIC the social and cultural influences in one;s life o Black bile and the learning that took place in that o Depressive environment → PHLEGMATIC MORAL THERAPY o Phlegm o Apathy and sluggishness “Moral” – emotional or psychological factors o Calm under pressure rather that code of conduct → CHOLERIC o Yellow bile PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY o Hot tempered → Defense Mechanism o Denial ANCIENT CHINA o Displacement Blockage of yin-yang o Projection o Rationalization o Reaction formation o Sublimation 19th CENTURY o Repression → Syphilis → Psychosexual Stages o Caused by bacterial microorganism o Oral entering the brain o Anal o Delusion of persecution or delusion of o Phallic grandeur o Latency o Louis Pateur’s germ theory o Genital → Psychoanalytic Therapy o Free association o Dream analysis pg. 3  ABPS311 – ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 7 TACTICS THAT CHARACTERIZED KEY CONCEPTS IN ASSESSMENT PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY 1. Focus on affect and the expression of patient’s emotion 2. Exploration of patient’s attempts to avoid topics or engage in activities that hinder the progress of therapy 3. Identification of patterns in patient’s actions, thoughts, feelings, experiences, and relationships 4. Emphasis on past experiences 5. Focus on patients’ interpersonal experiences 6. Emphasis on therapeutic relationship 7. Exploration of patients’ wishes, dreams, or fantasies HUMANISTIC THEORY 1. Reliability – (Internal – Cronbach’s Alpha) 0.7 Mother Theresa to 0.9 Self- actualization o Test – Retest o High Reliability – NEO-PI-R (BIG 5 Unconditional positive regard PERSONALITY TRAIT) Empathy ▪ O – Openness Genuineness ▪ C – Consentiousness BEHAVIORAL MODEL ▪ E – Extraversion ▪ A – Agreeableness Classical conditioning ▪ N – Neurotician Operant conditioning o Low Reliability – MBTI Social-cognitive CLINICAL INTERVIEW Core of most clinical work CLINICAL ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS Gathers information on current and past behaviour, attitudes, and emotions, as well as CLINICAL ASSESSMENT a detailed history of the individual’s life in Systematic evaluation and measurement of general and of the presenting problem psychological, biological, and social factors in MENTAL STATUS EXAM an individual presenting with a possible psychological disorder Involves systematic observation of an individual’s behavior DIAGNOSIS o FIVE CATEGORIES Process of determining whether the particular (1) Appearance and behaviour problem afflicting the individual meets all (2) Thought process criteria for a psychological disorder (3) Mood and affect Focuses of symptoms than diagnosis (4) Intellectual functioning (5) Sensorium pg. 4  ABPS311 – ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY ▪ Antecedents (trigger) ▪ Behavior (act) ▪ Consequences (after) o Informal Observation (may speculation/assumption) – It relies on observer’s recollection, as well as interpretation, of the events o Formal Observation (based only what you saw) – Involves identifying specific behaviours that are observable an measurable SEMI STRUCTURED CLINICAL SELF – MONITORING INTERVIEWS A technique wherein people can also observe Made up of questions that have been carefully their own behaviour to find patterns phrased and tested to elicit useful information o Behavior Rating Scale – used as in a consistent manner assessment tools before treatment and o Structured – Q & A (fixed – close ended then periodically during treatment to questions/yes or no) assess changes in a person’s behaviour. o Unstructured – Q & A (not fixed – open PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING ended questions) o Semi-Structured – Q & A (fixed – → Psychological Test elaborate (why?) o Includes specific tools to determine cognitive, emotional, or behavioural PHYSICAL EXAMINATION responses that might be associated with a Looking into particular attention to medical specific disorder and more general tools conditions sometime associated with specific that assess long-standing personality psychological problem features → Projective Test BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT o Includes a variety of methods in which ambiguous stimuli, such as pictures of Checklist people or things, are presented to people Using direct observation to formally assess an who are asked to describe what they see individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior in → Personality Inventories specific situations or context o Self-report questionnaires that assess THE ABC OF OBSERVATION personal traits → Intelligence Test o Includes (but is not limited to) attention, perception, memory, reasoning, and verbal comprehension o Stanford – Binet (FIT – Culture Fair Intelligence Test) NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS Measure abilities in areas such as receptive and expressive language, perceptual abilities, and learning and abstraction in such a way pg. 5  ABPS311 – ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY that the clinician can make educated guesses about the person’s performance and the possible existence of brain impairment → NEUROIMAGING o Looking inside the nervous system and take accurate pictures of the structure and function of the brain o Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT scan / CT scan) o Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) o Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan) o Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) o Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) → Nosology o Application of taxonomic system to PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL psychological or medical phenomena or ASSESSMENT other clinical cases For assessing brain structure and function → Nomenclature specifically and nervous system activity o Describes the names or labels of the Electroencephalogram (EEG) disorders that make up the nosology DIAGNOSING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER → Idiographic Strategies o Determining what is unique about an individual’s personality, cultural background, or circumstances → Nomothetic Strategy o Taking advantage of information already accumulated on a particular problem or disorder, determining a general class of problems to which the presenting problem belongs → Classification o Refers to simply any effort to construct groups or categories and to assign objects or people to these categories on the basis of their shared attributes or relations → Taxonomy o Classification of entities for scientific purposes pg. 6  ABPS311 – ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY WEEK 2: INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY MULTIDIMENSIONAL MODEL DIATHESIS-STRESS MODEL Individuals inherit tendencies to express Behavioural Influences certain traits or behaviors, which may then be Biological Influences activated under conditions of stress Emotional Influences → Diathesis Social Influences o Inherited Tendency Developmental Influences o Condition that makes someone susceptible to developing a disorder GENETIC CONTRIBUTION TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY → Genes o long molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) at various locations on chromosomes, within the cell nucleus GENE-ENVIRONMENT CORRELATION 46 chromosomes in a cell (23 pairs) 22 pairs - provide programs or directions for MODEL the development of the body and brain People might have a genetically determined 23rd pair – sex chromosome tendency to create the very environmental risk o X chromosome – female factors that trigger a genetic vulnerability to a o Y chromosome – male disorder → Dominant Gene o a pair of genes that strongly influences a particular trait → Recessive Gene o Must be paired with another (recessive) gene to determine a trait McClearn, et.al., (1997) o 110 Swedish identical twin pairs, at least 80 years old, with 130 same-sex fraternal twin NEUROSCIENCE AND ITS CONTRIBUTION pairs of a similar age and found heritability TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY estimates for specific cognitive abilities, such as memory or ability to perceive FRONTAL LOBE spatial relations, ranged from 32% to 62% Voluntary movement, expressive language and Lyons, et., al. (2009) for managing higher level executive functions o a study of more than 1,200 twins spanning → Pre – Frontal Cortex 35 years confirmed that during adulthood o POSTERIOR – Movement (from early adulthood to late middle age) o MIDDLE – Working memory, cognitive genetic factors determined stability in control, and emotional reactions cognitive abilities, whereas environmental o ANTERIOR – Decision making fac tors were responsible for any changes pg. 7  ABPS311 – ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY LIMBIC SYSTEM and contribute to dementia symptoms like memory loss, disorientation, and confusion Set of structure that regulates instinctive o In Parkinson’s disease, hippocampus behaviors damage can worsen cognitive symptoms like executive dysfunction, visual-spatial deficits, and memory problems that many patients experience o Structural and neurochemical abnormalities have also been found in the hippocampi of young people with bipolar disorder THALAMUS Directs incoming information from sense receptors to the cerebrum CINGULATE GYRUS Help regulate emotions, behavior, and pain AMYGDALA ❖ Damage in this area Critically involved in processing of emotions o Can result in emotions being inappropriate, ❖ Damage in this area having a lack of fear, impaired sense of o may result in more aggression, irritability, pain, and learning impairments loss of control of emotions, and deficits in o This region has also shown differences in recognizing emotions, especially structure in those with ASD, depression, recognizing fear OCD, PTSD, and bipolar disorder due to its o Can result in fewer feelings of shame about role in emotional processing breaking social rules as well as trouble o There is thought to be reduced volume and recognizing fearful and shamed facial altered activity in the anterior and posterior expressions correction cingulate cortex in those with o Reduced amygdala volume may underlie schizophrenia vulnerability to stress and depression. A o Likewise, there have been reduced gray study found that childhood violence matter volumes in the anterior cingulate exposure was linked to reduced amygdala cortex of people with ADHD volumes, which interacted with later life BASAL GANGLIA stress to predict worsening depression over time Involved in cognitive and emotional behaviors o Structural and neurochemical differences and have a role in rewards and reinforcement in the amygdala have been found in young ❖ Damage in this area people with bipolar disorder, suggesting an o Can result in tremors, involuntary muscle association between amygdala volume and movements, abnormal posture, and links to this disorder movement disorders (Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease) HIPPOCAMPUS o May also contribute to symptoms of Plays an important role in memory depression ❖ Damage in this area o Can disrupt cognitive functions such as learning, memory, and spatial navigation pg. 8  ABPS311 – ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY HYPOTHALAMUS NOREPINEPHRINE Structure below the thalamus AKA Noradrenaline Regulates eating, drinking, and sexual Found in BETA-BLOCKER behavior o Heart rate Involved in processing basic emotions o Blood pressure Involved in the activation of the pituitary gland o Respiration ❖ Damage in this area DOPAMINE o Linked to several mental health conditions, including anxiety, depression, bipolar Acts on areas of the brain to give you feelings disorder, aggression, and obsessive- of pleasure, satisfaction and motivation compulsive disorder Most common association in schizophrenia o Chronic stress and elevated cortisol levels and addiction disorders associated with hypothalamic dysfunction Antipsychotic drugs Dopamine circuits merge with serotonin MAJOR NEUROTRANSMITTERS circuits RELEVANT TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Norepinephrine Serotonin BEHAVIORAL AND COGNITIVE SCIENCE Dopamine COGNITIVE SCIENCE Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) Glutamate Concerned with how we acquire and process information and how we store and ultimately GLUTAMATE retrieve it Excitatory transmitter LEARNED HELPLESSNESS Overactivity can burn-out sections of the nervous system Encounter conditions over which they have no control GABA “attribution” Inhibitory transmitter LEARNED OPTIMISM Benzodiazepine If people faced with considerable stress and May reduce overall arousal and temper difficulty in their lives nevertheless display an emotional response optimistic, upbeat attitude, they are likely to SEROTONIN function better psychologically and physically 5 - hydroxy tryptamine (5HT) MODELING OR OBSERVATIONAL Believed to influence a great deal of our behavior, particularly in processing information LEARNING The system regulates behavior, moods, and Type of learning requires a symbolic thought process integration of the experiences of others with Extremely low activity is associated with less judgments of what might happen to oneself inhibition ❖ Drugs Affecting the Serotonin System o Tricyclic Antidepressants o Selective – Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) pg. 9  ABPS311 – ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY PREPARED LEARNING COMPONENTS OF EMOTION We have become highly prepared for learning about certain types of objects or situations over the course of evolution because this knowledge contributes to the survival of the species IMPLICIT MEMORY Apparent when someone clearly acts on the basis of things that have happened in the past but can’t remember the events EMOTION IMPORTANCE OF FEAR As the first great emotion theorist, Charles Darwin (1872), pointed out more than 100 CULTURAL, SOCIALM AND years ago, this kind of reaction seems to be INTERPERSONAL FACTORS programmed in all animals, including humans, which sug gests that it serves a useful VOODOO, EVIL EYE, AND OTHER evolutionary function FEAR FLIGHT OR FIGHT RESPONSE → Fright Disorder Alarm reaction that activates during o Characterized by exaggerated startle potentially life-threatening emergencies responses, and other observable fear and anxiety reactions THE EMOTION OF FEAR → Susto Subjective feeling of terror, a strong o Latin America motivation for behavior (escaping or fighting), o Various anxiety-based symptoms, and a complex physiological or arousal including insomnia, irritability, pho bias, response and the marked somatic symptoms of sweating and increased heart rate Emotion = Action tendency (tachycardia) MOOD o The individual believes that he or she has become the object of black magic, or More persistent period of affect or witchcraft, and is suddenly badly emotionality frightened AFFECT → Evil Eye o Psychological and somatic symptoms Refers to the valence dimension (i.e., o Resulting fright disorder can be fatal pleasant or positive vs. unpleasant or Cannon, 1942 negative) of an emotion o The Haitian phenomenon of voodoo death suggested that the sentence of death by a medicine man may create an intolerable autonomic arousal in the pg. 10  ABPS311 – ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY participant, who has little ability to cope because there is no social support. That is, friends and family ignore the individual after a brief period of grieving because they assume death has already occurred. Ultimately, the condition leads to damage to internal organs and death. Thus, from all accounts, an individual who is from a physical and psychological point of view functioning in a perfectly healthy and adaptive way suddenly dies because of marked changes in the social environment. GENDER Gender roles have a strong and sometimes puzzling effect on psychopathology The likelihood of your having a particular phobia is powerfully influenced by your gender. For example, someone who complains of an insect or small-animal phobia severe enough to prohibit field trips or visits to friends in the country is almost certain to be female, as are 90% of the people with this phobia (possible reasons for this were mentioned on pp. 62–63). But a social phobia strong enough to keep someone from attending parties or meetings affects men and women more or less equally but perhaps for different reasons. Bulimia nervosa, the severe eating disorder, occurs almost entirely in young females. A cultural emphasis on female thinness plagues our society and, increasingly, societies around the world. The pressures for males to be thin are less apparent, and of the few males who develop bulimia, a substantial percentage are gay; for these individu als, cultural imperatives to be thin are present in many specific instances (Rothblum, 2002). Our gender doesn’t cause psychopathology however gender role is a social and cultural factor that influences the form and content of a disorder pg. 11