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Questions and Answers
What does the term 'psychopathology' refer to?
What does the term 'psychopathology' refer to?
Which of the following best defines the '4 D's' in understanding psychological disorders?
Which of the following best defines the '4 D's' in understanding psychological disorders?
What primary focus distinguishes clinical psychologists from counseling psychologists?
What primary focus distinguishes clinical psychologists from counseling psychologists?
What educational path must a psychiatrist follow to practice?
What educational path must a psychiatrist follow to practice?
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How does the DSM define abnormality?
How does the DSM define abnormality?
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What did the Swiss physician believe regarding the cause of insanity?
What did the Swiss physician believe regarding the cause of insanity?
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Which treatment method is associated with Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini?
Which treatment method is associated with Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini?
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What did Hippocrates suggest regarding psychological disorders?
What did Hippocrates suggest regarding psychological disorders?
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Plato's view on maladaptive behavior emphasized which two factors?
Plato's view on maladaptive behavior emphasized which two factors?
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Which psychological defense mechanism involves redirecting feelings to a safer object?
Which psychological defense mechanism involves redirecting feelings to a safer object?
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What does the term 'sanguine' refer to in the context of Hippocrates' theory?
What does the term 'sanguine' refer to in the context of Hippocrates' theory?
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In psychodynamic psychotherapy, which tactic is NOT typically used?
In psychodynamic psychotherapy, which tactic is NOT typically used?
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What was the significance of Louis Pasteur's germ theory in the context of psychology?
What was the significance of Louis Pasteur's germ theory in the context of psychology?
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Which emotional factor is associated with moral therapy?
Which emotional factor is associated with moral therapy?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the psychosexual stages proposed by Freud?
Which of the following is NOT one of the psychosexual stages proposed by Freud?
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What role does the pre-frontal cortex play in cognitive functions?
What role does the pre-frontal cortex play in cognitive functions?
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What environmental factors influence changes in cognitive abilities during adulthood?
What environmental factors influence changes in cognitive abilities during adulthood?
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What is the primary function of the thalamus in the brain?
What is the primary function of the thalamus in the brain?
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Which cognitive symptoms may worsen due to hippocampus damage in Parkinson's disease?
Which cognitive symptoms may worsen due to hippocampus damage in Parkinson's disease?
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What emotional impairments can result from damage to the amygdala?
What emotional impairments can result from damage to the amygdala?
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Which condition has been linked to structural changes in the amygdala?
Which condition has been linked to structural changes in the amygdala?
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What type of deficits may individuals with bipolar disorder experience related to hippocampus abnormalities?
What type of deficits may individuals with bipolar disorder experience related to hippocampus abnormalities?
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What might reduced amygdala volume suggest in terms of psychological vulnerability?
What might reduced amygdala volume suggest in terms of psychological vulnerability?
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Which area of the brain is thought to have altered activity in individuals with schizophrenia?
Which area of the brain is thought to have altered activity in individuals with schizophrenia?
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Which of the following best describes the overall function of the limbic system?
Which of the following best describes the overall function of the limbic system?
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What type of psychological test involves the use of ambiguous stimuli?
What type of psychological test involves the use of ambiguous stimuli?
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Which assessment method uses direct observation to evaluate an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors?
Which assessment method uses direct observation to evaluate an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors?
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Which type of psychological test focuses specifically on cognitive, emotional, or behavioral responses to determine specific disorders?
Which type of psychological test focuses specifically on cognitive, emotional, or behavioral responses to determine specific disorders?
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What is the purpose of neuroimaging techniques like MRI and PET scans?
What is the purpose of neuroimaging techniques like MRI and PET scans?
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What distinguishes an idiographic strategy in psychological assessment?
What distinguishes an idiographic strategy in psychological assessment?
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What is the role of the diathesis-stress model in understanding psychopathology?
What is the role of the diathesis-stress model in understanding psychopathology?
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In genetic contributions to psychopathology, what does a dominant gene imply?
In genetic contributions to psychopathology, what does a dominant gene imply?
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What does the term 'nomenclature' refer to in the context of psychology?
What does the term 'nomenclature' refer to in the context of psychology?
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What does neuropsychological testing primarily assess?
What does neuropsychological testing primarily assess?
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What best describes a semi-structured interview in psychological assessment?
What best describes a semi-structured interview in psychological assessment?
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What does the term 'classification' refer to in psychological assessment?
What does the term 'classification' refer to in psychological assessment?
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What is a primary focus of psychophysiological assessment?
What is a primary focus of psychophysiological assessment?
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Which aspect is NOT typically assessed by intelligence tests?
Which aspect is NOT typically assessed by intelligence tests?
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What is the primary role of the amygdala in individuals with bipolar disorder?
What is the primary role of the amygdala in individuals with bipolar disorder?
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What consequences can damage to the hippocampus lead to?
What consequences can damage to the hippocampus lead to?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with feelings of pleasure and motivation?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with feelings of pleasure and motivation?
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Which factor may contribute to hypothalamic dysfunction?
Which factor may contribute to hypothalamic dysfunction?
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What symptom is associated with overactivity of glutamate in the nervous system?
What symptom is associated with overactivity of glutamate in the nervous system?
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What is a potential effect of low activity of serotonin?
What is a potential effect of low activity of serotonin?
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Which of the following best describes the concept of 'learned helplessness'?
Which of the following best describes the concept of 'learned helplessness'?
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What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the brain?
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the brain?
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What role does GABA play in the nervous system?
What role does GABA play in the nervous system?
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Which neurotransmitter is linked to heart rate and blood pressure regulation?
Which neurotransmitter is linked to heart rate and blood pressure regulation?
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Which condition is characterized by exaggerated startle responses and observable fear reactions?
Which condition is characterized by exaggerated startle responses and observable fear reactions?
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What describes 'implicit memory'?
What describes 'implicit memory'?
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What is the primary purpose of the fear response?
What is the primary purpose of the fear response?
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Study Notes
Understanding Abnormal Psychology
- Psychopathology is the scientific study of psychological disorders.
- The 4 D's of abnormality: Distress, Dysfunction, Deviance, Danger.
- Abnormality is characterized by psychological dysfunction resulting in distress or impairment in functioning that is atypical across cultural contexts.
Key Professionals in Psychology
- Counseling Psychologists (Ph.D., Ed.D., Psy.D.) focus on adjustment and vocational issues for relatively healthy individuals.
- Clinical Psychologists (Ph.D., Psy.D.) treat more severe psychological disorders.
- Psychiatrists start with an M.D. degree and specialize in psychiatry, often using a biological approach to treatment.
Historical Perspectives on Abnormality
- Hippocrates, the Father of Modern Medicine, believed psychological disorders could be treated like physical diseases.
- The four bodily humors affecting behavior: sanguine (optimistic), melancholic (depressive), phlegmatic (sluggish), and choleric (irritable).
Biological Treatments
- Insulin Shock Therapy, Shock Therapy, Hydro Shock Therapy were early biological treatments aimed at psychological disorders.
Psychological Traditions and Theories
- Plato emphasized social and cultural influences on maladaptive behavior.
- Psychoanalytic Theory introduced defense mechanisms (e.g., denial, displacement) and stages of psychosexual development (e.g., oral, anal).
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
- Characterized by unstructured and semi-structured interview techniques to explore thoughts and feelings.
Psychological Assessment Techniques
- Psychological tests assess cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses.
- Projective Tests involve interpreting ambiguous stimuli to gain insight into personality.
- Intelligence Tests evaluate cognitive abilities, including attention and reasoning.
Neuropsychological and Physiological Assessments
- Neuroimaging techniques such as CAT scans, MRI, and PET scans assess brain structure and function.
- Psychophysiological assessments (e.g., EEG) measure nervous system activity.
Diagnosing Psychological Disorders
- Idiographic strategies focus on individual uniqueness, while nomothetic strategies consider general classes of disorders.
- Classification and taxonomy involve organizing disorders into categories based on shared attributes.
Integrative Approach to Psychopathology
- The Multidimensional Model considers behavioral, biological, emotional, social, and developmental influences on psychopathology.
Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology
- Genes are long DNA molecules located on 46 chromosomes, critical for biological functioning and trait development.
- Dominant and recessive gene interactions influence traits and behaviors.
Diathesis-Stress Model
- Proposes individuals inherit tendencies that may become expressed under stress, indicating a biological predisposition to develop psychological disorders.
Neuroscience's Role in Psychopathology
- The frontal lobe is involved in voluntary movement, language, and executive functions, with distinct regions managing decision-making and emotions.
- The limbic system regulates instincts; damage to areas can lead to memory issues and emotional dysregulation.
- The amygdala is crucial for emotion processing; its damage can result in aggression, altered emotional responses, and impaired fear recognition.
- Hippocampal damage is associated with cognitive decline in disorders like Parkinson's and bipolar disorder.
Key Brain Structures in Emotion and Behavior
- Thalamus directs sensory information to the cortex.
- Cingulate gyrus regulates emotions and behavior; structural differences are noted in disorders like PTSD and schizophrenia.### Childhood Violence and Brain Structure
- Childhood violence exposure linked to reduced amygdala volumes.
- This reduction interacts with later life stress, predicting worsening depression over time.
- Decreased gray matter volumes identified in the anterior cingulate cortex of individuals with ADHD.
Amygdala and Bipolar Disorder
- Structural and neurochemical differences in the amygdala found in young individuals with bipolar disorder.
- Suggests a correlation between amygdala volume and the disorder.
Hippocampus Functionality
- The hippocampus plays a critical role in memory.
- Damage to this area disrupts cognitive functions such as learning, memory, and spatial navigation.
Hypothalamus and Mental Health
- Located below the thalamus, regulates eating, drinking, and sexual behavior.
- Involved in basic emotion processing and activation of the pituitary gland.
- Damage linked to mental health disorders including anxiety, depression, and OCD.
- Chronic stress and high cortisol levels can lead to hypothalamic dysfunction.
Major Neurotransmitters in Psychopathology
- Norepinephrine: Influences heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration.
- Dopamine: Associated with pleasure and motivation; connections to schizophrenia and addiction.
- Serotonin: Regulates behavior and mood; extremely low activity linked to psychological dysfunction.
- GABA: Inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces emotional response and overall arousal.
- Glutamate: An excitatory transmitter; overactivity can cause nervous system burnout.
Cognitive Science and Learning
- Cognitive science focuses on information acquisition, processing, and retrieval.
- Learned helplessness involves experiencing uncontrollable conditions, affecting future behavior and mindset.
- Learned optimism relates to maintaining a positive outlook despite stress and adversity.
Emotional Learning and Memory
- Prepared learning signifies an evolutionary adaptation for acquiring knowledge about survival-related objects and situations.
- Implicit memory demonstrated when actions are influenced by past experiences without conscious recollection.
The Emotion of Fear
- Fear is a programmed response crucial for survival, as suggested by Charles Darwin.
- Flight or fight response activates in life-threatening situations, involving subjective feelings of terror and motivational drive (escape or fight).
Mood and Affect
- Mood represents a prolonged emotional state, while affect refers to the immediate emotional response (pleasant or unpleasant).
Cultural and Social Factors
- Fright disorders, such as Susto and Evil Eye, include anxiety-based symptoms and can have both psychological and somatic effects.
- Susto involves a belief in black magic, leading to conditions like insomnia and increased heart rate.
- Evil Eye can produce fatal psychological and somatic symptoms resulting from perceived malevolence.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of abnormal psychology, focusing on the scientific study of psychological disorders. It explores the concepts of psychopathology and the role of counseling psychologists in treating various psychological issues. Prepare to deepen your understanding of mental health diagnoses.