A World of Regions PDF

**A WORLD OF REGIONS** Subtopics: \* A WORLD OF REGIONS ASIA AND EUROPE IMPERIUM \* NORTH - SOUTH DIVIDE \* GLOBAL SOUTH VS. THIRD WORLD \*ASIAN REGIONALISM **A WORLD OF REGIONS ASIA AND EUROPE IMPERIUM** Governments, association, societies and group from Regional Organization and/or network...

**A WORLD OF REGIONS** Subtopics: \* A WORLD OF REGIONS ASIA AND EUROPE IMPERIUM \* NORTH - SOUTH DIVIDE \* GLOBAL SOUTH VS. THIRD WORLD \*ASIAN REGIONALISM **A WORLD OF REGIONS ASIA AND EUROPE IMPERIUM** Governments, association, societies and group from Regional Organization and/or network as a way of coping with the challenges of Globalization. Regionalism - is about regional concentration of economic flows. Regionalism is often seen as a political and economic phenomenon, the term of actually encompasses a broader area. **REGIONALISM** \> it is examine in relation to identities, ethics, religion, ecological sustainability and health. \> it is a process and must be treated as an **\"emergent, socially constituted phenomenon\".** **REGIONS** - are \"a group of countries located in the geographically specified are\" or \"an amalgamation of two regions or a combination of more than two regions\" organized to regulated and \"oversee flows and policy choices\". **Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V. Milner** **ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL RESPOND OF COUNTRIES TO GLOBALIZATION** 1\. Some are large enough and have a lot of resources to dictate how they participate in process of global integration. Example: CHINA 2\. Other countries make up for their small size by taking advantage of their strategies location. **REASON OF FORMING REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS** **1. MILIRATY DEFENSE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO) ** Formed during the cold war when several western European countries his the united states agreed to protect Europe against the treat of the soviets union. **Warwas Pak** \- a regional alliance created by soviet union. \- Soviet union imploded in December 1991 but NATO remains in place. **2. POOL THEIR RESOURCES GET BETTER RETURN FOR THEIR EXPLORTS AND EXPACT THEIR LEVERAGE AGAINTS TRADING PARTNERS.** **ORGANIZATION OF THE PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES (OPEC)**   It was established in **1960 by Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabic to regulate and VENEZUELA.** \- It aims to regulate the production and sale of oil. \- Opel\'s success convinced 9 other of producing countries to join to. **3. PROTECT THEIR INDEPENDENCE THE PRESSURE IF SUPER PONS POLITICS.** **Non - Aligned Movement (NAM)** \> Created by Egypt, China, India, Indonesia and Yugoslavia in 1961 to pursue world peace and international cooperation, human rights, national government, racial and national equality, non-intervention and peaceful conflict resolution. \> With 120 member countries. \> Because the association repulsed to side with either first world countries capitalist democracy in Western Europe and North American or communist states in Easter Europe. **4. ECONOMIC CREASIS COMPELS COUNTRIES TO COME TOGETHER.** Example: The Thai economy collapsed in 1996 after the foreign currency, speculation and trouble international banks demanded that the government pay back its loans. It made Asian more \"Unified and Coordinated\". **NORTH - SOUTH DIVIDE** The concept of Global North and Global South is used to describe a grouping of countries along socio-economic and political characters. The Global South is a term often used to identify regions within Latin American, Asia, and Oceania. \> The concept of a gap between the Global North and the Global South in terms of development and wealth. Classifying countries. in the 1980s, the Brandt Line was developed as a way of showing how the world was geographically split into relatively richer and poorer nations. **WHY DID THE NORTH AND SOUTH DIVIDED?** The origin of dividing countries into the North-South Divide arose during the Cold War of the mid 20th century. During this time, countries were primarily categorized according to their alignment between the Russian East and the American West. **IS THE NORTH - SOUTH DIVIDE REAL?** The North-South divide is not an exact line, but one that can involve many stereotypes, presumptions and other impressions of the surrounding region relative to other regions. The existences of the North-South divide is fiercely contested. Some sources claim that not only does it exist, but that it is expending. **WHAT LINE DIVIDES THE NORTH AND SOUTH DIVIDE?** The Equator, or line of 0 degrees latitude, divides the earth into the Northern and Southern hemispheres. **WHO HAS SUFFERED FROM THE NORTH - SOUTH DIVIDE?** England has long suffered from a North-South divide. Despite numerous attempts to tackle it, the rift shows no signs of healing. The concept of a North-South divide, a line that dissects England, rendering the two halves economically, socially and culturally different, permeates English history. **GLOBAL SOUTH VS. THIRD WORLD** \> The idea of the South was placed firmly on the table by the famous Italian Marxist Antonio Gramsci whose essay **\"The Southern Question\"** began with the idea that Southern Italy had, in effect, been colonized by capitalist from Northern Italy. Gramsci explored the difficulties Southern peasants and Northern workers faced in forging an alliance with one another. In Italian social thought, the world trade system. This struggle moved the terms **\"North\"** and **\"South\"** into the international political lexicon. Developing countries (mainly former colonies). Began to articulate the idea of a Global South whose interest conflicted with those of the industrialized powers, both capitalist and communist cutting across Cold War Divisions. \> In Northern Sociology, Immanuel Wallerstein forged a **\"world-system approach\"** that made the **\"modern/traditional\"** binary. Similar ideas circulated in Marxist economics, while **\"post-colonial\"** perspectives were emerging in literary and cultural studies, from Edward said, Gayatri Spivak and others. **THE THIRD WORLD** The term Third World was originally coined in times of the Cold War to distinguish those nations that are neither aligned with the West (NATO) nor with the East, the Communist bloc. Today the term is often used to describe the developing countries of Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Australia/Oceania. Third World did not always mean **\"the undeveloped or developed world\".** Many poorer nations adopted the term to describe themselves. Over the years, the meaning of the term has become an elastic word. On this page, the term Third World is used to identify the countries with substandard, which are in great need of development. And yes, it\'s a mess. It almost seems as if the very different humanitarian conditions of the people on this planet are a mirror of the conditions in heaven and hell and all instances in between. In this article, the term Third World is also used to refers to the underdeveloped state of countries in certain areas that are in great need of development. Below Third World Countries by various categories: These countries can be called Third World Countries in terms of Political Rights and Civil Liberties. \> Third World Countries in Terms of their Gross National Income (GNI) \> Third World Countries in Terms of their Human Development \> Third World Countries in Terms of Poverty Third World Countries in Terms of Press Freedom. **ASIAN REGIONALISM** Asian Regionalism is the product of economic interaction, not political planning. As a result of successful, outward-oriented growth strategies, Asian economist have grown not only richer but also closer together. **EVOLUTION OF ASIAN REGIONALISM** **Regionalism** \- is an inspirational enterprise in human history. \- it also involves the reorganization of political, economic, cultural, and social lives along the lines of an imagined region rather than according to the standard political unit of the nation-state. **THE EVOLUTION OF ASIAN REGIONALISM USING FOUR (4)** **BENCHMARKS: 1968, 1989, 1997 AND 2010.** \> **In 1968**, the association of Southeast Asian Nations was born with five original members: Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, and Singapore. \> **In 1989,** the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) meeting was institutionalized with the goal of monitoring and analyzing regional markets and institutions as well as governing rules and norms for facilitating transparent and efficient business transactions in the region. \> **In 1997**, the ASEAN plus Three (Japan, Korea, and China) was instituted. \> **In 2010**, the East Asian Summit decided to add two more members, the United States and Russia. \- The Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) grew in this year. \- also marked by the vigorous and deep advances into the region by two giants, China and the United States. **REGIONALISM VS GLOBALIZATION** Regionalism is the process of dividing an farea into smaller segments called regions. Globalization is the process of interational integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects, such as technology, etc. **CONCEPTS OF GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONALISM** **As to nature**, globalization promotes the integration of economics across state borders all around the world but regionalization is precisely the opposite because it is dividing an area into smaller segments. **As to market,** globalization allows many companies to trade on international level so it allows free market but in\' regionalized system, monopolies are likely to develop. **As to cultural and societal relations**, globalization accelerate to multiculturalism by free and inexpensive movement of people but, regionalization does not support this. **As to aid,** globalized international community is also more willing to come to the aid of a country stricken by a natural disaster but, a regionalized system does not involved in the affairs of other areas. **As to technological advances,** globalization has driven great advances in technology but advanced technology is rarely available in one country or region. \> The center of gravity of the global economy is shifting to Asia. The region\'s economy is already similar in size to those of Europe and North America, and its influence in the world continues to increase. \> **Asia** is now so important to the world economy that it must also play a larger role in global economic leadership. \> **Asia\'s economic** rise is unprecedented. The region is home to over half the world\'s population, produces three tenths of global output, and consistently records the world\'s highest economic growth rates. The center of gravity of the global economy is shifting to Asia. The region\'s economy is already similar in size to those of Europe and North America, and its influence in the world continues to increase. **HOW REGIONALISM CAN BENEFIT ASIA?** **An integrated Asia can:** link the competitive strengths of its diverse economies connect the region\'s capital markets cooperate in setting exchange rate and macroeconomic policies pool the region\'s foreign exchange reserves exercise leadership in global decision making build connected infrastructure and collaborate on inclusive development create regional mechanisms \> **Asian regionalism** is primarily motivated by the desire to advance welfare in the region, it would not do so by detracting from development elsewhere. \> **Asian regionalism** can help to sustain global economic progress at a time when other major regions are reaching economic maturity.