History of Architecture in India PDF

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA Presentation by: Ar. Pia M. Ganaden, uap PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PART 1 - INFLUENCES PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  HISTORY OF ARCHITECT...

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA Presentation by: Ar. Pia M. Ganaden, uap PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PART 1 - INFLUENCES PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA 7th Century to Present GEOGRAPHICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCES India - Bharat in Hindi Seventh-largest country (3,287,240 km2) in the world and the second most populous (1,147,995,904), after China Consists of the entire Indian peninsula and portions of the Asian mainland, once included Pakistan, and Bangladesh PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA GEOGRAPHICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCES BORDERS: North - Afghanistan, Tibet, Nepal, China, and Bhutan; South - Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar, which separate it from Sri Lanka, and the Indian Ocean; West - Arabian Sea and Pakistan; East - Myanmar (Burma), Bay of Bengal and Bangladesh, which almost cuts off north- east India from the rest of the country. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS: Marble Timber - architecture from the learliest times, from mountains Stone - red and cream sandstone in agra for facing material Clay - fired bricks Bamboo Granite and the volcanic potstone PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA CLIMATIC Extreme climatic variations in different areas contributed to its architectural style such as the latticed windows, flat roof and steeply pitched roof and irrigation tanks. The general character of the climate is dry, with a cooler winter PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA RELIGION 1. ANIMISM Animism is a religion that attributes divine energy to nature, animals, people, and natural phenomena. It is considered one of the oldest and most universal religions. In India, animism is practiced by many tribal communities OLDEST RELIGION IN INDIA PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA RELIGION 2. BUDDHISM Buddhists believe that the human life is one of suffering, and that meditation, spiritual and physical labor, and good behavior are the ways to achieve enlightenment, or nirvana. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA RELIGION 3. HINDUISM Brahma – the creator Vishnu – the preserver Shiva – the destroyer Each god represents a different aspect of Brahman, the Supreme Spirit or Ultimate Reality PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA RELIGION 3. HINDUISM Chief gods: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA RELIGION 3. HINDUISM Chief gods: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva Main Religion of India the caste system divided the people according to race, occupation and geographical position PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA RELIGION 3. HINDUISM CASTE SYSTEMS: PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA RELIGION 4. MOHAMMEDANISM One of the great religion which have arisen from the Semetic nations and its essence was contained in the words of Koran There is no God but Allah and Mohamet is his prophet. Caliph was the spiritual and temporal ruler of the union of religion and the state. The prohibition of the use of human and animal forms in decoration and sculpture led to the intricate surface decoration known as "arabesque" PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA RELIGION 5. JAINA OR JAINISM Founded by Mahavira The Jains regarded temple-building as a virtues, ensuring a happy future state and this led to the endowment of temples. is an ancient religion from India that teaches that the way to liberation and bliss is to live a life of harmlessness and renunciation. The aim of Jain life is to achieve liberation of the soul. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA RELIGION 6. SIKHISM Sikhism is a monotheistic religion, and the basic Sikh belief is represented in the phrase Ik Onkar meaning "One God." Was founded in the Punjab region in India in the 15th century by Guru Nanak Dev. Sikhism broke from Hinduism due, in part, to its rejection of the caste system. Every Sikh is supposed to contribute in preparing a communal meal in the free kitchen, Unless fasting is done to foster the human body like healthy diets PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA SOCIAL, POLITICAL & ECONOMIC Hinduism and Buddhism affected their lifestyles. Strict laws governed these different castes. One can never leave the class in which he was born. FORMS OF POLITICAL SYSTEM: 1. Pastoral system of social unit, consisted of: a. Senani - the leader of the community. b. The Vish - people of the country c. Khatra - nobility (famous, aristocratic) d. Vishphatra - the ruler or king who rules the vish thru the Senani PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA SOCIAL, POLITICAL & ECONOMIC FORMS OF POLITICAL SYSTEM: 1. Pastoral system of social unit 2. Panchayat of the village council which was later instrument of democratic government. It provided a medium thru which the people in the rural areas expressed themselves on the administrative, social and economic problems of the community. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA SOCIAL, POLITICAL & ECONOMIC PEOPLE OF INDIA Non- aryan tribes or aborigines - native inhabitants Aryan or Sancrit - speaking race which include the Rajputs and the Bramahns Hindus (mixture of Aryans, Rajputs and Bramahns) Mohammedan invaders PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA HISTORY HISTORICAL OVERVIEW While Harappa was the first site discovered along this river, Mohenjo Daro is the best preserved. These cities were probably organized much like their contemporary, city-states along the river banks of Mesopotamia and the Nile in Old Kingdom Egypt, yet they reflect perhaps more advanced architectural innovations and merit much further study. Indus Valley Civilization - one of the world's first great urban civilizations. Harappa Civilization - 2700 BC PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA HISTORY HISTORICAL OVERVIEW The lost City of Mohenjo Daro PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PART 2 – PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT AND ITS ARCHITECTURE PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT I. VEDIC PERIOD – Different dwellings II. MAURA DYNASTY – Rock-cut hall, Stupas III. GUPTA PERIOD – Hindu temples IV. MUGHAL DYNASTY – Taj Mahal and other buildings inspired by Taj Mahal PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT I. VEDIC PERIOD – Different dwellings II. MAURA DYNASTY – Rock-cut hall, Stupas III. GUPTA PERIOD – Hindu temples IV. MUGHAL DYNASTY – Taj Mahal and other buildings inspired by Taj Mahal PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT I. VEDIC PERIOD – Different dwellings Which began around 1750 BC, An influx of nomadic shepherds from central Asia, called the Aryans, (brought bronze tools, weapons, horses, and chariots that enabled them to assume control of the region and create a rich culture from which sprang Sanskrit, metaphysical philosophy, epic poetry, and most importantly, the sacred writings called the Vedas.) The Vedas have many words for houses. CHARDIS HARMYAM GOTRA PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT I. VEDIC PERIOD I. CHARDIS Secure dwelling-place: A safe place or residence chardis ( house with a thatched roof) PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT I. VEDIC PERIOD II. HARMYA / HMRYA a house of brick and stone that had a courtyard in the middle denotes the Vedic 'house' as a unity including the stabling and so forth, and surrounded by a fence or wall of some sort. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT I. VEDIC PERIOD III. GOTRA a multi-dwelling complex with sheds for animals PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT I. VEDIC PERIOD – Different dwellings II. MAURA DYNASTY – Rock-cut hall, Stupas III. GUPTA PERIOD – Hindu temples IV. MUGHAL DYNASTY – Taj Mahal and other buildings inspired by Taj Mahal PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT II. MAURA DYNASTY During (c. 322-185 BC), Buddhism had become the official language of Hindu architecture, established by King Ashoka, who sought to impose a more peaceful quality to what he deemed to be a too-warlike culture. The stone monuments built under his reign probably replaced even earlier finely carved wood structures. The architecture of the Indian subcontinent, from the Indus Valley Culture of the Harappa to the Mauryan Era, and later to periods of foreign domination and indigenous rule characterized by: Buddhist and Hindu Monuments sometimes sharing the same site Rhythmic, stratified multiplication of motifs Profuse carved ornamentation and combination of religious and sensuous motifs PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT II. MAURA DYNASTY Buddhism gained prominence during the reign of the emperor Ashoka. It is primarily represented by three important building types: I. the Chaitya Hall (place of worship), II. the Vihara (monastery) and III. the Stupa (hemispherical mound for worship/ memory) - exemplified by the magnificent caves of Ajanta and Ellora and the monumental Sanchi Stupa. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT II. MAURA DYNASTY I. the CHAITYA HALL (place of worship), a prayer hall or shrine in Indian religions, most commonly in Buddhism. It is a sacred space for Buddhist monks and devotees to worship and perform religious ceremonies. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT II. MAURA DYNASTY I. the CHAITYA HALL (place of worship) EXAMPLE: ROCK CUT BUDDHIST CHAITYA HALL AT KARLI PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT II. MAURA DYNASTY I. the CHAITYA HALL (place of worship) EXAMPLE: ROCK CUT BUDDHIST CHAITYA HALL AT KARLI PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT II. MAURA DYNASTY II. the VIHARA (monastery) a Buddhist monastery or temple in India. The word "vihara" comes from Sanskrit and means "dwelling" or "house" PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT II. MAURA DYNASTY II. the VIHARA (monastery) EXAMPLE: PAHARPUR BUDDHIST VIHARA PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT II. MAURA DYNASTY III. the STUPA a mound-like or hemispherical Buddhist structure, typically containing relics of a Buddhist monk or the Buddha himself, used as a place of meditation Stupas are considered a central element of Buddhist architecture and are used for circumambulation (walking around the structure) as a meditative practice. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT II. MAURA DYNASTY III. the STUPA EXAMPLE: GREAT STUPA AT SANCHI PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT II. MAURA DYNASTY III. the STUPA EXAMPLE: GREAT STUPA AT SANCHI PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT II. MAURA DYNASTY III. the STUPA FEATURES OF STUPA: Torana – gateway East: Birth of the Buddha South: Enlightenment West: First sermon North: Nirvana PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT II. MAURA DYNASTY III. the STUPA FEATURES OF STUPA: Chhatri - umbrella-shape finial Anda - hemispherical dome Vedika – fence / railing enclosing a sacred area Sopanas – Stairways Medhi – Circular Platform Pradak Shina (Patha) – railing around platform Harmika – railing that sits on top of dome PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PARTS OF STUPA PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT I. VEDIC PERIOD – Different dwellings II. MAURA DYNASTY – Rock-cut hall, Stupas III. GUPTA PERIOD – Hindu temples IV. MUGHAL DYNASTY – Taj Mahal and other buildings inspired by Taj Mahal PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT III. GUPTA PERIOD In the Gupta Period, are the earliest temples found. As distinct from the Buddhist stupa, the Indian temple was devoted to one or more of the deities of Hinduism. Northern Indian temples are slightly different from Southern temples. HINDU TEMPLES A Hindu Temple cut out of solid rock to resemble a chariot. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT III. GUPTA PERIOD MAIN FEATURES OF HINDU TEMPLES: Gopuram - a monumental, usually ornate gateway (Gopuram Entrance) Mandapa– pillared assembly hall or pavilion for public rituals Garbhagriha – part of the temple in which the idol of the god is installed Shikhar – it refers to the rising tower over Garbh Grigh where the Murty (god) is situated PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT III. GUPTA PERIOD FEATURES OF HINDU TEMPLES: Gopuram - a monumental, usually ornate gateway (Gopuram Entrance) PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT III. GUPTA PERIOD FEATURES OF HINDU TEMPLES: Gopuram - a monumental, usually ornate gateway (Gopuram Entrance) PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT III. GUPTA PERIOD FEATURES OF HINDU TEMPLES: Gopuram - a monumental, usually ornate gateway (Gopuram Entrance) PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT III. GUPTA PERIOD FEATURES OF HINDU TEMPLES: Gopuram - a monumental, usually ornate gateway (Gopuram Entrance) PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT III. GUPTA PERIOD FEATURES OF HINDU TEMPLES: Gopuram - a monumental, usually ornate gateway (Gopuram Entrance) PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT III. GUPTA PERIOD FEATURES OF HINDU TEMPLES: Gopuram - a monumental, usually ornate gateway (Gopuram Entrance) PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT III. GUPTA PERIOD CLASSIFICATION OF HINDU TEMPLES: I. PALLAVA TEMPLE II. CHOLA TEMPLE III. PANDYA TEMPLE IV. VIJAYANAGARA TEMPLE V. NAYAKA TEMPLE PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT III. GUPTA PERIOD CLASSIFICATION OF HINDU TEMPLES: I. PALLAVA TEMPLE Attributed to the reign of King Mahendravarman I and his son Narasimhavarman I (630-680 AD; also called Mamalla, or "great warrior") of the Pallava Kingdom. normally have a Shivaskanda relief panel PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT III. GUPTA PERIOD CLASSIFICATION OF HINDU TEMPLES: I. PALLAVA TEMPLE EXAMPLE SHORE TEMPLE, MAHABALIPURAM PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT III. GUPTA PERIOD CLASSIFICATION OF HINDU TEMPLES: I. PALLAVA TEMPLE EXAMPLE SHORE TEMPLE, MAHABALIPURAM PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT III. GUPTA PERIOD CLASSIFICATION OF HINDU TEMPLES: II. CHOLA TEMPLE erected several temples and also renovated earlier brick structures in stone Architecture of the Chola Empire and the Tamil civilization in Southern India. EXAMPLE BRIHADISVARA TEMPLE, TEMPLE IN TAMIL NADU, INDIA PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT III. GUPTA PERIOD CLASSIFICATION OF HINDU TEMPLES: III. PANDYA TEMPLE concentrated on the Gopurams, the main entrance. (the largest complex of hindu temple DRAVIDIAN ARCHITECTURE was an architectural idiom that emerged in the Southern part of the Indian subcontinent or South India. It consists primarily of temples with pyramid shaped towers (gopuram) and are constructed of sandstone, soapstone or granite. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT III. GUPTA PERIOD CLASSIFICATION OF HINDU TEMPLES: III. PANDYA TEMPLE EXAMPLE Arulmigu Nellaiappar Temple PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT III. GUPTA PERIOD CLASSIFICATION OF HINDU TEMPLES: IV. VIJAYANAGARA TEMPLE Tall massive gopurams and multiple mandapas Notable building idiom that developed during the rule of the imperial Hindu Vijayanagar Empire. The empire ruled South India, from their regal capital at Vijayanagara EXAMPLE Shree Vijaya Vitthala Temple, Nimbapura India PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT III. GUPTA PERIOD CLASSIFICATION OF HINDU TEMPLES: IV. VIJAYANAGARA TEMPLE EXAMPLE Shree Vijaya Vitthala Temple, Nimbapura India PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT III. GUPTA PERIOD CLASSIFICATION OF HINDU TEMPLES: V. NAYAKA TEMPLE Elaborate mandapas of hundred and thousand pillared type, high gopurams with stucco statues on the surface, long corridors The Nayak dynasties emerged in South India after the collapse of the Vijayanagar Empire. The Nayaks, former military governors of the Vijayanagar emperors, had declared their independence in 1565 and established their own kingdoms, ruling from the 16 to 19th century PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT III. GUPTA PERIOD CLASSIFICATION OF HINDU TEMPLES: V. NAYAKA TEMPLE EXAMPLE Meenakshi Amman Temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT I. VEDIC PERIOD – Different dwellings II. MAURA DYNASTY – Rock-cut hall, Stupas III. GUPTA PERIOD – Hindu temples IV. MUGHAL DYNASTY – Taj Mahal and other buildings inspired by Taj Mahal PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT IV. MUGHAL DYNASTY INFLUENCE OF ISLAM IN MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE With the advent of Islam, the erstwhile Indian architecture was slightly adapted to allow the traditions of the new religion, but it remained strongly Indian at its heart and character. Arches and domes began to be used and the mosque or masjid too began to form part of the landscape, The sahn or the open courtyard for congregational worship with the enclosing cloisters or liwans. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT IV. MUGHAL DYNASTY THE TAJ MAHAL AS THE SYMBOL OF MUGHAL DYNASTY The construction of the Taj Mahal, commissioned by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan to honor his deceased wife Mumtaz Mahal, began around 1632 and took approximately 22 years to complete, with the main mausoleum largely finished by 1648, while additional buildings and decorative work continued until 1653; the entire complex is renowned for its intricate marble inlay, symmetrical design, and stunning white marble facade, representing a pinnacle of Mughal architecture. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT IV. MUGHAL DYNASTY ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OF TAJ MAHAL INSPIRED BY THE FOLLOWING: AKBAR TOMB HUMAYUN’S TOMB JAHANGIR TOMB PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT IV. MUGHAL DYNASTY ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OF TAJ MAHAL INSPIRED BY THE FOLLOWING: AKBAR TOMB Sha Jahan Ancestor’s Tomb with four white marble chattri-topped minarets PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT IV. MUGHAL DYNASTY ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OF TAJ MAHAL INSPIRED BY THE FOLLOWING: HUMAYUN’S TOMB Exemplifying the formative stage of the Mughal structural style, Humayun's Tomb stands as a landmark in the development of Mughal architecture, and also represents the earliest , extant specimen of the Mughal scheme of the garden tomb, with causeways and channels. PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT IV. MUGHAL DYNASTY ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OF TAJ MAHAL INSPIRED BY THE FOLLOWING: JAHANGIR TOMB Shah Jahan's forefather's tomb The tomb was constructed in a Mughal style influenced by Safavid-style architecture from Persia,. The mausoleum is laid out as a takhtgah - or a mausoleum built upon a podium which serves as a takht, or "throne." PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap  END PRESENTATION PRESENTATION BY: AR PIA GANADEN, uap