Plumbing & Sanitary System PDF

PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEM Plumbing and Sanitary System Water Supply pp y and Distribution System Drainage D i System S t Plumbing Fixtures Storm Water System Water Supply and Distribution System Water Supply and Distribution System Basic Properties of W...

PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEM Plumbing and Sanitary System Water Supply pp y and Distribution System Drainage D i System S t Plumbing Fixtures Storm Water System Water Supply and Distribution System Water Supply and Distribution System Basic Properties of Water Water Cycle Sources of Water Water W t TTreatment t t and dPPurification ifi ti Wells Pumps P Water Storage for Domestic Use Valves and Controls Cold Water Distribution System Hot Water Distribution System Water Supply and Distribution System Basic Properties of Water – Universal Solvent 1 000 kg/m3 @ liquid state (4 °C); – Density: 1,000 C); 917 kg/m3 @ solid state Water Supply and Distribution System Water Cycle Major Stages Evaporation The transformation of water from liquid to gas phases as it moves f from the th ground d or bodies of water into the overlying atmosphere Water Supply and Distribution System Water Cycle Major Stages Condensation The transformation of water vapor to liquid water droplets in the air, creating clouds and fog Water Supply and Distribution System Water Cycle Major Stages Precipitation Condensed water vapor that falls to the Earth's surface. Most precipitation i it ti occurs as rain, but also includes snow, hail, fog drip, graupel, and sleet. Water Supply and Distribution System Sources of Water Rainwater Natural Surface Water Ground Water Water Supply and Distribution System Sources of Water Rainwater ‐Collected from roofs of buildings and special water sheds and stored in cisterns or ponds ponds. Advantages Disadvantages ‐Water Water is soft & pure and is ‐Only Only a source during the suitable for the hot water wet season supply pp y system y ‐Storage Storage becomes a breeding place for mosquitoes ‐Roofs may not be clean Water Supply and Distribution System Sources of Water Natural Surface Water ‐A mixture of surface run-off and ground water. Surface sources includes rivers rivers, lakes lakes, ponds and impounding reservoirs. Advantages g Disadvantages g ‐Usually easy to acquire ‐Contains a large amounts and in large quantities. of bacteria, organic & ‐Used d for f irrigation, i i i inorganic substances; industrial purposes and, Purification & treatment is when treated, treated for necessar necessary. community water supply.  Water Supply and Distribution System Sources of Water Ground Water –The portion of the rainwater which has percolated into the earth to form underground deposits called aquifers (water‐ (water bearing soil formation). From springs and wells and is the principal source of water for domestic use in most rural areas Advantages Disadvantages –Usuallyy has an abundant ‐May May have organic matter supply; requires less treatment & chemical elements because of natural filtering. usually treatment is suggested. Water Supply and Distribution System WATER QUALITY PROBLEM AND THEIR TREATMENT PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECTS TREATMENT Acidity Contains Carbon Corrosion of non‐ Passing the water Dioxide ferrous pipes through a bed of Rusting and clogging Rusting crushed marble or of steel pipes limestone to achieve alkalinity, or adding sodium silicate Hardness Presence of Clogging of pipes Boiling magnesium and Impaired laundry Introduction of water calcium salts and cooking softeners made up of Zeolite Turbidity Silt or mud in Discoloration Filtration surface f or in i ground d Bad B d taste t t Water Supply and Distribution System WATER QUALITY PROBLEM AND THEIR TREATMENT PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECTS TREATMENT Color Presence of Iron Discoloration of Chlorination or and Manganese fixtures and laundry ozonation and file filtration Pollution Contamination by Disease Chlorination organic matter or sewage Water Supply and Distribution System WATER TREATMENT AND PURIFICATION Water Treatment ‐ describes those processes used to make water more acceptable for a desired end‐use. Water Purification ‐ is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, materials, and biological contaminants from contaminated water. Water Supply and Distribution System WATER TREATMENT AND PURIFICATION Aeration Coagulation ‐ Flocculation Sedimentation Filtration Disinfection  Water Supply and Distribution System WATER TREATMENT AND PURIFICATION Aeration ‐ Water is sprayed into the air to release any trapped gases and absorb additional oxygen for better taste. Water Supply and Distribution System WATER TREATMENT AND PURIFICATION Coagulation ‐ Flocculation Coagulation – chemical process in which the coagulant reacts with the sediment to make it capable p of combiningg into larger particles. Flocculation – physical process in which the sediment particles l collide ll d withh each h other h andd stickk together. h Water Supply and Distribution System WATER TREATMENT AND PURIFICATION Sedimentation ‐is is a physical water treatment process used to settle out suspended solids in water under the influence of gravity. g y  Water Supply and Distribution System WATER TREATMENT AND PURIFICATION Filtration t at o ‐ Water is ppassed through g layers y of sand and gravel in concrete basins in order to remove the finer suspended particles. Disinfection Di i f ti ‐ The purpose of disinfection in the treatment of waste water is to substantially reduce the number of microorganisms in the water to be discharged back into the environment. ‐Common methods of disinfection include: Ozone Ozone Ultraviolet light (UV) Ultraviolet Chlorine Sodium Hypochlorite. Water Supply and Distribution System WATER TREATMENT PROCESS  Water Supply and Distribution System WELLS ‐is an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving, boring or drilling to access groundwater in underground aquifers. The well water is drawn by an electric submersible pump, a trash pump, a vertical turbine ppump, p, a handpump p p or a mechanical p pump p General Types of Well Shallow Well Deep Well  Water Supply and Distribution System WELLS ‐is an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving, boring or drilling to access groundwater in underground aquifers. The well water is drawn by an electric submersible pump, a trash pump, a vertical turbine ppump, p, a handpump p p or a mechanical p pump p General Types of Well Shallow Well Deep Well  Water Supply and Distribution System Types of Wells (According to Method of Construction) Dug Wells ‐ are excavations with diameters large enough to accommodate one or more men with shovels digging down to below the water table. They can be lined with laid stones or brick; extending this lining upwards above the ground surface into a wall around the well serves to reduce both contamination and injuries by falling into the well. A more modern method called caissoning uses reinforced concrete or plain concrete pre‐ cast well rings that are lowered into the hole.  Water Supply and Distribution System Types of Wells (According to Method of Construction) Driven Wells ‐ may be very simply created in unconsolidated material with a "well Driven well point", which consists of a hardened drive point and a screen (perforated pipe). The point is simply hammered into the ground, usually with a tripod and "driver", with pipe sections added as needed. A driver is a weighted pipe that slides over the pipe being driven and is repeatedly dropped on it. When groundwater is encountered, the well is washed of sediment and a pump installed.  Water Supply and Distribution System Types of Wells (According to Method of Construction) Bored Wells Bored ‐ These are dug with earth augers are usually less than 30 meters (100 ft) deep. The diameter ranges from 2 to 30 inches. The well is lined with metal, vitrified tile or concrete.  Water Supply and Distribution System Types of Wells (According to Method of Construction) Drilled Wells ‐ Drilled wells can be excavated by simple hand drilling methods Drilled (augering, sludging, jetting, driving, hand percussion) or machine drilling (rotary, percussion, down the hole hammer). Drilled wells can get water from a much deeper level than can dug wells ‐ often up to several hundred metres.  Water Supply and Distribution System Types of Wells (According to Method of Construction) Jetted Wells ‐ This method makes use of a high velocity stream of water to excavate the hole and to carry the excavated material out of the hole. It therefore requires some type of pump, either motor or hand‐powered, of reasonable capacity, as well as a supply of water. It is possible to separate the water and the excavated material in a settling pool or tank and to reuse the water, thus minimizing the quantity required. Since this method depends on the erosive action of water, it is obvious that extremely hard materials cannot be penetrated penetrated. Water Supply and Distribution System Pumps Is a device used to move fluids, such as liquids or slurries. A pump displaces a volume by physical or mechanical action. General Types of Pump Reciprocating Pump Centrifugal Pump Turbine Pump Submersible Pump Jet (Ejector) Pump Piston Pump Sump Pump Water Supply and Distribution System Pumps General Types of Pump Reciprocating Pump‐ are those which cause the fluid to move using one or more oscillating pistons, plungers or membranes (diaphragms). Water Supply and Distribution System Pumps General Types of Pump Centrifugal Pump ‐ is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to increase the pressure of a fluid. Centrifugal pumps are commonly used to move liquids through piping. Water Supply and Distribution System Pumps General Types of Pump Turbine Pump ‐ A turbine pump has a vertical turbine located below ground water levels and a driving motor located at ground  Water Supply and Distribution System Pumps General Types of Well Submersible Pump ‐ Is basically a centrifugal pump complete with electric motors which are positioned underwater in a suitable bored hole that delivers the water to the surface  Water Supply and Distribution System Pumps General Types of Well Jet (Ejector) Pump ‐ In the jet ejector pump, fluid passes through a venturi nozzle (see venturi tube) and develops a suction that causes a second stream of fluid to be entrained Water Supply and Distribution System Pumps General Types of Pump Piston Pump ‐ is a type of positive displacement pump where the high‐pressure seal reciprocates with the piston.Piston pumps can be used to move liquids or compress gases. Water Supply and Distribution System Pumps General Types of Pump p Pump Sump p ‐ are used in applications where excess water must be pumped away from a particular area. ‐ a pump used to remove water that has accumulated in a water collecting sump pit. Water Supply and Distribution System Water Storage for Domestic Use O h d TTank/ Overhead k/ G Gravity it SSupply l TTankk Cistern Pneumatic Water Tank Hot Water Tank Water Supply and Distribution System Water Storage for Domestic Use O h d TTank/ Overhead k/ G Gravity it SSupply l TTankk ‐ Does not have any pressure concerns but relies on gravity to supply water to fixtures below. ‐ Use in overhead feed system Water Supply and Distribution System Water Storage for Domestic Use Cistern ‐ is a waterproof receptacle for holding liquids, usually water. Often cisterns are built to catch and store rainwater. Cisterns are distinguished from wells by their waterproof linings. Modern cisterns range in capacity from a few litres to thousands of cubic metres, effectively forming covered reservoirs. Water Supply and Distribution System Water Storage for Domestic Use Pneumatic Water Tank Pneumatic ‐ are typically horizontal pressurized storage tanks. Pressurizing this reservoir of water creates a surge free delivery of stored water into the distribution system. Water Supply and Distribution System Water Storage for Domestic Use H W Hot Water Tank T k –Range Boiler is an older type of domestic hot water heater which uses a separate hot water tank which is connected to a heating boiler as well as to domestic hot water piping in the home. Made of galvanized steel sheet, copper or stainless steel. Standard working pressure limit is 85 to 150 psi –Storage g Boiler ‐ Large hot water tank (60‐130 cm in diameter; 5m max length). Made of heavy duty material sheets applied with rust proof paint. Standard working ki pressure limit li it is i 65 to t 100 psi.i  Water Supply and Distribution System Valves and Control ‐is a device that regulates the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, i closing, l i or partiallyi ll obstructing b i various i passageways. Valves V l are technically pipe fittings, but are usually discussed as a separate category. In an open valve, fluid flows in a direction from higher pressure to lower pressure. T Types off Valves V l International Standard for Valve Gate Valve ƒISO – International Standard Organization Globe Valve ƒASTM ASTM – American Society for Testing and Materials Check Valve ƒASME – American Society of Mechanical Angle Valve Engineers ƒAPI – American Petroleum Institute Foot Valve ƒJIS – Japanese Industrial Standard ƒDIN ‐ Deutsches Institut für Normungg ((German Safety Valve Institute for Standardization ) ƒPNS – Philippine National Standard  Water Supply and Distribution System Valves and Control Types of Valves Gate Valve is a valve that opens by lifting a round or rectangular gate/wedge out of the path of the fluid. The distinct feature of a ggate valve is the sealingg surfaces between the gate and seats are planar, so gate valves are often used when a straight‐line flow of fluid and minimum restriction is desired. Wedge Type Gate Valve Symbol Double Disc Valve  Water Supply and Distribution System Valves and Control Types of Valves Globe Valve ‐ is a type of valve used for regulating flow in a pipeline, consisting of a movable yp element and a stationaryy ringg seat in a ggenerallyy spherical disk‐type p body. y Symbol Plug Type Disc Valve Conventional Disc Valve Composition Disc Valve  Water Supply and Distribution System Valves and Control Types of Valves Check Valve ‐ is a mechanical device, a valve, which normally allows fluid (liquid or gas) to flow throughg it in onlyy one direction. Symbol Swing Check Valve Lift Check Valve Vertical Check Valve Horizontal Check Valve  Water Supply and Distribution System Valves and Control Types of Valves Angle Valve ‐ A manually operated valve with its outlet opening oriented at right angles to its p g; used for regulating inlet opening; g g the flow of a fluid in a p pipe. p Symbol  Water Supply and Distribution System Valves and Control Types of Valves Foot Valve ‐ are a type of check valve and are placed at the pump's wet well. Unlike other valves,, a foot valve is created with a larger g flow area than the actual p pipe p size to make sure that there is less head loss. Symbol  Water Supply and Distribution System Valves and Control Types of Valves Safety Valve ‐ is a valve mechanism for the automatic release of a substance from a boiler,, p pressure vessel,, or other system y when the p pressure or temperature p exceeds preset limits. Symbol Water Supply and Distribution System Types of Faucet Compression Cock ‐ Compression Operates by the compression of a soft packing upon a metal sheet. Key Cock – Operates with a round tapering plug around to fit a metal sheet. Ball Faucet – Constructed with a ball connected to the handle. Hose Bibb ‐ A water faucet made for the threaded attachment of a hose.  Water Supply and Distribution System Water Distribution System ‐ The water service pipe, water distribution pipes, and the necessary connecting pipes, i fitti fittings, control t l valves l and d allll appurtenances t iin or adjacent dj t tto th the structure t t or premises. Parts of Water Distribution System Service Pipe – The Th pipe i ffrom the th water t main i or other th source off potable t bl water t supply l to the water distribution system of the building served. Water Meter – Device used to measure in liters or gallons the amount of water th t passes through that th h the th water t service. i Distribution Pipe/ Supply Pipe – A pipe with in the structure or on the premises which conveys water from the water service pipe or meter to the point of utilization. Riser – A water supply pipe that extends one full story or more to convey water to branches or to a group of fixtures. Fixture Branch – The water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe & the water distributing pipe pipe. Fixture Supply ‐ A water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch.  Water Supply and Distribution System Cold Water Distribution System Types of Water Distribution Direct (Upfeed) Indirect –Downfeed or Gravity System –Hydro‐pneumatic System (Air Pressure System)  Water Supply and Distribution System Cold Water Distribution System Types of Water Distribution Direct (Upfeed) ‐ Water is provided by the city water companies using normal pressure from public water main  Water Supply and Distribution System Cold Water Distribution System Types of Water Distribution Indirect –Downfeed D f d or Gravity G it SSystem t ‐ Water is pumped into a large tank on top of the building and is distributed to the fixtures by means of gravity.  Water Supply and Distribution System Cold Water Distribution System Types of Water Distribution Indirect –Hydro Pneumatic System/ Air Pressure System ‐Tanks that use water and air under pressure are referred to as a hydropneumatic tanks, or pressure tanks. Compressed air is used in these tanks as a buffer or cushion that allows a surge‐free delivery process. There are three functions for hydropneumatic tanks. tanks The first is as part of a water delivery system set to deliver water in a preset pressure range. The second uses the pressure setting to monitor a pump from turning on too often. The third is to buffer or lower pressure surges, much like a power surge protector.  Water Supply and Distribution System Cold Water Distribution System System y Advantages g Disadvantages g Upfeed System 1. Eliminate cost of pumps & tanks 1. Pressure from water main is inadequate to supply tall buildings. 2. Water supply is affected during peak load 2 hour. Air Pressure 1. With compact pumping unit 1. Water supply is affected by loss of System pressure inside the tank in case of power interruption. 2. Sanitary due to air tight water chamber. chamber 3. Economical (smaller pipe diameter) 4. Less initial construction & maintenance cost.  Water Supply and Distribution System Cold Water Distribution System System y Advantages g Disadvantages g Air Pressure 5. Oxygen in the compressed air serves System as purifying agent. 6 Ad 6. Adaptable t bl Ai Air pressure 7. Air Pressure serves zone of about 10 stores intervals Overhead 1. Water is not affected by peak load 1. Water is subject to contamination Feed System hour. 2 Not affected by power interruptions. 2. interruptions 2 High maintenance cost 2. 3. Time needed to replace broken parts 3. Occupies valuable space does not affect water supply 4. Requires stronger foundation and other structure to carry additional load of tank and water.  Water Supply and Distribution System Hot Water Distribution System Types of Hot Water Distribution Upfeed and Gravity Return System Downfeed and Gravity Return System Pump Circuit System  Water Supply and Distribution System Hot Water Distribution System Types of Hot Water Distribution Upfeed and Gravity Return System – With a continuing network of pipes to provide constant circulation of water. –Hot water rises on its own & does not need any pump for circulation. –Hot water is immediately drawn from the fixture any time –Provided economical circulatingg return of unused hot water. –Larger pipe is installed at the top of the riser & the diminishing sizes passes through the lower floors of the building  Water Supply and Distribution System Hot Water Distribution System Types of Hot Water Distribution Downfeed and Gravity Return System –Hot Hot water rises on to the highest point of the plumbing system and travels to the fixtures via gravity (closed pipe system)Water distribution is dependent on the expansion of hot water & gravity. –Larger pipe is installed at the bottom of the riser & the diminishingg sizes passes through the upper floors of the building  Water Supply and Distribution System Hot Water Distribution System Types of Hot Water Distribution Pump Circuit System –For For a more efficient circulation of hot water to the upper floor levels of multi multi‐ storey buildings Water Supply and Distribution System MATERIALS AVAILABLE FOR PLUMBING INSTALLATION Galvanized Iron or Steel Pipes –It It is i made d outt off a Mild Steel St l drawn d through th h a die di and d welded ld d castt into i t 6.00m long. However, steel pipe is subject to deposits of salts and lime which gradually accumulate and eventually choke the flow of water. This type of pipe is corroded by alkaline and acid water. water That is why when used for hot water line, it deteriorates faster than cold water supply pipe. Plastic or Synthetic Pipe Rigid Type Flexible Type 1. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) 1. Polyethylene (PE) – Coil form at 30m 2. Chlorinated Polyvinyl y y Chloride (cPVC) ( ) 2. Polybutylene y y ((PB)‐up ) p to 150m in coil 3. Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC) 4. Polyprophylene (PP) 5. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrone (ABS) 6. Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR) Water Supply and Distribution System MATERIALS AVAILABLE FOR PLUMBING INSTALLATION Cast Iron Pipe –This is durable and is conveniently installed in most of the plumbing needs in building which are less than 25 storeys high because water usually leaks at joints due to vibrations. Acid Resistant –Made Made of an allo Cast Iron Pipe psilicon. It is commonly alloy of cast iron and silicon commonl installed in chemical laboratories where acid waste are being discharged Asbestos Pipe –Made of asbestos fibers and portland cement. The thickness is twice that of standard cast iron. Most suited for embedment on concrete structures. Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe –Cheapest, light in weight, recommended for house sewer and septic tank installation. It could take slight soil movement without danger of cracking or pulling out of its joint joint. Vitrified Clay Pipe –Made from clay and with a length of 0.75m treated with glazed compound. This is g y resistant highly es sta t to most ost acids ac ds and a d iss well e suited su ted in underground u de g ou d installations sta at o s working o g either as public or house sewer, or storm drain Water Supply and Distribution System MATERIALS AVAILABLE FOR PLUMBING INSTALLATION Lead Pipe p –One of the oldest plumbing materials. Lead is highly resistant and is very suitable to underground installation. But because it is poisonous and injurious to human health, it is never recommended to convey water human consumption. Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipes –This is better than steel pipes for plumbing installation, because it is more resistant to acid waste than the steel pipe Brass Pipe p –The most expensive of all types of pipe. Made of an alloy of zinc and copper mixed at a proportion of 15% and 85% respectively. The brass pipe is superior material for waste and water installation because of its smooth surface aside from its high resistance to acids. acids Copper Pipes –A durable material which is extremely corrosive resistant‐easiest to install. Drainage System  Drainage System Basic Principle Governing the National Plumbing Code All premises intended for human use or habitation shall be provided with a supply of pure and wholesome water, neither connected to unsafe water supply nor subject to backflow or back‐ siphonage. Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be supplied with water in sufficient volume and pressure adequate to function satisfactorily and without undue noise. noise Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quantity of water consistent with proper performance and cleaning. Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as to prevent dangers from explosion through overheating. Every building abutting on a street, alley or easement with a public sewer shall connect its plumbing fixtures to the sewer system. Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water closet, closet one kitchen type sink, sink a lavatory and a bathtub or shower to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and personal hygiene. Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non‐absorbent material, free from concealed fouling surfaces and shall be located in ventilated enclosures. The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and maintained to safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids, clogging and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that the pipes may be readily cleaned.  Drainage System Basic Principle Governing the National Plumbing Code All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP‐approved materials, free from defective workmanship, designed and constructed by Registered Master Plumbers to ensure satisfactory service. Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a water‐sealed trap The drainage pipes piping system shall be designed to provide adequate circulation of air free from siphonage aspiration or forcing of trap seals under ordinary use siphonage, use. Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to prevent clogging and the return of foul air to the building. Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the workmanship. Substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures, destroy the pipes or their joints or interfere unduly with the sewage‐disposal process shall not be allowed to enter the building drainage system system. Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food, water, sterile goods and similar materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device or appliance shall be connected indirectly with the building drainage system. No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is not properly lighted and ventilated.  Drainage System Basic Principle Governing the National Plumbing Code If there is no sewer system in the area, suitable provision shall be made for the disposal of building sewage by some accepted method of sewage treatment and disposal, such as a septic tank. Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall be made to prevent its overflow in the building. Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable condition by Registered Master Plumbers Plumbers. All plumbing fixture s shall be installed properly spaced, to be accessible for their intended use. Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to the preservation of the strength of structural members and the prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces through fixture usage. Sewage or other waste from plumbing systems, which may be deleterious to surface or sub‐surface waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into any waterway, unless first rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable form of treatment.  Drainage System Subsystems of the Sanitary System Soil Drainage System Waste Drainage System or Sanitary Drainage System Storm Drainage System Vent System  Drainage System Subsystems of the Sanitary System Soil Drainage System ‐The piping that conveys the discharge of water closets or fixtures having similar functions (containing fecal matter), with or without the discharges from other fixtures Soil Drainage System  Drainage System Subsystems of the Sanitary System Waste Drainage System or Sanitary Drainage System ‐ The piping that receives the liquid discharge, from plumbing fixtures other than those fixtures (water closets) receiving fecal matter. This piping is free of fecal flow.  Drainage System Subsystems of the Sanitary System Storm Drainage System The piping system that receives clear water drainage from leaders, downspouts, surface run‐off, ground water, subsurface water, condensate water, cooling water or other similar discharges and conveys them to the point of disposal. All sanitary wastes must be excluded.  Drainage System Subsystems of the Sanitary System Vent System ‐ the piping system that receives a flow or air to or from a drainage system or to provide a circulation of air within such system to protect trap seals from siphonage or back pressure. Vent System  Drainage System GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR A PROPERLY DESIGNED DRAINAGE SYSTEM 1. The piping must be air tight 1 tight, gas tight and water tight. tight 2. Each plumbing fixture, except those with integral traps, shall be separately trapped by an approved type water seal trap. This is to prevent odor‐laden and germ‐laden to rise out of g system the drainage y and contaminate the surroundingg air in the room. 3. Each plumbing fixture trap shall be provided with vent pipes. This is to protect the drainage system against siphonage and back pressure and to assure air circulation throughout the drainage system. 4 A cleanout 4. cleanout, easily accessible accessible, shall be provided for inspection or cleaning of the pipe run run. The location of the cleanout shall be: At the upper end of every horizontal waste or soil pipe. At every change of horizontal direction of not more than 22.5 degrees Within 1.5 m (5’) inside the property line before the house sewer connection At every 15m (50’) to a horizontal run of a soil or waste pipe. 5. All horizontal piping shall be run in practical alignment and at a uniform grade of not less than 2% or 2 cm per meter toward the point of disposal disposal.  Drainage System GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR A PROPERLY DESIGNED DRAINAGE SYSTEM 6. All horizontal piping shall be supported and anchored at intervals not to exceed 3 meters. 6 meters 7. Vertical piping shall be secured at sufficiently close intervals to keep the pipe in alignment. Stacks shall be properly supported at their bases.  Drainage System DEFINITION FROM NPC 1999 EDITION HOUSE / BUILDING DRAIN‐ DRAIN part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system system, which receives the discharges from the soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside of a building and conveys it to the house sewer outside of the building HOUSE / BUILDING SEWER‐extends SEWER e tends from the house ho se drain at a point 0.60 0 60 meters from the outside face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction with the street sewer or to any point of discharge, and conveying the drainage of one building site. No house/buildingg sewer shall be smaller than 150mm in diameter, nor less in size than the house/building drain WASTE PIPE ‐ conveys only wastewater or liquid waste free of fecal matter SOIL PIPE‐ any pipe which conveys the discharge of water closet closet, urinal or fixtures having similar functions, with or without the discharges from other fixtures to the building drain or building sewer SOIL STACK PIPE PIPE‐ a vertical soil pipe conveying fecal matter and waste water. water VENT PIPE ‐ used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals  Drainage System DEFINITION FROM NPC 1999 EDITION VENT STACK‐ the vertical vent pipe installed primarily for providing circulation of air to and from any part of the soil, waste of the drainage system SEPTIC TANK‐A watertight covered receptacle designed and constructed to receive the discharge of sewage from a building sewer, separate solids from the liquid, digest organic matter and store digested solids the clarified liquids to discharge for final disposal. PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM‐ a septic tank with the effluent discharging p into a subsurface disposal field,, seepage p g ppits or of such other facilities or mayy be permitted by the plumbing code. ROOF GUTTER‐ the water collector at the eaves of the building DOWN SPOUT‐ A vertical pipe which conveys rain water, also known as conductor or rain water STORM DRAIN‐ Receives storm water , clear, rain or surface‐water waste (SD) CATCH BASIN‐ A receptacle in which liquids are retained for a sufficient period of time to allow materials to settle to deposit. TRAP‐ A fitting or device designed and constructed to provide, when properly vented, a liquid seal which prevents the backflow of foul air or methane gas without materially affecting the flow of sewage or waste water through it  Drainage System MATERIALS USED FOR THE PLUMBING DRAINAGE SYSTEM *Approved Approved by National Plumbing Code Excreta Drainage Piping 1. Cast iron 2 2. Ductile iron 3. Galvanized steel (shall not be used underground. Kept at least 152mm above ground) 4. Galvanized wrought iron (shall not be used underground. Kept at least 152mm 5. above ground) 6. Lead 7. Copper 8. Brass 9 9. Series 1000, 1000 PVC PVC, DMV 10. Extra strength vitrified clay pipe (shall not be used above ground. At least 300mm below finish ground level.) 11. Approved material having smooth and uniform bore NOTE:ABS and PVC DWV can be used in high rise buildings at the discretion of the RMP and with the full consent of the owner.  Drainage System MATERIALS USED FOR THE PLUMBING DRAINAGE SYSTEM *Approved Approved by National Plumbing Code Drainage Fitting Vent Pipes 1. Cast Iron 1. Cast iron 2 2. Malleable 2 2. Ductile cast iron 3. Lead 3. Galvanized steel 4. Brass 4. Galvanized wrought iron 5. Copper 5. Lead 6. ABS (Acrylonitrile‐Butadiene‐Styrene) 6. Copper 7. PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) 7. Brass 8. Vitrified clay 8. Schedule 40, ABS, DWV 9 9. Series 1000, 1000 PVC PVC, DWV  Drainage System MATERIALS USED FOR THE PLUMBING DRAINAGE SYSTEM *Approved Approved by National Plumbing Code Vent Stack Downspout (Interior) 1. Copper 1. Cast iron 2 2. Cast iron 2 2. Galvanized steel 3. Galvanized wrought iron 3. Iron 4. PVC 4. Brass 5. Copper Vent Fittings 6. Lead 1. Cast Iron 7. Sched 40, ABS, DMV 2. Galvanized malleable iron 8. Series 1000, PVC, DWV 3 3. Galvanized steel Downspout (Medium Height Bldg) 4. Lead 1. G.I. pipe, sch. 30 5. Copper 2. CISP, S.W. 6. Brass 3. Copper tube, type DWV 7. ABS 4. Sch. 40, ABS, DWV 8. PVC 5. Series 1000, PVC, DWV  Drainage System GRADES OF HORIZONTAL PIPING All horizontal piping shall be run in practical alignment and at a uniform grade of not less than two (2%) percent or 20mm rise per meter length, and shall be supported or anchored at intervals not exceeding 3.0m (10feet). All stacks shall be properly supported at their bases and all pipes shall be rigidly secured secured. Two inches (2(2”)) rise per every one hundred (100”) length. A soil branch having a pitch of more than 2% has the tendency of waste separation. The water flow faster and heavy suspended materials are left and deposited at the bottom of the pipe.  Drainage System CHANGES IN DIRECTION All changes in direction shall be made by the appropriate forty forty‐five five degree (45⁰) wyes, half wyes, long sweep quarter bends, except that single sanitary tees may be used on vertical stacks, and short quarter bends may be used in soil and waste lines where the change in direction of flow is from the horizontal to the vertical. Tees and crosses may be used in vent pipes. X  Drainage System PROHIBITED FITTINGS No double hub hub, double T branch shall be used on horizontal soil or waste line line. The drilling and tapping of house drains, soil waste or vent pipes and the use of saddle hubs and bends are prohibited. X X X  Drainage System TRAPS WHERE REQUIRED: EEach h plumbing l bi fixture, fi t exceptt those th with ith integral i t l traps, t shall h ll be b separately trapped with an approved‐type water seal trap: Only one trap shall be permitted on a trap arm (portion of a fixture drain between a trap and the vent) One trap, centrally located, may serve three single compartment, sinks or laundry tubs or lavatories, adjacent to each other and in the same room, where their waste outlets are not more than 0.75m apart.  Drainage System SIZE OF TRAPS Th The trap t shall h ll b be the th same size i as the th trap t arm tto which hi h it iis connected. Each fixture trap shall have a trap seal of water of not less than 51 mm and not more than 102 mm (except where a deeper seal is found necessary by the Administrative Authority for special conditions.  Drainage System INSTALLATION OF TRAPS Th The developed d l d llength th off the th trap t arm ((measured d from f the th ttop off closet ring to inner edge of vent ) of a water closet or similar fixture shall not exceed 1.8 m. For trap arm 76 mm dia or larger, a cleanout is required for a change of direction of greater than 22 ½ °.  Drainage System TYPES OF PERMISSIBLE TRAPS The Common P‐Trap Used for lavatories, kitchen sinks, laundry tubs, & urinals Materials commonly used for the P P‐trap: trap: nickel nickel, chrome plated brass, Galvanized malleable copper, & PVC.  Drainage System TYPES OF PERMISSIBLE TRAPS The Deep Seal P‐Trap Water seal is about twice the size of The common P‐trap Used for extreme conditions because resealing quality is greater  Drainage System TYPES OF PERMISSIBLE TRAPS The Stand Trap Used for fixtures such as slop sinks that are usually built low in the ground leaving very little space for a foundation & a trap ground, Serves as a water seal & structural support for the fixture  Drainage System TYPES OF PERMISSIBLE TRAPS The Running Trap Used within the line of the house drain  Drainage System TYPES OF PERMISSIBLE TRAPS The Drum Trap Has a large diameter (around 0.16 m) Used for fixtures that discharge large amount of water (bathtubs (bathtubs, shower or floor drains)  Drainage System INSTALLATION OF TRAPS Th The vertical ti l distance di t b between t a fixture fi t outlet tl t ttailpiece il i and d th the ttrap weir shall not exceed 0.60 m in length. Horizontal Distance of Trap Arms Trap Arm Distance to Diameter Vent 32mm 0.76m 38mm 1.07m 51 51mm 1 52 1.52m Note: In no case shall the trap 76mm 1.83m distance be less than 2 times the 102mm > 3 05m 3.05m diameter of the trap arm.  Drainage System CLEAN‐OUTS REQUIRED At the upper pp terminal of everyy horizontal sewer or waste line At each run of piping more than 15 meters (50 feet) in total developed length at every 15 m (50 ft) of total developed length or a fraction thereof Additional clean‐out shall be provided on a horizontal line with an aggregate offset angle exceeding 135° Inside the building near the connection between the building drain and the building sewer or installed outside the building at the lower end of the building drain and extended to grade. CLEAN‐OUTS NOT REQUIRED On a horizontal drain less than 1.5 m in length unless such line is serving sinks or urinals. urinals On short horizontal drainage pipe installed at a slope of 72 deg or less from the vertical line (or at an angle of 1/5 bend)  Drainage System VENTILATION Vent Pipe ‐ A pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap p seals. Main Types 1. Main Soil and Waste Vent 8. Looped Vent 2. Main Vent 9. Wet Vent 3. Individual Vent or Back Vent 10. Local Vent 4. Unit, Common, or Dual Vent 11. Dry Vent 5. Relief Vent 12. Stack Vent 6 6. Yoke or By By‐Pass Pass Vent 13 Vent Stack 13. 7. Circuit Vent  Drainage System Main Soil and Waste Vent the ‘backbone’ of the entire sanitary system Connected to the Main Soil & Waste Stack The portion where waste does not travel through Continues to the roof; the portion penetrating the roof is called the Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR)  Drainage System Main Vent the principal artery of the venting system to which vent branches are connected. connected A.K.A. “Collecting Vent Line” serves as support to the Main Soil & Waste Vent  Drainage System Individual Vent or Back Vent a pipe installed to vent a fixture trap, that connects with the vent system above the fixture served or terminates in the open air. Sizes: Lavatories, drinking fountain Lavatories : 1‐1/2 1‐1/2” Sink : 1‐1/2” Shower, Laundry, Slop, Sink : 1” Water Closet :33”  Drainage System Unit, Common or Dual Vent An arrangement of venting so installed that one vent pipe serve two (2) traps  Drainage System Relief Vent a vertical vent line that provides additional circulation of air between the drainage and vent systems or to act as an auxiliary vent on a specially designed system such as a “yoke vent” connection between the soil and vent stacks.  Drainage System Yoke or By‐pass Vent A pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack below the floor and below horizontal connection to an adjacent vent stack at a point above the floor and higher than the highest spill level of fixtures for preventing pressure changes in the stacks.  Drainage System Circuit Vent a group vent pipe which starts in front of the extreme (highest) fixture connection on a hori ontal branch and connects horizontal to the vent stack. a.k.a. ‘Loop Loop Vent’ Vent Serves a battery of fixtures Number of water closet Diameter of circuit installed in a series vent 2 50mm (2”) 3 to 6 75mm (3 (3”)) 7 or more 100mm (4”)  Drainage System Looped Vent a vertical vent connection on a horizontal soil or waste pipe branch at a point downstream of the last fixture connection and turning to a horizontal line above the highest overflow level of the highest fixture connected there Used in spaces without partitions  Drainage System Wet Vent That portion of a vent pipe through which wastewater also flows through through.  Drainage System Local Vent a pipe or shaft to convey foul air from a plumbing fixture or a room to the outer air. D Vent Dry V t a vent that does not carry liquid or water‐borne wastes. Vent Stack the vertical vent pipe installed primarily for providing circulation off air i to t and d from f any partt off the th soil, il waste t off the th drainage d i system. The uppermost end above the roof has traditionally been referred to as Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR).  Drainage System VENTS REQUIRED Each trap shall be protected against siphonage and back‐ pressure through venting. VENTS NOT REQUIRED On a primary settling tank interceptor which discharges through a horizontal indirect waste pipe into a secondary interceptor. The secondary interceptor shall be properly trapped and vented. Traps serving sinks in an island bar counter. Such sink shall discharge by means of an approved indirect waste pipe into a floor sink or other approved type receptor.  Drainage System SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS Trap Seal Loss 1. Direct Siphonage or Self Siphonage ‐ occurs in unvented traps that serve oval bottom fixtures such as lavatories. Such fixtures discharge their contents rapidly and do not have the final small trickle of water needed to reseal the trap. When the plug is withdrawn, the water flows out fast and completely fills the waste pipe. The water displaces the air that normally fills the waste pipe, lowering the atmospheric pressure on the discharge side of the trap. Atmospheric pressure on the fixture side forces the water through g the trap,p, and the seal is lost.  Drainage System SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS Trap Seal Loss  Drainage System SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS Trap Seal Loss 2. Indirect or Momentum Siphonage ‐ caused by a large discharge of water from a fixture installed one or more floors above the affected fixture. This large discharge tends to form a slug in the stack; and as this slug passes the takeoff of the fixture below it, air is pulled out of the waste line on the lower fixture. This reduces the pressure on the discharge side of the trap. There is no reseal until there is a discharge from the lower fixture.  Drainage System SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS Trap Seal Loss  Drainage System SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS Trap Seal Loss 3. Back Pressure. Back pressure within a sanitary drainage system is caused by simultaneous fixture use that overtaxes the plumbing system, causing a positive pressure that affects the water seal of a trap. A large flow may completely fill the pipe, causing the compressed atmospheric gases to offer resistance because they cannot slip past the flow of the water and exhaust at a roof terminal. As the water falls, the pressure increases and compresses the air, and the trap p seal blows out of the fixture.  Drainage System SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS Trap Seal Loss  Drainage System SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS Trap Seal Loss 4. Capillary Action ‐ Loss of trap seal by capillary action is caused by a foreign object lodged in the trap. The object acts as a wick and carries the water from the trap over the outlet side into the waste pipe until the seal is ineffective. Rags, string, lint, and hair commonly cause this problem.  Drainage System SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS Trap Seal Loss  Drainage System SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS Trap Seal Loss 5. Evaporation. Loss of trap seal from evaporation only occurs when a fixture is not used for a long time. The rate of evaporation in a trap depends on the humidity and temperature of the atmosphere. A trap in a warm, dry place will lose water seal by evaporation more rapidly than one in a cool, damp place. Ventilation does not solve the problem. The use of a deep‐seal trap is the best solution. One disadvantage is that solid wastes collect in the bottom of the trap and clogg the p pipe p  Drainage System Septic Tank A watertight covered receptacle designed and constructed to receive the discharge of sewage from a building sewer, separate solids from the liquid, digest organic matter and store digested solids through a period of detention,, and allow the clarified liquids p q to discharge g for final disposal Sludge g solid organic matter that are denser than water and settle at the bottom of the septic tank Scum lighter organic material that rise to the surface of the water Effluent liquid content of sewage  Drainage System Septic Tank Minimum Dimensions: Length (L) : 1500mm Width (W) : 900mm 900 Depth (D) : 1200mm  Drainage System Septic Tank Compartment ‐First compartment: not less than 2/3 capacity of the total capacity of tank; not less than 2 cum liquid capacity; shall be at least 0.9 0 9 m width and 11.5 5 m long long; Liquid depth not less than 0.6 m nor more than 1.8 m. ‐Secondary compartment: maximum capacity of 1/3 total capacity of tank; minimum of 1 cum liquid capacity ‐ In septic tanks having over 6 cum capacity, the secondary compartment should be not less than 1.5 m in length. ‐ maintain a slope of 1:10 at the bottom of the digestion chamber to collect the sludge and make it easily accessible from the manhole  Drainage System Septic Tank Manholes ‐ with at least two (2) manholes, 508 mm in min dimension; one over inlet, other over outlet. Wherever first compartment exceeds 3 3.7 7 m in length length, an additional manhole required over the baffle wall. Sizes of p pipe p inlet & outlet & their vertical legs g ‐ Inlet and Outlet pipes –diameter size not less than the sewer pipe ‐ Vertical legs of inlet and outlet pipes –diameter size not less than the sewer pipe nor less than 104.6 mm.  Drainage System Septic Tank Length and location of inlet & outlet ‐ Shall extend 101.6 mm above and at least 304.8 mm below the water surface ‐ Invert of the inlet pipe shall be at a level not less than 50 50.8 8 mm above the invert of the outlet pipe. Air space ‐ Side walls shall extend 228.6 mm above liquid depth. ‐ Cover of septic tank shall be at least 50.8 mm above the back vent openings Partition (between compartments) An inverted fitting equivalent in size to the tank inlet, but in no case less than 104 104.66 mm in diameter diameter, shall be installed in the inlet compartment side of the baffle with the bottom of the fitting placed midway in the depth of the liquid. Wooden baffles are prohibited.  Drainage System Septic Tank Structure Shall be capable of supporting an earth load of not less than 14.4 kPa Capacity ‐The capacity of septic tanks is determined by the number of bedrooms or apartment units in dwelling occupancies; by the estimated waste/sewage / g design g flow rate for various buildingg occupancies; p ; or byy the number of fixture units of all plumbing fixtures; whichever is greater. ‐The capacity of any one septic tank and its drainage system shall also be limited by the soil structure classification in its drainage field. field Location ‐ Should not be located underneath the house ‐ At least l 15 meters ffrom the h water distribution d b system  Drainage System Septic Tank Suggested Size Number of Person Served Depth Width Length 10 1.20 0.90 1.80 15 1.20 1.10 2.20 20 1.20 1.25 2.50 25 1.20 1.40 2.80 30 1.30 1.50 3.00 35 1 30 1.30 1 60 1.60 3 20 3.20 40 1.40 1.65 3.30 45 1.40 1.75 3.50 50 1.50 1.80 3.60  Drainage System Septic Tank Suggested Size Number of Person Served Depth Width Length 60 1.50 1.95 3.90 70 1.50 2.00 4.00 80 1.60 2.20 4.40 90 1.80 2.30 4.60 100 1.80 2.50 5.00  Drainage System Septic Tank Technical Data in Determining Volume of Tank 1. Min. Width: 0.90m 2. Min Length: 1.50m 3 3. Min Depth: 1.20m 1 20m 4. For Residential: allocate 0.14 to 0.17 cum of liquid per person 5. For School and industrial establishment: Volume should not be l less than h 0.057cum nor more than h 0.086 cum per person Plumbing Fixtures  Plumbing Fixtures Fixtures ‐ receptacles attached to a plumbing system other than a trap in which water or waste may be collected or retained for ultimate discharge into the plumbing system. Common types off plumbing l b ffixtures used d in residences d 1. Water closet 2. Lavatory 3. Kitchen sink 4 Urinal 4. Ui l 5. Bidet 6. Bath tub  Plumbing Fixtures Water Closet A plumbing fixture used to receive human excremental and to discharge it through a waste pipe, using water as a conveying medium. Water closets are classified according to design, make, flushing mechanism,, shapep and installation. Types of Water Closet as to Design 1. Siphon p washdown 2.Siphon jet 3. Siphon Vortex 4. Reverse trap  Plumbing Fixtures Water Closet Fixture DFU Vent Soil pipe Private Use 4 76mm (3”) 100mm (4”) Public Use 6 76mm (3”) 100mm (4”) Fixture WSFU Water Supply Pipe Flush Tank ‐ Private 3 12mm (1/2”) Flush l h Tankk – Public bl 5 12mm (1/2”) ( / ”) Flush Valve – Private 6 25mm (1”) Flush Valve – Public 10 25mm (1 (1”))  Plumbing Fixtures Siphon washdown The least expensive but the noisiest; only small amount of standing water‐susceptible to fouling, staining and contamination. It is mechanically satisfactory and is lower in price. Hence, it is widely used and entirelyy acceptable p where price p is the main consideration.  Plumbing Fixtures Siphon Jet The jet being submerged introduces its water underwater so that its operation is entirely muffled. It has a large amount of standing water to prevent fouling. It is mechanically efficient but expensive.  Plumbing Fixtures Siphon Vortex this type of bowl develops its flushing action through the water entering through diagonal holes around the rim which creates a swirling action which forms a vortex in the center. It is considered to be the most qquiet,, most efficient and most sanitaryy water closet.  Plumbing Fixtures Reverse Trap the trap way located at the rear of the water closet eliminated the bulge at the front. The design and appearance of the bowl plus its large water area and quietness in operation, make it desirable than siphon wash down.  Plumbing Fixtures Types of Water Closet as to Make 1. 1 One Piece 2. Close Coupled 3. Pail flush 4. Squat Bowl  Plumbing Fixtures One Piece The water closet fixture is manufactured with the bowl and the flush tank molded into a single unit. Usually used in tandem with the bidet.  Plumbing Fixtures Pail Flush a water closet comprising only of a bowl without a flush tank. Flushing action is obtained only through water poured from a pail or bucket. This is used in areas where running water systems are not available.  Plumbing Fixtures Squat Bowl A water closet that is otherwise known as “Eastern type” since the user assumes a squatting position rather than a sitting position  Plumbing Fixtures Types of Water Closet as to Flushing Mechanism Flush Tank holds a supply of water for flushing a fixture such as the water closet. It has a capacity i off 5 to 6 gallons ll Flush Valve (Flushometer) holds a supply of water for flushing a fixture such as the water closet closet. It has a capacity of 5 to 6 gallons  Plumbing Fixtures Types of Water Closet as to Shape Round Front intended for installation on a limited space Elongated Front is more comfortable but occupies a larger space  Plumbing Fixtures Types of Water Closet as to Installation Free Standing (Floor Mounted) Wall Hung (Wall Mounted)  Plumbing Fixtures Minimum Water Closet Clearances  Plumbing Fixtures Lavatory a fixture designed for the washing of the hands or face. It is also known as wash basin. Types of Lavatory 1. Wall hung 2. Pedestal 3 3. C Counter t Type T LLavatory t – Over O Counter C t or Under U d Counter C t 4. Surface Mounted Lavatory 5 5. One Piece Lavatory  Plumbing Fixtures Lavatory Fixture DFU Vent Soil pipe Sets 2 38mm (1‐1/2”) 38mm (1‐1/2”) Single 1 38mm (1‐1/2”) 38mm (1‐1/2”) Fixture WSFU Water Supply Pipe Private 1 12mm (1/2”) Public bl 2 12mm (1/2”) ( / ”)  Plumbing Fixtures Types of Lavatory Wall Hung Lavatory  Plumbing Fixtures Types of Lavatory Pedestal Lavatory  Plumbing Fixtures Types of Lavatory Counter Type Lavatory Undercounter Overcounter  Plumbing Fixtures Types of Lavatory Surface Mounted Lavatory  Plumbing Fixtures Minimum Lavatory Clearance  Plumbing Fixtures Bidet a plumbing fixture used for washing the middle part of the body, especially the genitals. It is also known as the Sitz Bath  Plumbing Fixtures Bidet Fixture DFU Vent Soil pipe Bidet 2 38mm (1‐1/2”) 51mm (2”) Fixture WSFU Water Supply Pipe Private 2 12mm (1/2”) Public 4 12mm (1/2”)  Plumbing Fixtures Bathtub a tube for bathing, usually a fixed plumbing installation designed for one person. It is available in left outlet and right outlet Requirements for whirlpool bathtubs 1. Provide removable access panel to the pump. p p 2. Locate the circulation pump above the crown weir of the trap. 3. The pump and the circulation piping shall be self‐draining to minimize water retention. 4. Suction fittings on whirlpool bathtubs shall comply with the listed standards  Plumbing Fixtures Bathtub Fixture DFU Vent Soil pipe Bathtub 2 38mm (1‐1/2”) 38mm (1‐1/2”) Fixture WSFU Water Supply Pipe Private 2 12mm (1/2”) Public bl 4 12mm (1/2”) ( / ”)  Plumbing Fixtures Urinal A sanitary fixture equipped with a water supply and drain for flushing away urine Types of Urinal 1. Wall hung Urinal 2. Pedestal Urinal 3 3. St ll U Stall Urinal i l 4. Through Urinal  Plumbing Fixtures Urinal Fixture DFU Vent Soil pipe Wall Mounted 6 38mm (1‐1/2”) 51mm (2”) Stall 6 38mm (1‐1/2”) 51mm (2”) Trap Arm 3 38mm (1‐1/2”) 51mm (2”) Fixture WSFU Water Supply Pipe Wall Mounted 5 19mm (3/4”) Stall 5 19mm (3/4”)  Plumbing Fixtures Wall Hung Urinal  Plumbing Fixtures Pedestal Urinal  Plumbing Fixtures Stall Urinal  Plumbing Fixtures Through Urinal  Plumbing Fixtures Minimum Urinal Clearance  Plumbing Fixtures Other Fixture Units Sinks Fixture DFU Vent Soil pipe Kitchen Sink (residential) 2 38mm (1‐1/2”) 51mm (2”) Bar Sink (commercial) 2 38mm (1‐1/2”) 51mm (2”) Sinkk (Commercial, Si (C i l 3 38 38mm (1‐1/2”) (1 1/2”) 51 51mm (2”) industrial, Institutional) Sink (clinic) Flushing Rim 6 38mm (1‐1/2”) 76mm (3”) Slop Sink 3 38mm (1‐1/2”) 51mm (2”) Laundry Tub 2 38mm (1‐1/2”) 38mm (1‐1/2”)  Plumbing Fixtures Other Fixture Units Sinks Fixture WSFU Water Supply Pipe Kit h Sink Kitchen Si k 4 12 12mm (1/2”) Scullery Sink 4 19mm (3/4”) Slop Sink 10 12mm (1/2 (1/2”)) Laundry Tub 4 12mm (1/2”) Bar Sink 2 12mm (1/2”)  Plumbing Fixtures Other Fixture Units Drinking Fountain Fixture DFU Vent Soil pipe Private 1 32mm (1‐1/4”) 32mm (1‐1/4”) Public 1 32mm (1‐1/4”) 32mm (1‐1/4”) Fixture WSFU Water Supply Pipe Pi t Private 1 ((each h ffaucet) t) 12 12mm (1/2”) Public 2 (each faucet) 12mm (1/2”)  Plumbing Fixtures Other Fixture Units Shower Bath Fixture DFU Vent Soil pipe Private 2 38mm (1‐1/2”) 51mm (2”) Public 2 38mm (1‐1/2”) 51mm (2”) Fixture WSFU Water Supply Pipe Pi t Private 2 ((each hhhead) d) 12 12mm (1/2”) Public 4 (each head) 12mm (1/2”)  Plumbing Fixtures Other Fixture Units Floor Drain Fixture DFU Vent Soil pipe Private 2 38mm (1‐1/2”) 51mm (2”) Public 2 38mm (1‐1/2”) 51mm (2”) Hose Bibb Fixture WSFU Water Supply Pipe Private 3 12mm (1/2”) Public 5 12mm (1/2”) Storm Water System  Storm Water System Storm Drain This is the portion of the plumbing system which conveys rain or storm water to a suitable terminal. This is usually discharged into a street gutter conveyed by a public drain system and carried to some natural drainage g terminal such as lakes or rivers. Size of Storm Drain The following factors should be considered when determining the size of the storm drain: 1. Gauging the rainfall, constant, short duration or heavy shower 2. The varying roof area and its slope including the distance of water travell before b f it i reaches h the h conductors d or downspouts d off the h rooff 3. Water drain is faster on higher pitched roofs hence, requires a larger drainage pipe than that of a flat roof 4 Th 4. The height h i h off the h bbuilding ildi contributes ib to the h hi high h velocity l i off water iin the vertical conductor and accelerate the flow of water entering the storm drain.  Storm Water System Size of Storm Drain The followingg factors should be considered when determiningg the size of the storm drain: 5. Short offsets and indiscriminate use of fittings affect the flow of water water.  Storm Water System Size of Storm Drain Pipe Diameter Maximum obtained roof area (sqm) (mm) (in) 2% slope 3% Slope 4% Slope 75 3” 114 142 170 100 4” 242 315 388 125 5” 438 566 694 150 6” 700 903 1105 1888 2313 200 8” 8 1463 3309 4055 250 10” 2563 5290 6480 300 12” 4100 350 14” 5576 7203 8830  Storm Water System Size of Roof Leader Area off Roof A R f Gutter G tt TTop Downspoutt or Roof D R f (sqm) Dimension Leader Diameter (mm) (mm) 1 to 10 75 38 11 to 25 100 50 26 to 75 100 75 76 to 165 125 90 166 to 335 150 100 336 to 510 200 125 511 to 900 250 150