87af8310-4cf4-4beb-9a93-5830006b4629_COG_3_LECTURE.pdf

COG_3_LECTURE Gestalt Theory Gestalt (“whole form”) developed by Max Wertheimer, a Austrian man who proposed a way of organizing information and input. Bottom-up (BU) and top-down (TD) processes are either combined (tandem) or with one being more dominant...

COG_3_LECTURE Gestalt Theory Gestalt (“whole form”) developed by Max Wertheimer, a Austrian man who proposed a way of organizing information and input. Bottom-up (BU) and top-down (TD) processes are either combined (tandem) or with one being more dominant (usually TD). Idea Concepts What is Gestalt? Proximity How close items are together Similarity Objects that are similar tend to be grouped together Good continuation Will interpret the most logical flow What are the Elements in the same region tend to be grouped Common region together principles of Gestalt? Uniform Connected regions are perceived as a single unit Connectedness Contour To perceive to continue across neighboring lines Connectedness (concerned with the orientation) People will prioritize proximity first, then similarity. People will prioritize colour and will ignore shape. What are the conflicts Quinlan and Wilton (1998) Object Memory Idea Concepts COG_3_LECTURE 1  Iconic Memory Temporary visual storage of stimuli; Momentary sensory memory (Sperling, 1960; but of visual stimuli (120ms - 240ms). coined by Neisser, Associated in the Occipital loop, however focussing on the 1967) stimuli can push the information to other brain regions. States that there are three principles of visual persistence. Visual persistence Neural; Continuation of neural activity even after the visual Neural stimulus is no longer present. Visible Visible; Briefly presented stimulus appears momentarily Informational after its left. Informational; Information that is still available once a stimulus is no longer visible. Inverse duration effect: (longer duration = less persistent iconic Inverse duration memory) effect Inverse intensity effect: (more intense = less persistent iconic Inverse intensity memory) effect Visuo Spatial Explains the storage and manipulation of visual stimuli and space. Sketchpad Effort to maintain sketchpad (Buchsbaum & D’Esposito, 2008) (Baddeley, 1986) …because of Function of working memory (Gathercole, 2008) Top-down Top-down processing. process Prone to interference. Working memory 2 Proposed components of this theory: 1. Visual cache (form AND colour) Concepts 2. Inner circle (spatial AND movement information) Chess and Tetris Mental rotation; rotating an image of an object in the mind. COG_3_LECTURE 2  Boundary extension; Visualize the object beyond its boundaries. Considerations Mental rotation Representational momentum (Fyde and Finke); motion depicted in a still picture continues in an observer's mind. Boundary extension Critical for our survival. System that temporarily retains info concerning visual features Representational such as color and shape. momentum Object memory processing texture, colour, size, orientation. Visual memory recall was strongest for living things. Mental imagery Mental imagery is the ability to recreate the sensory world in the absence of physical stimuli. Idea Concepts Galton (1883) Galton realized that not everybody can construct detailed mental imagery. There are two components of mental imagery: We also have spat Main components 1. The ability to bring the image into mind (Imagining) 2. Spatial representation or Ability to manipulate the object (this extends to other senses too). Initiated It can be initiated accidentally; Behaviorists dismiss this as an accidentally important component because it cannot be observed. Kosslyn Kosslyn Proposed that: (1973, 1980, 1994) a. Mental images are generated from long term memory. & Denis and b. Spatial properties are retained. Kosslyn (1999) COG_3_LECTURE 3