Gestalt Theory Lecture

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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'Gestalt' refer to in psychological theory?

  • The organization of information into a whole form (correct)
  • A technique for improving sensory perception
  • A method for analyzing isolated stimuli
  • The process of memorizing details

In Gestalt principles, which factor is prioritized first when organizing visual stimuli?

  • Texture over color
  • Proximity over similarity (correct)
  • Similarity over proximity
  • Color over shape

Which Gestalt principle suggests that objects in the same area are perceived as a group?

  • Good continuation
  • Common region (correct)
  • Similarity
  • Connectedness

What is 'iconic memory' as described in the content?

<p>Temporary visual storage of stimuli lasting 120ms - 240ms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle implies that we perceive lines to continue across neighboring elements?

<p>Good continuation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the principle of 'connectedness' influence perception?

<p>Objects that are touching are seen as a unit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinction between bottom-up and top-down processes in Gestalt theory?

<p>They can be combined, but usually one is more dominant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the described principles of Gestalt?

<p>Contrast (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does visual persistence NOT include as one of its principles?

<p>Long-lasting iconic memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the inverse duration effect?

<p>Increased duration results in decreased iconic memory persistence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the false characteristic of the visual cache in Baddeley's theory of working memory.

<p>Processes spatial and movement information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of visual memory, what does the inverse intensity effect imply?

<p>More intense stimuli lead to reduced persistence of iconic memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?

<p>To maintain and manipulate visual stimuli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is NOT associated with top-down processing?

<p>Data-driven interpretation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive task does 'mental rotation' refer to in visual processing?

<p>Rotating an image of an object in the mind (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the working memory model relates specifically to managing spatial and movement data?

<p>Inner circle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of boundary extension in visual processing?

<p>To visualize objects beyond their physical limits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a main component of mental imagery according to Galton?

<p>Emotional response to the image (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Representational momentum is best described as:

<p>Movement perceived after viewing a static image (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of visual memory recall is notably stronger according to the provided content?

<p>Living things (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did behaviorists generally view mental imagery?

<p>As an unimportant component of cognition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement aligns with Kosslyn's proposals regarding mental images?

<p>Mental images originate from long-term memory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'spatial representation' mean in the context of mental imagery?

<p>The mental manipulation of an object's features (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key realization did Galton have about people's ability to construct mental imagery?

<p>Detail in mental imagery varies among individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Gestalt Theory

  • Founded by Max Wertheimer, an Austrian psychologist, focusing on how we organize information.
  • Gestalt translates to "whole form," emphasizing perception as holistic rather than fragmented.
  • Involves two processes: bottom-up (BU) and top-down (TD), which can operate in tandem or manifest dominantly as TD.

Key Principles of Gestalt

  • Proximity: Items that are closer together are perceived as related or grouped.
  • Similarity: Similar objects (in shape, color, etc.) are naturally grouped by the brain.
  • Good continuation: Preference for continuous lines and shapes over abrupt endings.
  • Common region: Elements within a defined area are perceived together.
  • Connectedness: Connected items are seen as a single unit.
  • Contour: Perception continues across lines or boundaries.

Cognitive Processes and Conflicts

  • Individuals prioritize proximity over similarity, often focusing on color over shape when interpreting visual information.

Object Memory

  • Iconic Memory: Temporary storage of visual stimuli lasting between 120ms to 240ms; related to sensory memory.
  • Visual Persistence Principles:
    • Neural: Continuation of activity in response to a stimulus that is no longer present.
    • Visible: Briefly perceived stimuli can linger in perception momentarily.
    • Informational: Information remains accessible after the stimulus disappears.
  • Inverse Duration Effect: Longer lasting visual stimuli result in less persistent memory.
  • Inverse Intensity Effect: More intense stimuli lead to decreased persistence in iconic memory.

Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad

  • Described by Baddeley in 1986, it manages visual information and spatial manipulation.
  • Functions as part of working memory and is susceptible to interference.
  • Contains two components:
    • Visual Cache: Stores form and color information.
    • Inner Scribe: Holds spatial and movement data.

Mental Rotation and Spatial Representation

  • Mental rotation involves manipulating images in the mind, critical for tasks like chess and Tetris.
  • Boundary Extension: Tendency to visualize beyond the actual boundaries of an object.
  • Representational Momentum: The perception of motion continues in the mind even when observing a still image.

Mental Imagery

  • Defined as the ability to recreate sensory experiences without physical stimuli.
  • Two components identified:
    • Imagining: Bringing an image into consciousness.
    • Spatial Representation: Manipulating an image or concept mentally, applicable to other senses.
  • Not everyone can create detailed mental images, a realization noted by Francis Galton in 1883.
  • Initiation can occur accidentally, leading to discussions on its significance despite being non-observable.
  • Kosslyn's Theory: Mental images arise from long-term memory, retaining spatial properties over time.

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