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PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD Agricultural Structures – Housing for Swine Production PAES 401:2001 Foreword The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled “Enhancing the Implement...

PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD Agricultural Structures – Housing for Swine Production PAES 401:2001 Foreword The formulation of this national standard was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled “Enhancing the Implementation of the AFMA Through Improved Agricultural Engineering Standards” which was funded by the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture (DA). This standard has been technically prepared in accordance with PNS 01-4:1998 (ISO/IEC Directives Part 3:1997 – Rules for the Structure and Drafting of International Standards. It specifies the general requirements for swine housing. The word “shall” is used to indicate requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform to the standard and from which no deviation is permitted. The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as particularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding others, or that a certain course of action is preferred but not necessarily required. In the formulation of this standard reference were made to: Building Your Farm, Book 5, Basic Pig Keeping Manual, ITCPH, Lipa City. DA AO No. 41, Series of 2000 Code of Practice and Minimum Standards for the Welfare of Pigs. Developing Good Dunging Habits of Swine for Partially Slotted Floors. Farm Structures, May 1982. Esmay, M. L. and Dixon, John E. Environmental Control for Agricultural Buildings. HSUS Recommended Humane Standards for Raising Livestock and Poultry. Jacobson, Larry D. Natural Ventilation for Pig Housing, AEU-5. MacDonald, Ronald Newton and Sue Penman. Pig Husbandry for Warm Climates. Agriculture and Natural Resources Series, UK. Squibb Swine Farming Manual. Structures and Environment Handbook. MWPS, September 1977, 9th Edition. Swine Barn Construction and Services Plan. Canada Plan Service, June 1987. Swine Care Handbook. Swine Housing and Equipment Handbook, MWPS. D-1 Swine Housing and Equipment Plan. Canada Plan Service, April 1986. The Philippines Recommends for Pork Production. PCARRD. Training Manual for Swine Production. SEARCA. D-2 PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 401:2001 Agricultural Structures – Housing for Swine Production 1 Scope This standard specifies the minimum requirements for swine housing. It includes space requirement, feeding and watering facilities. 2 Reference The following normative document contains provisions which through reference in this text constitute provisions of this National Standard: Philippine Electrical Code 2000 National Plumbing Code of the Philippines PAES 414:2002 3 Agricultural Structures – Waste Management Structures Definition For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply: 3.1 boar refers to a male breeding swine which is at least 8 months old 3.2 creep area place for piglets inside the farrowing pen 3.3 culling rate rate of removing undesirable or unproductive animals within the herd 3.4 dry sows unbred sows which have just been weaned; non-pregnant sows 3.5 farrowing act of giving birth in swine D-3 PAES 401:2001 3.6 farrowing pen area in which a sow is confined during farrowing and lactation periods, but in which the sow can turn around 3.7 farrowing stall farrowing crate device in which a sow is confined during farrowing and lactation periods and which prevents sow from turning around 3.8 fattener swine raised for meat production usually starts at 15 kg 3.9 finisher swine which are 66 kg and up 3.10 gilt female swine that has not farrowed 3.11 grower swine from 40 to 65 kg 3.12 litter piglets born in one farrowing 3.13 litter index farrowing index average number of farrowings of one sow per year 3.14 occupancy number of days an animal stays in a pen 3.15 sow any breeding female pig that has farrowed 3.16 weaner weanling piglet that has been recently separated from its mother D-4 PAES 401:2001 4 Location 4.1 The location shall conform to the land use plan of the area. 4.2 The site shall be accessible to service roads, water supply and electric lines. 4.3 The site shall be well drained and allows for free air circulation. 4.4 The building shall be constructed in an east-west orientation and the structure for marketable animals shall be located near the service road. 4.5 The site shall be located where the prevailing winds will not carry odors to the farmhouse. 5 Swine housing system 5.1 One-unit system In this system, the sows are removed when the piglets reach weaning age. The pigs remain in the same building from farrowing until they reach the desired weight for slaughtering. Gestating house Farrowing house Sow Figure 1 – One-unit system 5.2 Two-unit system The sows and piglets remain in the farrowing house until the piglets are weaned. The weanlings are transferred to a growing-finishing house. Gestating house Farrowing house Sow Weanlings GrowingFinishing house Figure 2 – Two-unit system 5.3 Three-unit system The sows and piglets remain in the farrowing house until weaning. The weanlings are moved to a nursery house and finally to a growing-finishing unit where they stay until they are ready for slaughter. D-5 PAES 401:2001 Gestating house Farrowing house Sow Weanlings Nursery house GrowingFinishing house Figure 3 – Three-unit system 5.4 Four-unit system The sows and piglets remain in the farrowing house until weaning. After weaning, piglets are moved to a nursery house, then to a growing house and finally to a finishing house until they are ready for slaughter. Gestating house Farrowing house Sow Weanlings Nursery house Growing house Finishing house Figure 4 – Four-unit system 6 Space requirements Minimum space requirement for swine is shown in Table 1. Table 1 – Minimum recommended space requirement for swine Age and size of animal Groups of growing swine Up to 10 kg 11 - 20 kg 21 - 40 kg 41 - 60 kg 61 - 80 kg 81 - 100 kg Gilts up to mating Adult pigs in groups D-6 Space requirements per animal m2/animal 0.11 0.20 0.35 0.50 0.70 0.85 1.00 2.50 PAES 401:2001 Table 1 (continued) Space requirements Age and size of animal per animal m2/animal Gestating sows 1.20 Boar pens 7.50 Lactating sows and litters 7.40 Individual pens 5.60 Multi-suckling groups Dry sows 1.80 7 Structural requirements 7.1 Roof 7.1.1 Roofing material should be made of corrugated G.I. sheets and other durable roofing materials. At least one-meter roof overhang shall be provided to ensure shade and to protect the swine from rain. 7.1.2 Roof should be equipped with gutters so that rainwater can be drained away separately. 7.1.3 The types of roof for swine housing are semi-monitor, semi-shed, monitor, double span and shed as shown in Figure 5. 7.2 Ceiling (optional) Ceiling height shall be at least 2.4 m high. 7.3 Walls Building sidewalls shall have a minimum height of 1 m and shall be made of durable materials. 7.4 Floors 7.4.1 Solid floors 7.4.1.1 Concrete floors shall be paved on a well compacted gravel fills. 7.4.1.2 Floor shall be skid-resistant with 2% - 4 % slope towards a gutter or drainage canal. The direction of the slope shall be away from the feeding trough. 7.4.2 Slotted floors 7.4.2.1 Slotted floors should be made of concrete, plastic, metals or combination of such materials. It shall be constructed to allow manure and urine to pass through. NOTE Wood is not recommended as flooring material because it is less durable, difficult to dry hence may harbor pathogenic organisms, and wood splinters may cause injury to swine. D-7 PAES 401:2001 Semi-monitor Semi-shed Monitor Double span Shed Figure 5 – Types of roof 7.4.2.2 . Slotted floors shall be constructed to allow manure and urine to pass through. The recommended slat width and spacing between slats is given in Table 2. Table 2 – Recommended slat width and spacing Size and type of swine Farrowing sows and piglets (up to 30 kg) Weaners Finishers Sows, finishers and boars (over 100 kg) D-8 Width of slat mm Slat spacing mm 18 - 25 8-9 18 - 25 60 - 100 10 - 14 10 - 20 80 - 125 10 - 25 PAES 401:2001 7.4.2.3 In partially slotted floors (Figure 6a), the slats shall be placed perpendicular to the long dimension of pens. For totally slotted floors (Figure 6b), slat should be place parallel to the sow. SOLID FLOOR AREA CONCRETE SLATS a CONCRETE SLATS b Figure 6 – Pens with (a) partially slotted floor; (b) completely slotted floor 7.4.2.4 Concrete slats shall be used preferably for swine over 30 kg, including gestating sows. The top finish shall be smooth wood float finish and slat top edges shall be rounded. Refer to Table 3 and Figure 7 for the recommended specification and design of concrete slat. Table 3 – Recommended specification for concrete slat Span m 1.20 Slat dimensions Top width Depth mm mm 102 102 102 152 102 204 Reinforcing bar No. 3 (10 mm) No. 3 No. 3 D-9 PAES 401:2001 Table 3 (continued) Slat dimensions Top width Depth mm mm 102 102 102 152 102 204 127 102 127 152 127 204 152 102 152 152 152 204 Span m 1.80 2.40 3.0 Reinforcing bar No. 4 (12 mm) No. 4 No. 4 No. 4 No. 4 No. 4 No. 5 (14 mm) No. 5 No. 5 Top Width 19 Pencil-round edge Depth No. 2 (6 mm.) bar, can be omitted from cast-in-place slats. Cover: 38 mm. for bars to #5; Bottom Width 51 mm. for #6 and (Top width minus 25 mm.) larger bars. Reinforcing bar No. 3 (1cm) for 1.20 m. slat No. 4 (1.2cm) for 1.20 m. and 2.40 m. slat Figure 7 – Details of concrete slat design 7.4.2.5 For swine under 20 kg, flattened expanded metal (20 mm, 9 –11 gauge) shall be used (Figure 8). Supporting joists shall be spaced at 300 mm. Expanded metal shall be treated to prevent corrosion. Sharp edges shall be avoided. 7.4.2.6 Welded wire flooring shall be made of 5.3 mm (5 gauge) wire spaced at 12.5 mm, 15 mm or 18 mm. It shall be supported every 300 mm. 7.4.2.7 Plastic flooring shall be coated with rough surface. Fiberglass reinforced T-slats should be used for creep areas in farrowing pens/crates and nursery. Slats shall be 38 mm wide and slots shall be 9 mm. It shall be supported every 600 mm. D-10 PAES 401:2001 2 c m fla tte n e d e x p a n d e d m e ta l Figure 8 – Expanded metal slotted flooring 8 Functional Requirements 8.1 Pens 8.1.1 Farrowing pens 8.1.1.1 Farrowing pens shall be provided with farrowing crates to avoid crushing by the sow Figure 9. Pipe 0.30 0.50 1.00 m. Solid wall 0.50 0.60 1.50 m. 0.50 1.80 m. Figure 9 – Typical farrowing crates 8.1.1.2 In case rearing pen is used, guardrail should be provided on both sides of the pen. It should be fixed 250 mm from the pen wall and 250 mm above the floor. 8.1.1.3 The recommended dimension of a farrowing crate is shown in Table 4. D-11 PAES 401:2001 Table 4 – Minimum farrowing crate dimension Measurement Length Width of stall Width of creep Height of stall Height of creep 8.1.2 Dimension m 1.80 0.60 0.50 1.00 0.40 Pens for weaners/nursery 8.1.2.1 Weaners should be either penned in a ground pen or in an elevated nursery cages. These cages shall be provided with slatted floor with slot space clearance of 10 mm – 14 mm. 8.1.2.2 It is recommended that the weaners with the same size shall be housed in a pen or cage. 8.1.3 Growing pen Separate pens for growers should be provided. The size of each pen shall be designed to hold not more than 25 growers. EXAMPLE 8.1.4 Growing pen with a dimension of 1.5 m x 4.8 m shall accommodate 20 growers. Finishing pen Separate pens for finishers should be provided. The size of each pen shall be designed to hold not more than 25 finishers. EXAMPLE 8.1.5 Finishing pen with a dimension of 1.5 m x 4.8 m shall accommodate 10 finishers. Gestating pen 8.1.5.1 Sows should be either housed individually (box/stall) or by group. For individual pen, the dimension should be 0.66 m x 1.8 m. 8.1.6 Boar pens Pen for boars should be located close to the dry sow accommodation. The pen should be provided with a service crate. 8.2 Pen partition 8.2.1 Pen partitions should be either solid or slotted. The slot shall be within the range of 160 mm – 210 mm. 8.2.2 D-12 The minimum height of pen partitions is shown in Table 5. PAES 401:2001 Table 5 – Minimum height of pen partition Swine Under 25 kg 25 kg – 100 kg Sow Boar Height of pen partition m 0.70 0.90 1.00 1.20 8.2.3 Fittings and internal surfaces to which the animals have access shall not have sharp edges or projections. 8.2.4 Surfaces shall not be treated with paints that may cause illness or death. 8.3 Pen gate 8.3.1 Pen gate should be made of at least 10 mm iron bars or at least 30 mm pipe fastened securely to a G.I. pipe frame. 8.3.2 The dimension of the gate shall be 600 mm wide and 0.9 m – 1m high. For weanling, a height of 750 mm shall be used. 8.4 Aisles and Walkways Primary and secondary walkways shall have a minimum width of 1.5 m and 1 m, respectively. 8.5 Equipment and facilities 8.5.1 Heaters 8.5.1.1 Heaters shall be installed in creep areas to provide newborn pigs its required temperature of 27oC - 35oC until they are 3 days old. 8.5.1.2 Heat lamps shall be placed 762 mm above the floor or 152 mm above the sow. 8.5.2 Feeding facilities 8.5.2.1 A properly designed feeding trough shall be provided. Table 5 shows the minimum recommended length of feeding trough per swine. Table 5 – Minimum recommended length of feeding trough per swine Swine weight 15 – 25 25 – 50 50 – 75 75 – 100 100 - 130 Linear length of trough mm/animal 150 200 250 300 350 D-13 PAES 401:2001 8.5.2.2 The feeding trough width shall be at least 300 mm and the depth shall be 250 mm. 8.5.3 Watering facilities 8.5.3.1 Water trough or waterers shall not be placed beside the feeding trough to keep feeding area of the swine dry and clean. The linear space requirement for watering is the same for the space requirement for feeding. 8.5.3.2 Optional watering facilities 8.5.3.2.1 For automatic watering cups or bowls, 1 cup/20 weaner, 1cup/12 gilts, and 1 cup/10 sows, shall be provided. The bottom rim of the bowl should be 120 mm and 300 mm above the floor level for weaners and finishers, respectively. 8.5.3.2.2 If nozzle type waterers are used it shall be adjustable and it shall be installed at a height of 450 mm - 650 mm from the floor for sows and growing-finishing pigs and 305 mm for weanlings. Waterer spacing should be 300 mm apart for nursery pigs, 450 mm for growing pigs and 600 mm – 900 mm apart for finishing pigs and group housed gestating sows. 8.5.3.2.3 For nursery, 1 nipple/10 pigs and 1 nipple/12-15 growing-finishing pigs should be installed. 8.5.3.3 All plumbing design and installation shall conform to the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines. 8.5.4 Lighting 8.5.4.1 Artificial lighting shall always be available for use during the night or darkened periods of the day. 8.5.4.2 Table 6 shows the recommended lighting intensity for swine housing. Table 6 - Recommended lighting intensity for swine housing Lighting intensity* Area lux (Lumen/m2) Breeding, gestation and farrowing 150 Nurseries 100 Growing and finishing 50 Inspection areas 200 *Refer to Annex C. 8.5.4.3 All electrical design and installation shall conform to Philippine Electrical Code. 8.5.5 Ventilation 8.5.5.1 Natural ventilation 8.5.5.1.1 Outlets should be either ridge or chimney opening on the downwind side of the building, preferably located at the highest point in a building. D-14 PAES 401:2001 8.5.5.1.2 Inlets should be through vent doors, curtains or other large openings along the long sides of the building. 8.5.5.1.3 If necessary, automatic controls should be provided to maintain the indoor temperature and provide air exchange as weather changes hourly and seasonally. Natural ventilation system controllers should be available to regulate air exchange by adjusting inlet and outlet opening sizes. Various devices should be used to adjust the opening size: pneumatic systems; either manual or motorized cable and winch systems; and motorized mechanical arms. 8.5.5.2 Mechanical ventilation (if necessary) 8.5.5.2.1 Mechanical ventilation (e.g. fan) should be provided to deliver the required airflow rate (Table 7). Table 7 – Minimum ventilation rates under normal condition STAGE Farrowing unit (sow and litter) Nursery pens Growing-finishing pens Breeding and gestating pens (gilts, sows and boars) 8.5.5.2.2 8.5.6 Ventilation rate m3/min 0.28 0.08 0.12 0.28 Fans should be installed on the side opposite to the prevailing winds. Temperature 8.5.6.1 The recommended maximum temperature that shall be maintained is shown in Table 8. Table 8 – Maximum temperature for housed swine in still air Temperature Class o C Sows and boars 30 Piglets newborn 35 3 weeks 30 Weaners 30 Growers and Finishers 30 8.5.6.2 Optional facility Water spray nozzles should be provided to provide cooling effect. Nozzles should be placed approximately 1.8 m above the floor and pointing straight down to obtain the best pattern and cover the width of the pen. D-15 PAES 401:2001 9 Storage for feeds and supplies 9.1 A well-ventilated area should be provided for feed storages. It should be provided with mesh wire. 9.2 The space required should be based on two weeks supply of feeds. 10 Waste disposal For waste management, refer to PAES 414:2002 Agricultural Structures – Waste Management Structures. D-16 PAES 401:2001 Annex A (informative) Computation of the number of pens A.1 Formula for the computation of period of occupancy/pen A.1.1 Farrowing/Rearing Pen-FRP (in days) acclimatization period of sow…………………………. lactation period………………………………………… cleaning and disinfection………………………………. Total period of occupancy…………………………… 7 28-35 3 38-45 A.1.2 Nursery/Weaners’ Pen (in days) rearing period (weaning up to transfer to fattening pen)…………………………………………………… cleaning and disinfection………………………………. Total period of occupancy…………………………… 30-35 3 33-38 A.1.3 Fattening Pens (in days) fattening period…………...…………………………… cleaning and disinfection………………………………. Total period of occupancy…………………………… 90-150 3 93-153 A.1.4 Dry and Pregnant Pens 365 – (occupancy in FRP x Litter Index) A.1.5 Gilts Pen (selection at 6 months) rearing period .………………………………………… cleaning and disinfection………………………………. Total period of occupancy…………………………… 60 3 63 A.1.6 Boar’s Pen (selection at 6 months) rearing period (2 months)……………………………… cleaning and disinfection………………………………. Total period of occupancy…………………………… 60 3 63 D-17 PAES 401:2001 A.2 Formula for the computation of the number of pens A.2.1 Farrowing/Rearing Pens = No. of Sows x Litter Index x Occupancy Period × 1.1 365 A.2.2 Nursery/Weaners Pens = No. of Sows x Litter Index x Weaned/Litter x Occupancy × 1.1 365 x No. of Piglets/Pen A.2.3 Fattening Pens = (No. of Sows x Litter Index x Reared/Litter - Gilts and Boars raised as replacement ) x Occupancy x %Retained for Fattening 365 x No. of Fatteners/Pen A.2.4 Dry and Pregnant Sows Pens = A.2.5 Gilt Places = A.2.6 Boar Pens = D-18 No. of Sows x Occupancy Period × 1.1 365 No. of Sows x Culling Rate x Occupancy Period × 1.1 365 x Selection Rate Number of Sows Boar to Sow Ratio PAES 401:2001 Annex B (informative) Sample of a 24-sow level fattener production D-19 PAES 401:2001 Annex C (informative) Lighting Requirements Lighting Intensity lux 500 400 300 200 150 100 50 10 D-20 25W 3.935 3.148 2.361 1.574 1.180 0.787 0.393 0.079 40W 1.989 1.591 1.193 0.796 0.597 0.398 0.199 0.040 No. of Bulbs Required per m2 Incandescent lamp 60W 100W 150W 200W 1.052 0.520 0.314 0.226 0.842 0.416 0.251 0.181 0.631 0.312 0.189 0.136 0.421 0.208 0.126 0.090 0.316 0.156 0.094 0.068 0.210 0.104 0.063 0.045 0.105 0.052 0.031 0.023 0.021 0.010 0.006 0.005 Fluorescent lamp 20W 40W 0.682 0.266 0.546 0.213 0.409 0.160 0.273 0.107 0.205 0.080 0.136 0.053 0.068 0.027 0.014 0.005