Intervention with Family Violence Notes (378) PDF

INTERVENTION WITH FAMILY VIOLENCE (378) INTRODUCTION AND FORMS OF ABUSE LECTURER: Prof Marianne Strydom 1 INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND - VIOLENCE PART OF FAMILY - INCREASE IN PUBLIC AWARENESS - CRUELTY - * HAMPTON: 1 - INFANTICIDE / 18TH AND 19TH CENTU...

INTERVENTION WITH FAMILY VIOLENCE (378) INTRODUCTION AND FORMS OF ABUSE LECTURER: Prof Marianne Strydom 1 INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND - VIOLENCE PART OF FAMILY - INCREASE IN PUBLIC AWARENESS - CRUELTY - * HAMPTON: 1 - INFANTICIDE / 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY - BEATINGS AND ABUSE = CHILD REARING METHODS - WOMEN – SUB-MISSIVE STATUS - ROMAN LAW - ENGLISH LAW - SIBLINGS - CHILD PROTECTION LEGISLATION IN EXISTANCE SINCE 450 B.C. - RENAISSANCE – BEGINNING OF NEW MORALITY - AMERIKA/AMERICA: MARY ELLEN – BORN 1866 ↓ TURNING POINT IN CHILD WELFARE - FOSTER CARE PARENTS: BEAT AND ABUSE - HENRY BENGE: ANIMAL WELFARE SOCIETY INTERVENED - COURT RULED: REMOVE FROM FOSTER PARENTS - FOSTER MOTHER = IMPRISONED FOR 1 YEAR - DECEMBER 1874 : NEW YORK SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO CHILDREN - TECHNOLOGY CONTRIBUTED: 1962: PEDIATRIC RADIOLOGIST HENRY KEMPE - ARTICLE: “BATTERED CHILD SYNDROME” WOMEN: INTEREST : FEMINISM 2 DEFINITION: CHILD AND FAMILY WELFARE CHILD WELFARE SERVICES HAVE AS THEIR OBJECTIVE THE PRESERVATION OF FAMILY LIFE AS SUCH, THE FAMILY UNIT, RATHER THAN THE INDIVIDUAL IS THE POPULATION OF CONCERN. WE ARE CONCERNED SPECIFICALLY WITH CHILDREN WHO ARE DEPENDENT, NEGLECTED OR ABUSED. (STEIN:1-2) THREE COMPONENTS * PROBLEM CONTRIBUTORY TO SOCIAL WORK INTERVENTION * CLIENT SYSTEM (THAT NEEDS INTERVENTION) * AIMS (DEFINITION) AIMS WITH INTERVENTION “THE PURPOSE OF THE CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICE IS TO DISCHARGE SOCIETY’S RESPONSIBILITY UNDER STATE OR PROVINCIAL LAW FOR SAFEGUARDING THE RIGHTS AND PROTECTING THE WELFARE OF CHILDREN WHOSE PARENTS ARE UNABLE OR UNWILLING TO DO SO TO ASSURE THAT THE NEGLECTED OR ABUSED CHILD IS PROTECTED AGAINST FURTHER HARM AND THAT THE CHILD RECEIVES THE KIND OF PARENTAL CARE THAT WILL PROVIDE THE ESSENTIALS FOR WELL-BEING AND DEVELOPMENT.” 3 DEFINITION CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT (1992:3) CHILD ABUSE IS THE DELIBERATE USE OF PHYSICAL FORCE OR A NON- ACCIDENTAL ACT OF OMISSION ON THE PART OF THE PARENTS, WHICH RESULTS IN INJURY BEING CAUSED DURING THE COURSE OF THE PARENT- CHILD INTERACTION. SUCH INJURY IS JUDGED TO BE OF SUCH NATURE IN THAT SOCIETY AS TO BE OF HARM TO A MORE SERIOUS DEGREE THAN IS CONSIDERED THE DISCIPLINARY RIGHT OF THE CARETAKER. IMPORTANT ASPECTS DEFINE BOUNDARIES/LIMITATIONS OF AUTHORITY ABUSER – RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT CHILD IF VIOLATE/OVERSTEP BOUNDARIES OF AUTHORITY 1. DEFINING: CHILD ABUSE DEFINING : AIM :VIEWING CAN BE VIEWED AS * CRIME * PERSONAL PROBLEM * SOCIAL PROBLEM * ILLNESS TWO IMPORTANT COMPONENTS * IDENTIFIABLE HARM OR INJURY TO CHILD OR * UNQUESTIONABLE PREDICTION OF HARM EVIDENCE OF * OBVIOUS INTENT TO HARM * CUSTODIAN SHOULD HAVE AVOIDED INJURY 4 PHYSICAL ABUSE [WINSHIP IN McKENDRICK 1990] 1. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW (P.190) 2. INDICATORS (P.191 – P.192) - AGE - GENDER - ORDINAL POSITION - ATTITUDE OF CHILD 3. INJURIES AND COLUMNS (P.193 – P.202) 4. CAUSES (P.203 – P.206) - FAMILY VIOLENCE - MARITAL PROBLEMS - SOCIAL CIRCUMSTANCES - HIGH RISK (VULNERABLE) CHILD 5 PHYSICAL ABUSE [WINSHIP IN McKENDRICK: 1990] 1. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW - SOUTH AFRICA: 1974 CONGRESS OF SA PEDIATRIC SOCIETY - FIRST MULTI-DISCIPLINARY TEAM 1976: DURBAN - CHILD PROTECTION UNITS: 1978: DURBAN - TEAM APPROACH = POINT OF DEPARTURE MEDICAL DOCTOR SOCIAL WORKER POLICE MAGISTRATE/ ATTORNEY (LAW PROFESSION) PSYCHIATRISTS 2. INDICATORS [WINSHIP: 191-192] 2.1 AGE - 0-18 YEARS / ESPECIALLY 0-3 YEARS INVESTIGATE ABUSE 2.2 GENDER - NO SPECIFIC HIGHER INCIDENCE 2.3 ORDINAL POSITION - FIRST-BORNS - LATER BORNS PREMATURE ABNORMALITIES - AFTER REMOVAL – ABUSE OTHER CHILDREN 2.4 ATTITUDE OF CHILD - CLING TO PARENTS - PASSIVELY SUBMISSIVE - CAREFUL - EXTREME BEHAVIOUR 6  - ATTENTION SEEKING - OFTEN ABSENT FROM SCHOOL * PHYSICAL INJURIES - DIAGNOSIS - TASK OF MEDICAL PROFESSION - PHOTOS - REACTION OF PARENT 3. INJURIES [WINSHIP IN McKENDRICK: 193–203] [CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT 1992:18, 19] 4. CAUSATIVE FACTORS 4.1 FAMILY VIOLENCE - VIOLENCE AMONG FAMILY MEMBERS - HISTORY OF AGGRESSIVE DISCIPLINE 4.2 MARITAL PROBLEMS - UNSTABLE MARRIAGES - LACK OF PREPARATION FOR PREGNANCY/PARENTHOOD - IGNORANT ABOUT NEEDS/DEVELOPMENTAL PHASES OF CHILD - BELOW 20 YEARS OF AGE 4.3 SOCIAL CIRCUMSTANCES - SOCIALLY ISOLATED - OFTEN MOVING HOUSE/MIGRATION - SUBSTANCE ABUSE - EVERY SOCIAL LEVEL 7 SEXUAL ABUSE 1. TWO CATEGORIES (SANDLER & SEPEL: 213) - NON FAMILY MEMBER - INCEST 1.1 NON FAMILY MEMBERS (SANDLER & SEPEL: 214-216) - CHILD SEX RINGS - PROSTITUTION - PORNOGRAPHY - CHILDRENS’ HOMES/SCHOOLS 1.2 INCEST DEFINITION (SANDLER & SEPEL: 217) TYPES OF INCEST FATHER-DAUGHTER - MOST COMMON - ELDEST DAUGHTER FATHER =REFERS TO ANY MALE THAT OCCUPIES FATHER ROLE IN FAMILY MOTHER-SON INCEST - VERY RARE - FATHERS OFTEN ABSENT BROTHER-SISTER - COMMON - CAN BE OUTCOME OF SEXUAL CONTACT WITH FATHER - NORMAL EXPERIMENTATION - LEAST DAMAGING 8  HOMOSEXUAL - RARE GRANDFATHER-GRANDDAUGHTER - GRANDFATHER: PEDOFILE – HISTORY OF CHILDHOOD SODOMY - ABUSE OWN DAUGHTERS? OTHER RELATIVES - AUNTS, UNCLES, COUSINS MULTIPLE INCEST - MORE THAN ONE FAMILY MEMBER 3. CHARACTERISTICS OF FAMILY [SANDLER & SEPEL: 221] [SEXUAL ABUSE P.11] - PATRIARCHAL - OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS ACCEPT POWER - MULTI-GENERATIONAL PATTERN - LACK OF COOPERATION (PARENTS) - POWER NOT EQUALLY DISTRIBUTED - WEAK MARITAL RELATIONSHIP - DOMINEERING 3.1 PERSONALITY TRAITS: FATHER INTROVERSIVE PERSONALITY - MOST OFFENDERS - INSECURE - EMOTIONALLY IMMATURE - SOCIALLY ISOLATED - UNABLE: RELATIONSHIPS ADULTS GEMEENSKAP/COMMUNITY: - HARD WORKERS (“LAW ABIDING CITIZENS”) - NOT SOCIALLY INVOLVED 9 PSYCHOPATHIC PERSONALITY PROMISCUOUS SEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS OUTSIDE FAMILY SEVERE EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS PEDOPHILE PREFERENCE: PRE PUBERTY CHILDREN ABUSED AS CHILD CONTROL CHILD THROUGH SEX PERSONALITY TRAITS: MOTHER + 50% AWARE OF ABUSE REASONS: PHYSICALLY, EMOTIONALLY, ECONOMICALLY DEPENDENT POOR SELF-ESTEEM, IMMATURE PASSIVE, POWERLESS, CHRONICALLY DEPRESSED INABILITY: ADULT SEXUAL RELATIONSHIP MOTHER/DAUGHTER ROLE REVERSAL SOCIALLY ISOLATED EMOTIONALLY ABSENT TIRED – UNINTERESTED IN SEX MANY PREGNANCIES CHARACTERISTICS (SANDLER & SEPAL: 223-224) CHILD/DAUGHTER EMOTIONALLY IMMATURE FEELS UNATTRACTIVE SPECIAL PLACE IN FAMILY CLASSIC ROLE REVERSAL - CARE FOR CHILDREN 10  GET SATISFACTION – HAS POWER NB – GIVEN POWER TO DESTROY FAMILY AND THE RESPONSIBILITY TO KEEP FAMILY TOGETHER - BETRAYED BY MOTHER - OPENLY HOSTILE - ELDEST CHILD * 4 YEARS BEFORE PUBERTY - ABSENCE: MOTHERLY CARE - PROVOCATIVE FATHER: PHYSICALLY AFFECTIONATE HIGH RISK: EXPLOITATION OF OTHER MEN - SOCIALLY ISOLATED - ANGRY: FATHER AND MOTHER - CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE ACCOMMODATION SYNDROME (SANDLER EN SEPEL: 225–227) - SERIOUSNESS OF SEXUAL ABUSE (SANDLER EN SEPEL: 231–233) - CONSEQUENCES: SELF STUDY 11 VIOLENCE IN RELATIONSHIPS (DOMESTIC VIOLENCE/INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE) (MAN/WOMAN [SEGAL & LABE: 1990] [KEMP: 1998: 228, 235–243, 257–258] 1. INCIDENCE HIGH INCIDENCE (WHITE PAPER) VICTIMS: WOMAN INACCURATE STATISTICS 2. PATTERN OF VIOLENCE CYCLICAL PHENOMENON 3 STAGES * STAGE 1 TENSION BUILDS UP SMALLER INCIDENTS * STAGE 2 ACUTE ABUSE AND ASSAULT * STAGE 3 LOVING BEHAVIOUR PROMISES → (NOT GOING TO HAPPEN AGAIN) 3. PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS: MALE FEELINGS OF SHAME LOW SELF-ESTEEM JEALOUSY DEPRESSION SENSITIVITY FOR CRITICISM FEELING OF OF LACK OF CONTROL LOW FRUSTRATION TOLERANCE STRUGGLE TO CONTROL IMPULSES ANGRY SUBSTANCE ABUSE 12  RIGID SEX ROLE STEREOTYPES DOESN’T GIVE IN EASILY EXTERNALISE BLAME SOMETIMES ABUSED AS CHILD EXTERNAL I.S.O. INTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL RESEARCH: VIOLENCE, REACTION ON STRESS – DID NOT LEARN OTHER MEANS OF MANAGING STRESS 4. WOMAN: EFFECT OF ABUSE SHAME, DEPRESSED FEELINGS OF GUILT BLAME SELF ANXIETY SOMATIC PROBLEMS: HEADACHES, BACKACHE 5. REASONS FOR NOT LEAVING 5.1 TRADITIONAL THEORY INHERENT MASOCHISM 5.2 TRAUMATIC BOND CYCLE PATTERN OF ABUSE THIRD STAGE: LOVING KEEP ABUSE AND LOVING STAGE APART BOND WITH WARM PART LOSS ON MANY LEVELS - IDEAL RELATIONSHIP - SELFESTEEM - CONTROL AND RIGHT OF SELF DETERMINATION - RELATIONSHIP IF LEAVE 5.2 ECONOMIC DEPENDENCE NOT WELL TRAINED POVERTY 13 5.3 IDEOLOGY MUST KEEP FAMILY TOGETHER (DUTY) PRIVATE, KEEP SECRET 6. EFFECT ON CHILDREN ELEVATED RISK: EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS TARGET OF AGGRESSION FROM PARENTS NEGLECT RECURRING PATTERN HIGH CORRELATION BETWEEN WOMEN- AND CHILD ABUSE INDICATORS OF ABUSE PSYCHOLOGICAL PHYSICAL (BREKKE 1987: “DOMESTIC ABUSE SCALE”) 14 THEORETICAL POINTS OF DEPARTURE I.T.O. FAMILY VIOLENCE 1. THEORIES (HAMPTON: 9-13) * SYSTEM THEORY - A PRODUCT OF SYSTEM, RATHER THAN INDIVIDUAL PATHOLOGY * RESOURCE THEORY - SYSTEMS ARE DEPENDENT ON RESOURCES - THE MORE RESOURCES – THE LESS VIOLENCE * SOCIOLOGY THEORY - VIOLENCE IS RESULT OF POTENTIAL OF REPRODUCTION AND PARENTAL INVESTMENT : CHILDREN : PARTNER * SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY - PRINCIPLE OF COSTS AND REWARDS * PATRIARCHY - ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PROCESSES SUPPORT PATRIARCHAL SOCIAL ORDER AND FAMILY STRUCTURE 2. MODELS (HAMPTON: 8-13) * PSYCHIATRIC MODEL - FOCUS ON PERSONALITY DISORDERS/MENTAL ILLNESS * PSYCHO-SOCIAL MODEL - EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS - ANALYSIS OF FAMILY STRUCTURE - GENERATIONAL PATTERN 15  * SOCIOCULTURAL MODEL - MACRO LEVEL ANALYSIS OF SOCIETY – INEQUALITY – CULTURAL NORMS 3. ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE (CARLSON: 568-579) * ANALYSE CAUSES AND MAINTENANCE * DIFFERENT LEVELS * INDEPENDENT AND INTERACTIVE 3.1 INDIVIDUAL LEVEL * ALCOHOL - INTERACTS WITH OTHER CIRCUMSTANCES - STRESS AT WORK/UNEMPLOYMENT - MARITAL PROBLEMS * SELF-ESTEEM - IMMATURE - INSECURE; DEPENDENT * PERSONAL RESOURCES - WHAT EACH ADULT BRINGS TO RELATIONSHIP (WORKSTATUS, UPBRINGING/TRAINING, TALENTS * STRESS - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROBLEMS REPORTED AND FAMILY VIOLENCE: STRONG * FAMILY HISTORY - IMPORTANT CAUSATIVE FACTOR: - CHILDHOOD: CHILD ABUSE - SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY: DISCIPLINE - RECURRING PATTERN: GENERATIONS 16 3.2 FAMILY LEVEL (P.574) * FOCUS ON NATURE OF FAMILY LIFE (P.574) * SEX-ROLES - TRADITIONAL ROLES * CONFLICT - AREAS : CHILDREN SPECIAL NEEDS SEX MONEY HOUSEKEEPING * SOCIAL NETWORKS - SOCIALLY ISOLATED - LOW CONTACT: NEIGBOURS, FAMILY, FRIENDS, FORMAL SUPPORT 3.3 SOCIAL STRUCTURAL LEVEL (P.576) * FOCUS ON MAJOR INSTITUTIONS IN SOCIETY * ECONOMIC FACTORS - STRUCTURAL INEQUALITY - UNEMPLOYMENT = MARITAL CONFLICT/CHILD ABUSE * COMMUNITIES - MAINTAINING ROLE - LAWS, NORMS, INFORMAL RULES - DENYING - FEW RESOUCES 3.4 SOCIO-CULTURAL LEVEL (P.578) FOCUS ON SOCIETAL NORMS/CULTURAL * SEXISM AND GENDER ROLE STEREOTYPES - MALE DOMINANT ENVIRONMENT - DIFFERENCES IN UPBRINGING: GENDER - SEX ROLE STEREOTYPING 17 * WIDE ACCEPTANCE OF VIOLENCE - MEDIA - SCHOOLS - SPORT * NORMS IN FAMILY - ROLES OF DIFFERENT SEXES (SOCIALISATION) 18 19