2nd Quarter Research Methodology PDF

Learning Targets ▪ I can identify the different quantitative research designs. ▪ I can describe the different sampling techniques. ▪ I can identify data collection technique and instrument. ▪ I can explain the data analysis procedure. Scaffold Activity No. 2 Research Methodology A. Researc...

Learning Targets ▪ I can identify the different quantitative research designs. ▪ I can describe the different sampling techniques. ▪ I can identify data collection technique and instrument. ▪ I can explain the data analysis procedure. Scaffold Activity No. 2 Research Methodology A. Research Design B. Population and Sampling C. Data Collection Technique D. Research Instrument E. Data Gathering Procedure F. Data Analysis What are Quantitative Research Designs? ▪ Plan or outline of activities for obtaining answers to your research questions ▪ Make aspects of research clearer ▪ Methods, techniques in finding answers and in collecting data Experimental Research Design ▪ bases its research method on a scientific activity called experiment ▪ Test or examination of manipulated or controlled variables to determine its validity and truthfulness ▪ Experimental group on which condition, treatment and INTERVENTION is applied ▪ Control group Experimental Research Design A. True Experimental Design ▪ Random selection of participants ▪ Bias-free selection that ensures objectivity of results ▪ Best way to examine cause and effect relationship Experimental Research Design A. True Experimental Design ▪ Posttest-only control group design ▪ Pretest-posttest control group design ▪ Solomon four-group design Experimental Research Design B. Quasi-Experimental Design ▪ Yield findings that are seemingly or more or less true ▪ Non-adherence to random selection of participants ▪ Prone to bias ▪ Tests the causality of variables ▪ causal-comparative design Experimental Research Design Examples: 1. How do types of music affect student’s productivity? 2. Is an ion present on a gas sample? 3. How does memorization effective during exams? 4. What concentration of solution is needed to kill bacteria? 5. Can cellular phones aid effective learning? Experimental Research Design RQ: How does memorization effective during exams? Independent Variable: Memorization Strategy Dependent Variable: Exam Result Controlled Variables: Time, Class/Subject, Gender, Type of Exam Experimental Group: With Memorization (Group A) Control Group: W/o Memorization (Group B) Descriptive Research Design (Non- experimental) ▪ Capable of giving quantitative and qualitative data ▪ Often used in the field of social sciences ▪ Shuns controlling variables ▪ Involves variables the way they naturally exist Descriptive Research Design A. Observation Studies B. Correlational Research C. Survey Research Cross-sectional survey Longitudinal survey Descriptive Research Design Examples: 1. What is the advantage and disadvantage of genetic engineering? 2. How does hormone affect the behavior? 3. What relationship exists between study habits and having good grades? 4. To what extent does Politics influence the mind-set of people? 5. Is method A better than method B? Descriptive Research Design RQ: What relationship exists between study habits and having good grades? Independent Variable: Study Habits Dependent Variable: Grades IV: Hours spent in studying / Level of study habits DV: Grades in Practical Research 2  Sampling Techniques Sample ▪ a representative of the population Population ▪ group of interest to the researcher  Sampling Techniques Probability Non-Probability  Sampling Techniques 1. Simple Random Sampling All individuals in the defined population have an equal and independent chance of being selected. Example: Selecting participants from Grade 12 SHS Students.  Sampling Techniques 1. Randomization sampling method used in scientific experiments. It is commonly used in randomized controlled trials in experimental research.  Sampling Techniques 2. Stratified Sampling Subgroups (strata) of the population will be selected. Example A researcher studying students' academic performance in a school divides the students into strata based on grade levels (e.g., Grade 7, Grade 8, Grade 9). From each grade level, a random sample is taken, ensuring that all grades are proportionally represented in the final sample.  Stratified Sampling Size of the Number of Partition Population Samples 300 Grade 7 300 x 200 = 60 1000 Grade 8 250 250 x 200 = 50 1000 200 Grade 9 200 x 200 = 40 1000 Grade 10 250 250 x 200 = 50 1000 Total 1000 200  Sampling Techniques 3. Cluster Sampling Groups, not individuals are randomly selected Example A company wants to survey employee satisfaction in a nationwide chain of stores. Instead of sampling individual employees from all stores, they randomly select certain stores (clusters) and survey all employees within those selected stores.  Sampling Techniques 4. Systematic Sampling Individuals are selected from the a list taking every nth number in the list Example Selecting Students who has even class number  Non Probability Sampling Techniques 1. Snowball Sampling Purely based on referrals Chain referral sampling method  Non Probability Sampling Techniques 2. Convenience Sampling Members that are readily available or easy to reach are selected  Non Probability Sampling Techniques 3. Purposive Sampling Selection of participations based on specific criteria  Non Probability Sampling Techniques 4. Quota Sampling The use of quota if not all members of the population can be used  Non Probability Sampling Techniques 5. Voluntary Sampling Self-selected sample Individual Participants who are willing to take survey and volunteer themselves  Computing Sample Size ▪ Sample refers to the part of the population that helps you, the researcher, to answer your problem statements and allows you to draw inferences about the population of interest. ▪ Sample size the number of samples that is chosen for a survey or experiment. ▪ Population size is the total number of members in the population of interest. (ex. 125 G12 Students) ▪ Margin of error is a percentage that describes how close you can expect the result of the survey from a sample to the true population value. (ex. 4%) ▪ Confidence level indicates the percentage that if a survey is repeated many times, the results obtained would be the same. (ex. 95%)  Computing Sample Size The Cochran’s formula for calculating sample size where e is the desired level of precision (i.e., the margin of error), p is the (estimated) proportion of the population, q is (1- p), and Z is the z-value for the given confidence level.  Computing Sample Size You can adjust the sample size if the population of interest is small using the adjusted Cochran’s formula.  Population and Sample 1. Describe the population of interest. 2. Describe the procedure for drawing the sample from the population. 3. Include the number of respondents and a description of their relevant characteristics, such as age, gender, academic level, educational attainment, ability level, ethnicity, among others. Example This study will involve two classes of first year college students from two distinct academic programs of Bright University who are enrolled in the subject College Algebra during the first semester of school year 2023- 2024. The students from one class will be paired with the students from the other class through their intelligent quotient (IQ) scores and mathematics test sores in the university admission test which are available at the University Guidance Office.  Twenty pairs of students with equivalent IQ and mathematics test scores will be randomly selected as respondents of the study. The respondents have varied levels of performances, categorized as low, average, and high, in the university admission test to ensure even distribution of respondents for each class in terms of cognitive abilities. The assignment of experimental group and control group will be done in a random manner through tossing a coin. The students who will not be selected as respondents will undergo the same teaching and learning process as those considered respondents following the teaching methodology that will be assigned to their class. Last, all respondents will be asked to indicate their willingness to participate in the study through a consent form.  Population and Sample 1. Describe the subjects of the study 2. Describe the sampling technique to be used and the assignments of the experimental and control groups 3. Describe the control variables and the parameters of the study. Example This study will involve two sets of plants which are randomly assigned into: Set up A which will be the experimental group and Set up B which will the control group. The experimental group will compose of 5 subset-ups with 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% organic fertilizers whereas the control group will have no added fertilizer (no treatment). The controlled variables of the study include same type of soil, same amount of water, exposure to sunlight, type of plant, time and place of observation. The parameters include height, diameter, number of leaves, color of the leaves, growth rate, overall health of the plant.  Quantitative Data ▪ Measurable, numerical or related to metric system ▪ Sensory experiences such as age, shape, speed, amount, weight, height, number, positions and the like ▪ Discrete data (whole number) ▪ Continuous data (decimals) ▪ Become useful if they give answers to your research questions  Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data Observation ▪ Use of sense organs ▪ People, things, events by watching and listening ▪ Results of counting and measurement ▪ Direct observation – seeing, touching and hearing ▪ Indirect observation – use of electronic devices Can you give a study which observation can be used?  Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data Observation 1. Cross-sectional method – collect data from the respondents only once 2. Case-control method – create cases and controls and observe them 3. Cohort method – collection of data is done repeatedly over time 4. Ecological method – concerned about the population  Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data Survey ▪ Questionnaire - paper containing series of questions - factual (multiple choice) and opinionated questions (space for answer) - good for big number of respondents situated in different places  Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data Survey ▪ Questionnaire 1. The questions and the choices should not be ambiguous. 2. The questionnaire can be completed within a reasonable amount of time. 3. The questionnaire has no typographical error.  Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data Interview ▪ Makes you ask a set of questions, orally (traditional) ▪ Use of modern electronic device (audio tapes) Opening Questions – friendly relationship Generative Question – open-ended questions Directive Question – close-ended questions Ending Question - feedbacking from respondents  Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data Survey 1. In-person interview 2. Telephone interview 3. Online interview 4. Mailed questionnaire 5. Focus groups  Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data Experiment ▪ Scientific method ▪ Treatment or condition or Intervention ▪ Evaluate the results ▪ Find how treatment affects the subject and the reasons of its effect on the subject ▪ Aims at manipulating or controlling conditions ▪ Determine how much condition or treatment operates or functions to yield a certain outcome  Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data a. Treatment → evaluation b. Pre-test → treatment → post test c. Pre-test → multiple treatments → post test d. Pre-test → treatment -- > immediate post-test -- > 6 mos → 1 yr → post-test  Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data Content Analysis ▪ Oral or written forms of communication ▪ Analyzing information coming from photographs, films, video tapes, paintings, drawings ▪ Comparative features ▪ Requires thorough understanding of the research questions ▪ Clear focus to find the answers to the main problem  Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data Content Analysis 1. Formal Content Analysis Approach – categorized through a system 2. Textual Content Analysis Approach – language structures and effects to the readers 3. Thematic Content Analysis Approach – motives or purpose 4. Audience Content Analysis Approach – meaningful, acceptable, or unacceptable the media contents are to the audience  Data-Collection Technique Data-Collection Instrument 1. Observation ▪ Checklist, observation sheets, recording devices, notebook 2. Survey ▪ Questionnaire (online or paper-based), Interview Questions, recorders 3. Experiment ▪ Laboratory Equipment, Experimental Setups, Measurement tools 4. Content Analysis ▪ Coding scheme, contents analysis software How to Write the Data-Collection methods and Data-gathering instruments subsection? 1. Consider the research questions. 2. Describe the method/s that you will use to collect data to answer each research question. (Ex. Survey, Observation, Experiment, or Document review. 3. Describe the kind of method. Ex. Survey method, then specify if it is mailed questionnaire, online interview, telephone interview, in-person interview, or focus groups. How to Write the Data-Collection methods and Data-gathering instruments subsection? 4. Describe also the components of the questionnaire and how the respondents will indicate their answers. 5. If you will develop your own instrument, you must outline the procedures and steps that you need to implement to obtain data on validity and reliability of the developed instrument. Example To gather the needed data for the performance in College Algebra of the respondents, a validated 50-item multiple choice researcher-made test covering the topics included in the duration of the study will be administered personally by the researcher before and after the experimentation. The test instrument aims to diagnose the respondents’ prior knowledge on the topics and to assess how much knowledge each group has gained after the duration of the study. The study will consists of an Arduino mega, connecting plug, 8 channel relay, jumper wires, acrylic plastic, plastic tie wires, electrical tape, 20 meters wire number 22, Bluetooth shield, 8 pieces small light bulbs, tactile switches and 8 pieces electrical sockets.. All the components will be assembled according to the schematic diagram. Acrylic plastic will be used to house all the components. All the lights will be connected to 8 channel relay. Relays will be controlled by the Arduino mega and all the set-ups will be controlled by an android phone using Bluetooth. The project will be tested according to its ability of controlling the circuits with the use of a smart phone. The results of the test will be gathered and recorded and from there the project can be concluded.  Data Analysis Plan 1. Discuss how you plan to handle and present the collected data. 2. Present the outline of the statistical procedures. 3. Develop your discussion based on the arrangement of the research questions. 4. Describe your plan for organizing and presenting the results of your survey or investigation. 5. Determine the data that you will collect and the method by which you plan to organize and present these data (e.g. tables, charts, or figures).  Data Analysis Plan 6. Identify the statistical analysis/es to be employed (descriptive or inferential) and the nature of the data to be collected (nominal, ordinal, interval) 7. Provide an explanation about what data will be considered, what statistical tests will be used and why, and what results will be important in answering your research questions or in confirming your hypothesis.  Data Analysis Plan A. Central Tendency ▪ Mean (interval) ▪ Median (ordinal) ▪ Mode (nominal) B. Variability ▪ Standard deviation or variance (interval) ▪ Quartile Deviation (ordinal) ▪ Range (nominal)  Data Analysis Plan C. Location ▪ Z-scores or other standard scores (interval) ▪ Percentile rank (ordinal) ▪ Label or categorization (nominal) D. Correlation ▪ Pearson r (interval) ▪ Spearman’s rho, Kendall’s Tau (ordinal) ▪ Point biserial correlation, phi coefficient (nominal)  Data Analysis Plan E. Central Location ▪ Standard error of mean, t-test or one-way ANOVA (interval) ▪ Standard error of median, Wilcoxon and Mann- Whitney Tests, Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA or Friedman’s test (ordinal) Example The profile of the respondents in terms of IQ, mathematics scores in the university admission test, and final grade in Mathematics IV will be organized using the frequency distribution table. Also, their pretest, posttest, and mean gain scores will be presented and organized in the same manner. Example To determine whether there is a difference between the posttest scores and mean gain scores of the experimental group and the control group, the t- test for homogeneity of variance will be used provided that the scores have equal variances. These scores will be subjected first to pre-outliers, normality of distribution, and homogeneity of variance.