2708 Midterm Notes PDF

2708 Midterm Notes Key Topics · Developmental Theories Pregnancy and Prenatal Development · Before conception Issues in Prenatal Development · Conception ·...

2708 Midterm Notes Key Topics · Developmental Theories Pregnancy and Prenatal Development · Before conception Issues in Prenatal Development · Conception · Birth and the Neonate Biology Evolutionary Theories : Genetica : Epigenetics interact with the environment to shape health well being · Genes control specific characteristics and we each have 23 000 in each cell nucleus of , genes our body Genotypevo Phenotypific genetic material on individual chromosomes whereas Phenotype is the observed characteristic e Patterns of inheritance Dominant-recessive pattern influence trait multi-factorial inheritance polygenic inheritance many genes · a , , and environment and mitochondrial inheritance inherit from mother's genes , genes egg Epigeneticenofranger stemming from modification of gene expression rather than alternation the of genetic code Epigonoticmarkeryugeexproon byturninglefteasts Psychoanal and ytic theories state developmental emotions behavior on change happens because of the influence of internal drives Freud Behavior Psychosexual Theory determined is by conscious and unconscious process libido is an instinctual sex drive personality structure has three parts that develop time Id over , Ego , and Superego Oral-Infant O-2y10 thumb achieves gratibabbling fication thru nral activities feedings , sucking , , Anal Child learns to respond to some of the demands of 2-34/0 society like bowels bladder control Phallic Child learns to realize differences between males and females and becomes of 3-7yo aware sexuality Latency 7-1lylo-Child continues his or her development but sexual urges are relatively quiet. Genital II-adult Growing addescencent shakes off old dependencies and learns to deal naturely with opposite sex Fixations What : happens in adulthood Oral smoking , over eating passivity and gullibility , Anal Orderliness , parsimonious stingy , or the opposite Phallic Vanity recklessness , or the opposite Latency None fixation does not normally occur at this stage Genital Adults who have successfully integrated earlier stages should with interest in emerge a sincere others and mature sexuality Erikson's Interaction of Psychosocial Theory instincts and cultural demands · inner · Development over Lifespan the In psychosocial stages · · The Eight Crises · You must more through and successfully resolve eight dilemmas Humanistic Alternative · Most important internal drive is to achieve one's full potential Self-actualization is : the ultimate goal in life Maslow hierarchy of needs : Learning Focus Theories how the environment shape the child experiences in · on Human behavior is classical s operant seen as being shaped by processes such as conditioning Paulov's Classical Condiroletioningthe Skinner's Operant Conditioning Plays an important in Extinction and shaping · · developmentaf emotional responses Issues : · Behavior not always permanent is · Ethical issues w/ punishment · Doesn't account for free will and people choosing to do had things w/ consequences Cognitive Theories · mental Emphasize aspects of development i. e.. logic is memory Theories : Piaget : · Cognitive development theory based on scheme , assimilation accommodation and equilibration , , · Acquired independently Information Processing · Use the computer as a model of human thinking with memory processes Vygotsky Socio-cultural theory asserts complex forms of thinking have their origins in social interactions Bandura learning does not always require reinforcement sometimes we learn through observation Terms Scheme Explained-Piagot AsAinternal cognitive structure that provides an individual with procedure t follow in a specific circumstance The of · process applying schemes to experience scheme for · eg. tying shoes be applied to other shoes can Accommodation Changing the scheme result of information · as a new e Elegtying coil , create schemes that fit the environment · The process of balancing assimilation and accommodation to we learn what works and what does not work in particular situations Reach point where scheme is good enough ·  See 189-193 for info page on attention : more memory , Guidance from adult for a task a child isn't capable of doing by themself yet Zone of proximal development - space between being able to complete task solo wh vs adult guidance Scaffolding- Adult helping child complete goal beyond unassisted efforts Zone of proximal development + mastery-mastery Bandura Belief : · Don't have to do it to learn it Cognitively active during learning process · · Bridge between behaviorists Cognitive learning theories emphasis on attention memory and motivation , you can learn observation , imitation through , and modeling WTF is thevances Systems Theory Personal and external factors form · a dynamic integrated system HOLISM the 'whole is primary and often greater than the sum of its parts WELLNESS - a result of adaptive adjustment Bronfenbrenner Bioecological System Theory Bioecological System Theory Development explained in terms of the relationships between people and their environments, or contexts Classification · Classifies all the individual and contextual variables that affect development and specifies how they interact · Provides us with the truest view of what's happening developmentally When were a twinkle mother's you in eye startedyour before Development trajectories a thought · were even you · 100 effect year · Kent Thornburg A problem : thatcompounded I passed from is on one generation to the next , reaching back far four generations with from dad as as epigenetic implications passed along , a person's man , , grandparents, and even great-grandparents He calls it the. 100-year effect. Conception - The first stage Canada ppl Age at conception is getting HIGHER in having babies later fo · Rates of triplets quadruplets , and quintuples has increased over 230% since the mid 1990s More IVF in vitro Advanced maternal AMA old hoes becoming aka increasingly phenomena 35 + is age · an years common Geriatric Cold folk pregnancy · pregnancy Increased AMA leads to an increase in conception of multiple births , and an increase in the use of assisted human reproductive techniques Fertility drugs of the assisted human reproductive techniques · one many freezes · Cryopreservation embryos created in IVE · Some pay for by work so they won't need a mat. leave · Artificial insemination injects sperm directly into the woman's uterus Pregnancyrenataland Prenatal Development · Conception to postpartum Pregnancy Physical · condition in which a woman's body is nurturing developing embryo a or fetus 48 weeks Prenatal Process that transforms before birth zygote into newborn · a a Trimesters Key issues in pregnancy · First · Ectopic pregnancy abnormal position to 12 weo Abnormal blood tests.From zygote implantation · urine or · g · Increased blood pressure 12 to 24 weeks and begin to feel the fetus Malnutrition you moving · · Feeling has to do with placement of the placenta. Bleeding · Third · Miscarriage · 25 + weeks increased emotional attachment to the fetus Premature labour · truth : largely variable emotional attachment · Bladder infection · Toxemia blood prisoning by toxins of bacterial infel · Preeclampsia-high blood pressure often damage , organ , and high protein in urine · Eclampsia - more severe can include seizures or coma What's normal during pregnancy? · Everything and anything mostly Age Inof Viability of · Ontario the age viability is 23 weeks where chance at survival is still low In London Ontario medical intervention starts at 24 weeks · , depending on the weight of the baby Survival does NOT mean normal development growth trajectory · · 23 weeks - 17 % Survival · 24 weeks- 39 % Survival · 25 weeks - 50 % Survival · 26 weeks - 80 % Survival 27 weeks 90 % Survival · - · 28-31 weeks - 90-95 % Survival 32-33 works - 95% Survival full term · 34 weeks almost + - as likely as a baby Small group w/ high medical needs Issues in Prenatal Development Genetic Disorders Autosomal dominant disorders · i.. e Huntington's disease, extra fingers i autosomal recessive disorders i e.. sickle cell , fibrosis : sex-linked disorders colour blindness front teeth cystic recessive I e.. red-green , missing Chromosomal Errors Trisamy 3 downs anomalies with chromosomes · sex copies i. e.. Teratogens · -environmental factors maternal disease-deviations in prenatal development stemming from teratogens agents causing damage to the fetus · the first -greatest Lower birth risk is in & weeks likelihood of chronic disease weight- higher · Preterm Birth Low Birth Weight... the deal ? What is big Preterm life long effects such cerebral palsy cognitive impairment visual and hearing impairment and as , , , poor health growth and behavioral and social-emotional problems Low Birth Weight and Very Low Birth Weight · Negative effects on mental s motor development and growth at 9 months to 2 years of age The effects on physical and mental development to lessen time but the growth effects do not · seems over · Normal birth weight is getting higher be eating more Birth Location In London have 2 choice.... you Both are fully covered · Hospital &B or midwife in birth Suites (complete with a bed tub ball and all medical equipment yoga · , a , , Home Birth Midwife complete with all the comforts of home and all the medical equipment of rural hospital · a Home Birth... Who does it is it safe ? · 9 % of first time moms plan home birth and 21 % of second time moms a · ONLY offered to women with risk factors and spontaneous labors no · Research indicates that low risk women have least good if not better outcomes than low a as , , risk woman having hospital births · less stressful environment · Risk of baby picking up infection in hospital Could also be be at home births for low risk whereas hospital also has high risk are only · , Stages of Labor Process of Birth · During the process of birth some babies go into fetal distress sudden change fetal heart rate in Anoxia exygen deprivation can result in death or brain damage ZBS ! After birth most , women require a period of a month or so to Takes significantly longer than recover one month to recover What we know.. the health of the fetus is impacted before conception delivery and beyond the long health influences include emotional behavioral right up until and motor with , , physical , long lasting effects Infant Toddler : The first 2 of life years TodayT a · Sensorimotor Sensory · Perceptual Language · Cognitive · Personality PhysicInalthe FIRST YEAR infants 25-30cm and TRIPLE their body weight · , grow The Brain. Z y/o proportionally larger heads's they need to hold their nearly full sized brain have as followed Synaptogenesis creation of synapses by period of synaptic pruning to make the is a nervous system more efficient Unused pathways prune away · Neuroplasticity the brain's ability to reorganize neural pathways and connections Myelinization myslin gradually individual and electrically insulates them from another improving conductivity · covers axons one think of anatomy Neurons faster through myelinated pathways · move Physical Changes : Between 2-3 there are less dramatic physical changes than the first year of life but still impressive · learn similar trajectory be on but can elongated shortened depending developmental process developmental or on or M Stageotheclass · Runs easily · Climbs on furniture unaided Hauls and shoves big toys around obstacles · Fine Motor 2-3 another years age group Picks small objects · up · Throws small ball while standing Combining motor skills · Each from L-adolescence children about 5-8 height and 2 T kg weight · year gain cm in. in , Growth Motor · Kids with higher motor activity levels are better able to control or inhibit their behaviors allowing for successful task achievement Children MUST master motor skills to in the world around them engage. Linear refers to mastery ~. Children's motor activity levels increase linearly with and peak between 7-9 age years Obesity Most kids out sufficient quantities of food but not at regular meals 22 % of children aged 2-5 overweight · are or obese children be stomach is This is akay for small and they hungry at longer intervals AND they · so are more move a lot However, rest of life, but you're creating patterns of nutrition that will all likelihood follow them through · in there are exceptions Reflexes · Adaptive - present through life designed to support survival sucking helps newborns survive life · Some adaptive reflexes persist throughout Primitive reflexes to stimuli originating central response system · in nervous Controlled by primitive parts of the brain These reflexes disappear about 6 months of by · age Reflexes : Rooting · A soft touch on the cheek will cause an infant to turn toward the touch and open the mouth disappears by about 3 months Helps · start latch process Babinski Stroking the sole of the foot causes the infants tees to fan out and up disappears by about 12 months More Sudden loss at support the infant to the back and throw the and noise or causes arch legs. ar ms out and then them back after These help determine normal bring abnormal in disappears 4. 5 months neurological development · WhyIt the Moro reflex ? if is hypothesized that it helps baby cling to mother dropped Behavioral States Consciousness · Patterns of sleep wakefulness stabilize with age Neonates first 28 days of life sleep 80 % of the time · By & weeks & represents babies will AVERAGE begin to through the night sleep · , an By 6 months babies sleeping about 14 hours day · , are a Cries Y Basic cry signals hunger Rhythmic patr AngLouder in Pain more intense Dicey science that does not apply to all babio Cry · Very abrupt onset · Prompt attention to in first 3 months leads to less later crying crying Creates a secure attachment Realizes communication effective for baby don't need to strategy · is , cry Motor Development : Locomotor : physical action that propels an individual from one place to another Non-ocomotor : movements that do not involve from place to another moving one Manipulative Require : an ability to handle an object or piece of equipment with control 1 Month locomotor stepping reflex non-Locomotor-lifts head slightly and follows objects with eyes · manipulative holds object if place in hand 2-3 Months · locomotor · non-locomotor - lift head up to 90 degrees when lying on stomach tummy time · manipulative begins to swipe at objects in sight 4- 6 Months locomotor rolls over sits with hands and knees support , , moves on creeps army crawl non-Locomotor-holds head erect while in sitting position manipulative reaches for and grasper objects ·  7-9 Months locomotor sits without support crawls , · non-locomotor- · manipulative transfer objects from one hand to the other 10-12 Months locomotor pulls self up and walks furniture then walks alone grasping non-Locomotor squats and stoops plays patty cake combination movement - , manipulative shows · signs of hand preferences some grasps spoon but has poor , a aim when moving to mouth 13-18 Months locomotor walks backwards sideways and , runs 14-20 months non-Locomotor-Rolls ball claps · , manipulative stacks two blocks and puts objects · into small container and dumps them out 19-24 Months locomotor walks : down stairs 2 feet per step moving w/ intention up non-locomotor jumps with both feet off ground - manipulative uses to feed self stacks 4-10 blocks more than I , not that specific spoon · , Universal Virtually all children follow the same sequence of motor development developmentally delayed children just follow at a slower pace Motor Development Gross Motor 2-3 years · Runs easily · Climbs on furniture unaided hauls and shoves big toys around obstacles Fine Motor 2-3 · Cultural or parental differences could be year picks factor rather than DNA related · up small objects environmental · throws small ball while standing Breast is Best · Breastmilk is the BEST form of infant nutrition : exclusive breastfeeding should be done for the first 46 months with the WHO of recommending breastfeeding until the 2 years age · Breastfed babies are less likely to suffer from common illness as it stimulates better immune functioning antibodytransfer · Mother infant social interactions appear to be identical if formula fed babies the maternal attention given same are Work impedes different breast feedings guidelines different countries · are in Natural' · The narrative around breastfeeding is that it is natural and it does not hurt Pain The reality which researchers trying to encourage health professionals to acknowledge that it be painful · are care is can typically for the first two weeks with the pain then subsiding · Mastitis swelling and redness called inflammation of breast tissue , , · Cracked bleeding nipples So why doesn't public health want to tell women about breastfeeding related pain ? from breast · Don't want to discourage women feeding Could discourage having kids · Worried mothers will switch to formula But comforting to know others also struggle · Sensory Vision Hearing : Poor at first but develops rapidly Newborns hear nearly well as adults infants as can locate the direction of some sounds at birth Touch Motion Best developed of all the senses · Smell Taste Smell has unlimited variations nearly · Newborns react different to each basic taste at birth Perceptual Skills looking babies scan for dark light contrast faces are not uniquely interesting to infants but they prefer their mothers face listening byI month they can discriminate between single syllables , at 6 months two syllable words , and I months of who it they recognize the sound regardless says Perceptual Skills At 6 months infants distinguish sound contrast ability fades can in any language by 1 year old this and · , , limited to the sound contrast of their native is language Why would the ability to distinguish sound contrasts in all languages fuds? Related to don't , lose it synaptic pruning use it you Language Months · Coming responds with smiles , or cooing when spoken to 4-5 Months · Makes various vowel and consonant sounds with cooing 6 Month Babbles utters phonemes of all · , languages 8-9 Months · Focus on phonemes rhythm , , and intonation has receptive vocabulary of 20-30 words 12 Months · Expressive language emerges says , single words 12-18 Months · Uses word-gesture combinations combined with variations in internation holophrases word and gesture to form thought 18-20 Months Uses two-word sentences telegraphic speech has expressive vocabulary of Id 200 words Cognitive - Cognitive skill changes over the first 2 years are highly consistent across environments Piaget Sensorimotor : · Infants use information from their sense and motor actions to learn about the world by 18-24 months : infant has the beginnings of mental representation Sensorimotor D-1 Month · Reflexes 1-4 Months Primary circular reactions accommodation of basic schemes as baby practices them grasping listening, looking beginning , of coordination of schemes from different senses baby still has not linked body actions to results outside of this body start to to understand the world around them gather input  4 - 8 Months · Secondary circular reactions baby becomes more aware of events outside his own body imitation may occur beginning to understand of object permanence peek-a-boo & 12 Months - · Coordination of secondary schemes intentional means , end behavior , baby goes after what they are interested in and may combine two schemes is. more pillow to reach you 12-18 Months · Tertiary circular reactions experimentations begins infant tries new ways of playing with manipulating objects or 18-24 Months · Beginning of mental representation development of the use of symbols to represent object or events the child understands the symbol is separate from the object Emotional Development tied to Parent-Infant Relationship ATTACHMENT Theory view that the ability and need to form attachment relationship early life genetic characteristic · : an in is a of all humans Secure : · Mothers are sensitive to infants needs and infants are less fussy and enjoy physical contact Avoidant : Infant avoids contact with the parent and · shows no preference for the parent over other people Ambivalent little exploratory behavior greatly upset when separated from the parent , is , and is not reassured by the parents return or comfort efforts Disorganized Disoriented Confused or apprehensive infant who shows contradictory behavior such toward parent while looking as moving away · Attachment Characteristics 3 · Emotional Responsiveness · Emotional Regulation Correlational research not causal Marital status , status · socio-economic · Mental health · Better mental health of parent : children = secure attachment Consequences of Attachment More sociable behavior towards friends and teachers less positive siblings less clinging and dependent · , more in , on , and disruptive empathetic and emotionally mature interactions school and other settings outside aggressive more in in , well rounded Typically creates good ofpeople · Secure attachment the empathy modeling · is Video Empathy connection v5. Sympathy drawer disconnection · Perspective taking "At least " · ·... of Staying out judgment · Feeling/people · · Vulnerable choice Responses don't make better connections do things · , CogniConstructive tive Changes Play · By age 2 children begin to use objects to build or contrast things building a tower , drawing a picture First Pretend Play · The child uses an object for other than its purpose or pretends with an object pretending to drink from a cup at 15 to 21 months and then it becomes more common place from there , exploding at 2 years How they test things · Substitute Pretend Play Between 2 and 3 years children begin to objects to stand for something altogether different using a broom horse or · , use as a sand on beach to make cake Social Over the from 26 years relationship with non-sibling peers become increasingly increasingly important years , Solitary play all of children · ages · Parallel play 14-18 months · Associative play 18 months Cooperative play 3-4 years old Learning Social Short term Long Term · Physical aggression peaks at age 2 years Stories Ritual Aggression behavior intended to harm another person damage · · a or an · · Pictures Imitation objective · Play · Repitition Aggressive behavior tend to run in families Reinforcement Harsh punitive parenting linked with is aggression · , Games Reinforcement and modeling play key role · in aggression · a Role models Minimizing aggression emotional regulation tools for regulation · · , · between 17 and 29 months of the ratio of male to female age , is consistent 5: 1 aggression Prosocial Behavior Defined behavior intended to help another person · as builds empathy · Becomes evident between 2-3 years · Empathy key is What we know... social personality Freud Oral Put their mouth everything in · Erikson Trust vs Mistrust "If I will they " come? cry Erikson · Autonomy vs shame and doubt · the toddler's new mobility and the accompanying desire for autonomy Adverse Childhood Experiences ACES ACES Abuse : Intimate Partner Violence Nation wide a 34 % · to IPV exposure Emotional maltreatment · 9%