21ST_LITERARY-GENRE.pdf

21st Century Aringay NHS literature from the Philippines and the World Speaker name:XXX Literary Genre 01 02 03 04 Poetry Fiction Drama Creative Nonfiction Literary Genre This refers to a type or category of literature. It ha...

21st Century Aringay NHS literature from the Philippines and the World Speaker name:XXX Literary Genre 01 02 03 04 Poetry Fiction Drama Creative Nonfiction Literary Genre This refers to a type or category of literature. It has a specific form, content, and style. The four main genres of literature are poetry, fiction, nonfiction, and drama. Under each of those genres are different genres. For example: fiction includes speculative fiction, fantasy, and science fiction Poetry Elements: 1. Rhythm– a pattern created with sound 2. Meter – the systematic regularity in rhythm 3. Stanza – a part of a poem with similar rhythm and rhyme that will usually repeat later in the poem 4. Rhyme – the repetition of similar sounds in the lines of a poem Poetry Elements: 5. Rhyme scheme – a pattern of rhyme. Either the last words of the first and second lines rhyme with each other, or the first and the third line, or the second and the fourth, and so on. It is denoted by alphabets like aabb (1st line rhyme with 2nd line and 3rd line rhyme with 4th line); abab (1st line rhyme with 3rd line and 2nd line rhyme with 4th line); abba (1st line rhyme with 4th line and 2nd line rhyme with 3rd line); and so on. Poetry Elements: 6. Theme – the central idea of the poem, the poet wants to convey to the reader. 7. Symbolism – an object, idea or word that is used to represent another idea, thought or feelings that will create such a strong effect Poetry Elements: 8. Imagery – the mental pictures the poet creates through language - words used by the poet to create an image in the mind of the readers. Imagery appeals to the five senses Poetry Elements: 9. Allusion – using this literary device, the writer refers to a significant person, place, thing, or idea in culture, history, literature, or politics briefly and indirectly. Poetry Elements: 10. Apostrophe – with this literary device, the writer addresses someone or something that is not present in his work. Fiction Literary elements-These devices are inherent in a literary text. EXAMPLE: ✓ characters ✓ setting ✓conflict ✓ plot ✓theme of a short story. Fiction Literary techniques – These devices are used deliberately by a writer in his or her work to convey a particular meaning. The literary meaning of a work is conveyed through its elements and the literary techniques that the writer used. In a short story, for instance, the writer weaves a story, putting elements and techniques together in a specific arrangement to convey its meaning. Drama Drama is a literary work that tells a story through actions and dialogues. It is usually performed on stage.  Elements: Characters – these actors set the scene and flow of the story. Elements: Dialogues – these are conversations between the characters. Plot – this is the series of events that take place. Stage directions – these statements tell the actors how they should look, move, and speak. They also give the director a picture of how the setting looks like, and what music and other sounds would set the mood of the play  The World Is an Apple" by Alberto S. Florentino is a one-act play. As the term suggests, a one-act play is composed of only one act or part. Its story has a few characters; it is condensed and has a single effect.  Notable Filipino dramatists in English of the Postwar Years 1. Severino Montano 2.Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero 3.Alberto Florentino They produced relevant dramas during the period. However, because their works were written in English, they could only reach out to the educated class. Creative Nonfiction Creative nonfiction refers to narratives of real events told using a literary style of writing. Some of its forms are the memoir, the biography, the autobiography, the diary, and the essay. It is a major genre of literature. It refers to narratives of real events told in a literary style. In Philippine Literature, the essay is the most common form of creative nonfiction. Kinds of Creative Nonfiction Memoir - This account is narrowly focused on a single event in a person’s life. Kinds of Creative Nonfiction Biography - This is a detailed account of a person’s life written by another person. Kinds of Creative Nonfiction Autobiography - This is a written account of the life of a person written by the subject himself or herself. Kinds of Creative Nonfiction Diary - This is a collection of discrete accounts of a person’s experiences and thoughts each day. Kinds of Creative Nonfiction Essay - This writing features any subject that the writer personally comments about or describes. Philippine Creative Nonfiction  The American Occupation (1898–1940) The essay in English proved to be an influential medium. The first volume of essays was Life and Success (1921) by Zoilo Galang. The earliest travel writing was Notas de Viaje (1930) by Maria Paz Mendoza- Guazon. The essay “Literature and Society” by Salvador Lopez sparked a debate on socially relevant literature versus aesthetic value. It won in the first Commonwealth Literary Awards in 1940. The Japanese Occupation (1941–1945). Because of censorship, only a few essays in English were published. Horizons from My Nipa Hut, published in 1941, is a collection of humorous essays by Francisco B. Icasiano. I Am a Filipino, the most famous essay of Carlos P. Romulo (born in Intramuros, Manila and grew up in Camiling, Tarlac), was published the same year. 1960s and 1970s Literary journalism came into its own. It appeared in some publications like the Philippines Free Press and the Philippine Graphic. It attracted some of the best Filipino writers. Nick Joaquin, who sometimes used the pen name Quijano de Manila, was the most prolific among those writers. 1990s A few autobiographies and memoirs were published like Memory’s Fictions: A Personal History (1993) and Postscript to a Saintly Life (1994) by Bienvenido Santos. Also, there were works on wars like Living With the Enemy: A Diary of the Japanese Occupation (1999) by Pacita Pestaño-Jacinto, and Breaking the Silence (1996) by Lourdes Reyes Montinola. Also, published in this period were travel writings by Filipino women like Sylvia Mayuga’s Earth, Fire & Air (1992) and Kerima Polotan’s Adventures in a Forgotten Country (1999). Early 21st Century This period saw the publication of collections of short essays and narratives of young writers. Their works were: Wala Lang (2004) by Bud Tomas; Love, Desire, Children, Etc.: Reflections of a Young Wife (2005) by Rica Bolipata-Santos; The King of Nothing To Do (2006) by Luis Katigbak; and Stressed in the City (2007) by April T. Yap. Other creative nonfiction in the Philippines are: 1. “The Cardinal’s Sins, the General’s Cross, the Martyr’s Testimony, and Other Affirmations” by Gregorio C. Brillantes 2. “Manananggal Terrorizes Manila and Other Stories” by Jessica Zafra 3. “Sapay Koma” by Jhoanna Lynn Cruz Philippine Literature in the 21st Century (2001 up to the present) This body of literature includes digital writings, graphic novels, textula, hypertext, and other emerging literary genres at present. New literary works created within the last decade. Written by contemporary authors. Deals with current themes/ issues and reflects a technological culture. Often breaks traditional writing rules. Emerging genres like IM and blog format books, digi- fiction and doodle.  Instructions: Read the two poems below then in a clean sheet of long bond paper, copy the questions and answer them.  A. Man of Earth by Amador T. Daguio 1. How many stanzas does the poem have? __________ 2. Each stanza is composed of how many syllables? _________ 3. What kind of rhyme does the poem contain? ___________ 4. The poem mentioned that the first man and woman came from the bamboo which is taken from Philippine creation myth. What figure of speech is used in those lines? __________ 5. The speaker addresses a spiritual being he calls “Lord”. What figure of speech is used? __________ B. A Textula by Frank G. Rivera 6. How many stanza does the poem have?____________ 7. What Filipino values is depicted in the poem? __________ 8. – 10. Considering the elements, structure and tradition, identify 3 similarities of Frank Rivera’s A Textula and Amador Daguio’s Man of Earth. __________ __________ __________ Popular Fiction Popular fiction, also called genre fiction, refers to works of literature that are intended for the masses or large audience. Its main purpose is to appeal to the general public. Features of popular fiction: Its story is plot-driven. Its characters are mostly stock figures. Its setting is either familiar or exotic. Its language is closer to everyday spoken language. It contains a lot of dialogues. 1. Science fiction Science fiction, also called sci-fi, at its core, deals with science and technology. It is often lumped with the fantasy and horror genres under the broader term “speculative fiction.” As this term suggests, sci-fi writers are often preoccupied by the question “what if.” EXAMPLE: “An Introduction to the Luminescent” - Pocholo Goitia It was published in Philippine Speculative Fiction volume 1 in 2005. The story is set in the year 2105 in a mall described as an “ultrasaur,” a massive structure that towers at two kilometers and stretches at half kilometer. Magenta, one of the characters, is a member of La Luminosa, a group of biogenetically engineered people that live in the mall. This mall is protected by “clone warriors” that hover in the air using devices called gravity disruptors. 2. Chick literature Chick literature, or chick lit, is written by women who write for women. The usual target readers are young and single women, especially in their 20s or 30s. The stories deal with real life, usually love and relationships, and they are written in a light-hearted tone. EXAMPLE Getting Better -Tara Sering The novella was published in the October 2002 issue of Cosmopolitan Philippines, a magazine that targets contemporary women and that mostly features topics regarding relationships, beauty, fashion, and health. Told in the second person point of view, the story tackles the life of a single woman named Karen—how she was as a girlfriend, how she dealt with cheating, and how she moved on. 3. Ghost stories Ghost stories are part of Filipino pop culture. They are a specific kind of stories in the horror fiction genre. As the name suggests, a ghost story features a ghost as one of its characters. Like any story in the horror fiction genre, a ghost story is meant to scare its reader. EXAMPLE: Joel P. Salud’s “The Haunting at Concha Cruz Drive” It was published in True Philippine Ghost Stories Book 1 in 2002. It tells the story of three friends driving along a road named Concha Cruz Drive which is known to be haunted by ghosts of a young couple who were victims of drag racing accident. New and Emerging Literary Forms in the 21st Century  Illustrated novel – presents images that tell some parts of the story, while the other parts are told in words. Example: Zsazsa Zaturnah sa Kalakhang Maynila Graphic novel – tells a story in comic book format. - a narrative work in which the story is conveyed to the reader using comic form. The term is employed in a broad manner, encompassing non-fiction works and thematically linked short stories as well as fictional stories across a number of genres. Doodle fiction – contains doodles and hand-written graphics. - a literary presentation where the author incorporates doodle drawings and hand written graphics in place of traditional font. Drawing enhances the story, often adding humorous elements that would be missing if the illustrations were omitted. Digi-fiction - a literary experience that combines three media: book, movie/video, and internet website. In order to get the full story, students must engage in navigation, reading, viewing, in all three formats. Digital fictions are different from e-books because they do not just exist as a digital version of a print novel, rather, they are known as “born digital” – that is, they would lose something of their aesthetic and/or structural form and meaning if they were removed from the digital medium. Digi-fiction - they may contain hyperlinks, moving images, mini-games or sound effects. - Unlike e-books in which the reader moves from one page to another in a linear fashion, in many digital fictions, the reader has a role in constructing the narrative, either by selecting hyperlinks or by controlling a character’s journey through the story world. Manga – the Japanese word for comics - it is used in the English-speaking world as a generic term for all comic books and graphic novels originally published in Japan. - considered an artistic and storytelling style. - the term “Ameri-Manga” is sometimes used to refer to comics created by American artists in manga style. English Middle School THANK YOU Briefly elaborate on what you want to discuss. Add a short description. It serves a variety of purposes, making presentations powerful tools for convincing and teaching. Speaker name:XXX