21st Century Philippine Literature Review PDF

**21^ST^ CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD 3Q EXAM REVIEWER** **Pre-Spanish Period** --- Before the arrival of the Spanish, Philippine literature was primarily oral and consisted of **legends, folktales, folksongs, epics, myths, and ritualistic chants** passed down through gener...

**21^ST^ CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD 3Q EXAM REVIEWER** **Pre-Spanish Period** --- Before the arrival of the Spanish, Philippine literature was primarily oral and consisted of **legends, folktales, folksongs, epics, myths, and ritualistic chants** passed down through generations and formed the basis of early Filipino culture and identity. **Spanish Period** --- This period (1521-1898) new forms like religious dramas (e.g., zarzuelas, comedias) and secular plays (e.g., Moro-Moro) emerged. The period is **characterized by religious and secular drama and plays.** Early forms of Filipino novels and poetry flourished (though under censorship).. **Period of Enlightenment** --- an 18th-century intellectual and philosophical movement in Europe, influenced many parts of the world emphasizing reason, individualism, and challenged traditional authority, including colonial rule. This period (late 19th century) saw the rise of Filipino nationalism and intellectualism and Filipino intellectuals called *Ilustrados* began to write about the fault of colonization. Writers like Jose Rizal and Marcelo H. del Pilar used their works to expose the abuses of the Spanish colonial government. The period is characterized by **reformist and nationalistic writing**. **American Period** --- English became a dominant language in Philippine literature, and Filipino writers explored new forms and themes, often influenced by Western literature. Literature development evolved. Philippine literature during the American period often ***imitated* Western** (primarily American) **literary styles, forms, and themes** as Filipinos explored new modes of expression. It was also increasingly ***critical*** as writers began to examine the effects of American colonization, the social issues of the time, and the ongoing quest for national identity. **Japanese Period** --- This period (1942-1945) was the time of war and occupation where it significantly disrupted Philippine literary development. English-language literature was largely suppressed, and Filipino writers often focused on Tagalog and other native languages, exploring themes of nationalism, love, and rural life (\"life in the barrios\") as a form of resistance and cultural preservation. While some Filipino literature continued to be produced, it was often suppressed or focused on **themes of nationalism and resistance**. **New Society Period** --- This period, under Ferdinand Marcos\'s rule, saw a significant increase in the **popularity of magazines and comics**. The government used these media for propaganda purposes, and they became a major form of entertainment for the population. The **Carlos Palanca Awards were established and continued to be given annually during this time.** **Period of Activism** --- roughly 1970-1972, was a time of intense social and political unrest. Driven by domestic and global issues, Filipino youth and writers used their work to express dissent, challenge the status quo, and advocate for change. **The Third Republic Period** --- (1981-1985) marked by a resurgence of literary activity after years of martial law. Writers explored themes of freedom, poverty, love of country, and social injustice, often critiquing the government through their work. This period also saw the rise of children\'s literature. **Edsa I Period** --- (roughly 1986-1992) marked the restoration of democracy in the Philippines after the Marcos regime. This period (post-1986 People Power Revolution) saw a **resurgence of Philippine literature**, with writers expressing newfound freedom and exploring t**hemes of democracy, social justice, and national identity.** It was a time of literary *growth*. The focus was more **on political expression and national identity.** **Post-Edsa I Revolution** --- This period followed the People Power Revolution that ousted Marcos. This era saw a flourishing of literary works that explored a wider range of themes and concerns, moving beyond the socio-political focus of the Martial Law period.^1^ It was characterized by experimentation, the development of regional literature, and the rise of new voices and perspectives. The media landscape changed dramatically, with greater freedom of the press. \"The Inquirer, Malaya and People's Journal\" considered as crony newspapers became popular and marked an overnight increase in circulation. **21st Century Period** --- (2001 to the present) characterized by the rapid advancement and widespread adoption of digital technologies. These technologies have profoundly impacted literature, leading to new forms of writing (like blogs, fan fiction, hypertext poetry), new distribution methods (e-books, online publishing), and new styles that reflect the fast-paced, interconnected nature of modern life. **Folk Narratives** --- These are traditional stories passed down orally through generations. They include myths, legends, fables, and epics, often explaining natural phenomena, cultural origins, or moral lessons. They were a very common form of pre-colonial literature. **Oral Literature** --- This is the broad term encompassing any form of literature that is primarily transmitted by word of mouth. This includes folk narratives, but also songs, poems, rituals, and other forms of spoken expression. It was the dominant form of literature before writing systems were widely adopted. **Religious Prose** --- This refers to written religious texts, such as scriptures, sermons, or theological treatises. While pre-colonial Filipinos certainly had spiritual beliefs and practices, these were primarily expressed through oral traditions, rituals, and songs. Written religious prose, as we understand it, became more prominent with the arrival of organized religions like Islam and later, Christianity. **Verses for Rituals** --- These are poetic or rhythmic texts used in ceremonies, prayers, or other ritualistic practices. They were an important part of pre-colonial spiritual life and were usually transmitted orally. **Noli Me Tangere** --- This novel exposed the abuses and corruption of the Spanish colonial system, particularly the friars. It had a profound impact on Filipino society, awakening national consciousness and inspiring many to seek independence. It\'s considered Rizal\'s most influential work and a key catalyst for the Philippine Revolution. **El Filibusterismo** --- A sequel to Noli Me Tangere, which also contributed to Filipino nationalism by exploring the consequences of social injustices and corruption. **La Solidaridad** --- This was a newspaper published by Filipino intellectuals in Spain advocating for reforms in the Philippines. It played a crucial role in disseminating nationalist ideas but a journalistic endeavor. **Mi Ultimo Adios** --- poem written by Rizal on the eve of his execution. It is a powerful expression of his love for his country and his willingness to sacrifice for it and serves as a symbol of Rizal\'s martyrdom. **Manuel E. Arguilla** --- renowned for his short stories depicting rural Filipino life, particularly the struggles and hardships faced by peasants. His works often explored themes of poverty, social injustice, and the challenges of agricultural life in the Philippines. **Claro M. Recto** --- a prominent Filipino statesman, lawyer, and poet. While he wrote about social and political issues. He was more involved in high-level politics and nationalist discourse. **Carlos P. Romulo** --- a diplomat, statesman, and writer whose works explored international relations, World War II (where he served), and the Philippines\' role in global events. He addressed a wide range of topics, placing the Philippines in a global context. **Francisco Balagtas** --- authored the epic *Florante at Laura*, a significant piece that popularized romantic fiction in the Philippines. **Lázaro Francisco** --- wrote about social issues and the lives of ordinary Filipinos. **Francisco Lázaro** --- a Portuguese Olympic marathon runner and Portugal\'s standard-bearer in their first-ever participation at the Olympic Games, the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. **José Garcia Villa** --- a highly influential Filipino poet, known for his innovative and experimental style. His poetry often explored themes of art, spirituality, and the self. **Antonio Luna** --- a Filipino revolutionary general and writer. While he did write, his focus was more on political essays and articles related to the revolution. **Graciano Lopez Jaena** --- a Filipino writer, orator, and journalist who was a key figure in the Propaganda Movement. *Ang Fray Botod*, *La Hija Del Fraile*, and *Everything Is Hambug* are among his most famous satirical works, criticizing the abuses and hypocrisy of the friars and the social ills of the time. **Jose Rizal** --- considered the national hero of the Philippines and a giant of Philippine literature. His novels *Noli Me Tangere* and *El Filibusterismo* are masterpieces that exposed the injustices of the Spanish colonial era. **Marcelo del Pilar** --- another leading figure in the Propaganda Movement and a skilled writer and satirist. He founded the newspaper *La Solidaridad*, which served as a platform for advocating reforms. His masterpieces are *Dasalan at Tocsohan* (Prayers and Jokes), *Ang Cadaquilaan ng Dios* (God\'s Goodness), *La Soberania en Filipinas* (Sovereignty in the Philippines), *El Verdadero Decalogo* (The True Decalogue or Ten Commandments). His works, often satirical and nationalistic, played a crucial role in raising awareness of the social and political issues in the Philippines under Spanish rule. **Abdon M. Balde, Jr.** --- A Filipino writer known for his works in various genres, including fiction and poetry, often exploring themes of rural life and social issues in the Philippines. **Isabelle Allende** --- A Chilean-American writer. **Kristian Sendon Cordero** --- A Filipino poet, essayist, and translator. He is known for his contributions to contemporary Filipino literature, particularly in the Bicolano language. **Merlinda Bobis** --- Filipino-Australian writer and academic known for her poetry, fiction, and plays. Her works often explore themes of identity, displacement, and cultural hybridity. **Digi-fiction** --- refers to literature created and often distributed digitally, often incorporating multimedia elements like images, audio, and video. **Flash fiction** --- a genre of fiction characterized by its extreme brevity and generally much shorter than a traditional short story. **Doodle fiction** --- a genre of literature where the author incorporates doodle drawings and handwritten graphics in place of traditional font. **Science fiction** --- a genre of speculative fiction that deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts such as advanced technology, space exploration, time travel, parallel universes, and extraterrestrial life. **Six-Word Flash Fiction** --- a subgenre of flash fiction where the entire story is told in just six words. **Chick Literature** --- A genre of fiction, typically written by women, for women. **Illustrated novel** --- a hybrid form of novel where the narrative is presented through both text and illustrations. **Blog** --- (short for \"weblog\") is an online journal or website where an individual or group posts regular entries (\"blog posts\") typically displayed in reverse chronological order. **Graphic Novel** --- a narrative told through sequential art in comic book format. **Hyper-Poetry** --- a form of digital poetry that uses hypertext links and other multimedia elements to create a non-linear and interactive reading experience. **Text-Talk Novel** --- a literary work written in a format that mimics conversations and interactions on social media or texting platforms. **Alliteration** --- the repetition of consonant sounds at the *beginning* of words or stressed syllables. Examples: **D**ancing **d**olphins delighted the **d**ucklings. **T**om **t**ook **t**en **t**oys to **t**own. **C**razy **c**ats climb **c**olorful **c**urtains. **Oxymoron** --- a figure of speech where two contradictory terms appear in conjunction. Examples: Living dead \| Virtual reality \| Friendly fire \| Original copy **Allusion** --- a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing, event, or idea in history, literature, or culture. **Irony** --- a literary device where there\'s a contrast or incongruity between expectations and reality. It can add depth, humor, or even tragedy to a story. Main Types: **Verbal irony** --- when a speaker\'s words convey the opposite of their true meaning. It\'s often used to create humor or sarcasm. - **Examples:** Saying \"Oh, that\'s just great\" when something terrible has happened. **\|** Calling a clumsy person \"graceful.\" \| Responding to a terrible meal with \"This is the best food I\'ve ever had.\" **Situational irony** --- occurs when the outcome of a situation is the opposite of what was expected. It often involves a twist or unexpected turn of events. - **Examples:** A fire station burning down. \| A police officer getting arrested. \| Someone winning the lottery and then losing the ticket. **Dramatic irony** --- when the audience or reader knows something that the characters in a story do not. This creates suspense or humor. - **Examples:** In a horror movie, the audience knows the killer is hiding in the closet, but the character doesn\'t. \| In a play, the audience knows that a character is planning a surprise party, but the other characters don\'t. \| In a book, the reader knows that a character is making a mistake, but the character is unaware. **Metaphor** --- a figure of speech that directly compares two unlike things without using \"like\" or \"as.\" Examples: \"The world is a stage.\" \"He is a lion in battle.\" \"Her heart is a cold stone.\" **Onomatopoeia** --- the use of words that imitate the sounds they describe. Examples: \"The door banged open.\" \"The bee buzzed around my head.\" \"The cat meowed for its dinner.\" **Personification** --- a figure of speech where human qualities or actions are attributed to inanimate objects or animals. Examples: \"The wind whispered secrets through the trees.\" \"The angry storm raged outside.\" \"My car refused to start this morning.\" **Simile** --- a figure of speech that compares two unlike things using \"like\" or \"as.\" \" Examples: \"Her face glowed like the moon.\" \"The snow fell like a white blanket.\" \"She was as graceful as a swan.\" **Hyperbole** --- Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally. Examples: \"I\'ve told you a million times.\" \"I\'m so hungry I could eat a horse.\" \"This bag weighs a ton.\" **Paradox** --- A statement that appears self-contradictory but contains a deeper truth. Examples: \"The more you give, the more you receive.\" \"War is peace.\" \"I must be cruel to be kind.\" **Context** --- comes from the Latin word \"*contexere*,\" which means \"to weave together.\" **Biographical context** --- refers to the author\'s life, experiences, and background and how these might have influenced their writing. **Linguistic context** --- refers to the words, phrases, and sentences that surround a word or phrase including word choice and syntax and contribute to its meaning. **Literary context** --- refers to the background information and circumstances surrounding a piece of writing. **Socio-cultural context** --- refers to the social and cultural environment in which a text was created. This includes things like the values, beliefs, and customs of society at the time, as well as the social and political issues that were important. **Reader\'s context**--- encompasses the reader's prior knowledge, experiences, and perspectives that influence their interpretation of a text. **Writer\'s context**--- includes the writer's background, experiences, and the circumstances surrounding the creation of their work, all of which can shape the meaning and purpose of their writing. **Textual or historical context** --- refers to the time period in which the work was written and the events that may have influenced it. **Dasalan at Tocsohan** ---a collection of prayers and humorous, satirical pieces by Marcelo H. del Pilar, written during the Propaganda Movement. **Doctrina Christiana** --- the first book printed in the Philippines in 1593, using xylography (woodblock printing). It contained Christian doctrines in Tagalog and Spanish, aimed at teaching the Catholic faith to the native population. **Noli Me Tangere** --- José Rizal\'s famous novel, a social commentary on the conditions in the Philippines under Spanish rule published in 1887 in Berlin, Germany. **Urbana at Felisa** --- a novel by Modesto de Castro, a popular work of didactic literature focused on good manners and Christian morality published in 1852. **Feminism** --- a range of social movements, political movements, and ideologies that share a common goal: to define, establish, and achieve political, economic, personal, and social equality of the sexes.  **Freedom** --- the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrances. **Gender Equality** --- the state of equal ease of access to resources and opportunities regardless of gender, including economic participation and decision-making; and the state of valuing different behaviors, aspirations and needs equally, regardless of gender. **Humanist** --- a philosophical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition. Imagery in literature is the use of vivid and descriptive language to evoke a sense or feeling in the reader. It appeals to our senses and helps us to create mental pictures of the scene, character, or event being described. There are seven main types of imagery: **1. Visual Imagery:** Appeals to the sense of sight. - **Examples:** \"The sun was a molten gold coin in the vast, azure sky.\" \"The city at night was a dazzling display of lights, like a million stars fallen to earth.\" \"The old house stood on a hill, its windows like vacant eyes staring out at the world.\" \"Her dress was a vibrant red, a stark contrast against the green grass.\" \"The forest was a tapestry of green, with sunlight filtering through the leaves.\" **2. Auditory Imagery:** Appeals to the sense of hearing. - **Examples:** \"The gentle rustling of leaves in the wind created a soothing melody.\" \"The city was a symphony of sounds, from the honking of cars to the chatter of people.\" \"The silence in the room was deafening, broken only by the ticking of the clock.\" \"The waves crashed against the shore, their thunderous roar echoing through the air.\" \"The music was loud and vibrant, filling the room with its infectious rhythm.\" **3. Olfactory Imagery:** Appeals to the sense of smell. - **Examples:** \"The aroma of freshly baked bread wafted through the air, making my mouth water.\" \"The scent of the ocean was strong and salty, reminding me of home.\" \"The garden was filled with the sweet fragrance of roses and lilies.\" \"The air was thick with the pungent smell of smoke.\" \"The perfume she wore had a delicate, floral scent.\" **4. Gustatory Imagery:** Appeals to the sense of taste. - **Examples:** \"The chocolate cake was rich and decadent, with a melt-in-your-mouth texture.\" \"The lemonade was tart and refreshing, perfect for a hot day.\" \"The spicy curry made my tongue tingle with its fiery flavor.\" \"The ripe mango was sweet and juicy, its flavor bursting in my mouth.\" \"The coffee had a bitter taste, but it was just what I needed to wake up.\" **5. Tactile Imagery:** Appeals to the sense of touch. - **Examples:** \"The soft, fluffy blanket felt comforting against my skin.\" \"The rough bark of the tree scraped against my hand.\" \"The cold water sent a shiver down my spine.\" \"The warm sand felt grainy between my toes.\" \"Her hair was silky and smooth, like a waterfall of softness.\" **6. Kinesthetic Imagery:** Describes movement or physical sensation. - **Examples:** \"He ran through the forest, his feet pounding against the ground.\" \"The swimmer sliced through the water, her body moving with effortless power.\" \"The horses reared and plunged.\" \"The boxer dodged and weaved, his movements quick and agile.\" \"The dancer twirled gracefully across the stage.\" **7. Organic Imagery:** Relates to internal sensations or feelings, such as hunger, thirst, fatigue, or emotions. - **Examples:** \"A deep ache throbbed in his heart.\" \"A wave of sadness washed over me, leaving me feeling empty and hollow.\" \"I was so hungry that my stomach growled loudly.\" \"The fear that gripped me was cold and clammy, making my palms sweat.\" \"A sense of peace settled over me, calming my racing thoughts.\" \"The joy I felt was overwhelming, making my heart soar.\" ***Moro-Moro*** --- plays that often depict Muslims as villains, driven by base desires, and prone to violence. They are frequently shown as the enemies of the Christian heroes, reinforcing negative stereotypes. ***Zarzuela*** --- a Spanish lyric-dramatic genre that alternates between spoken and sung scenes, the latter incorporating operatic and popular songs, as well as dance. ***Carillo*** --- shadow play, a traditional form of dramatic entertainment using cardboard cut-out figures projected on a screen. ***Balagtasan*** --- named after Francisco Balagtas it is a Filipino form of debate done in verse. **[Vocabulary:]** **Summits/Peaks** --- The highest points of individual mountains within the range. **Ridges** --- Long, narrow elevated portions of the range, often connecting summits. **Valleys** --- Low-lying areas between mountains, often with rivers or streams. **Foothills** --- The lower, gently sloping areas at the base of the mountains. **Passes** --- Low points in a ridge, providing pathways through the mountains. Subrange --- a smaller mountain range *within* a larger one **An extended limit of the subrange** --- refers to a boundary that has been expanded, not a division within a range. **Doubt** --- implies uncertainty or disbelief. **Happiness** --- a general feeling of joy or contentment. **Love** --- a deep affection or intense feeling of connection. **Regret** --- a feeling of sadness or disappointment over something that has happened. **Automatic rifle** --- fires continuously if the trigger is depressed. **German high-velocity automatic rifle** --- Mauser rifles are of German origin. **High-velocity automatic rifle** --- focuses on two features that may be true but aren\'t always. Many rifles use high-velocity rounds and fire continuously if the trigger is depressed **Long rifle** --- refers to a rifle with a longer barrel, often associated with increased accuracy and range. **Sub-role** --- a supporting role **Star** --- chief role \| A natural luminous celestial body visible in the sky at night **Second lead** --- a supporting role. **Purgatory** --- A place or state of purification after death, where souls are cleansed before entering heaven. **Pedagogic** --- relating to the method and practice of teaching **Collaborative** --- relating to or involving collaboration or teamwork. **Didactic** --- Relating to teaching intended to convey information or instruction \"**Fingers flaming**\" --- Flaming is often associated with rage or fury \"**Serious mien**\" --- demeanor or appearance that often involves a focused or thoughtful expression (furrowed brows, a set jaw, or a direct gaze). \"**It\'s here! It\'s finally here**!\" --- displays pure, unadulterated excitement. \" **A heart that bleeds unseen**" --- expresses pity "**Tears like rain on a windowpane**" --- evokes sadness **Communication** --- the process of exchanging information, ideas, or feelings through language or other means. **Storytelling** --- the art of creating stories that engage and captivate an audience **Understanding history** --- involves studying and interpreting past events to gain insights into the present and shape the future.