Probiotics, Fibers, Prebiotics PDF

Probiotics, Fibers, Prebiotics Pr. Valérie Micard Institut Agro Montpellier-France  The « Probiotic » concept 29/09/2023 2  Probiotics Probiotics: live micro-organisms giving a health benefit on the host. Which micro-organi...

Probiotics, Fibers, Prebiotics Pr. Valérie Micard Institut Agro Montpellier-France  The « Probiotic » concept 29/09/2023 2  Probiotics Probiotics: live micro-organisms giving a health benefit on the host. Which micro-organisms? Bacteria – Lactobacillus (Lb. acidophilus, Lb. casei, Lb. crispatus, Lb. helveticus, Lb. johnsonii, Lb. paracasei, Lb. plantarum, Lb. reuteri, Lb. rhamnosus, Lb. salivarius) – Bifidobacteria (B. animalis, B. bifidum, B. breve, B. infantis, B. longum) – Streptococcus Yeasts – Saccharomyces boulardii 29/09/2023 3  Probiotics Probiotics are naturally found in your body: part of the human intestinal microbiota You can also find them in some: foods supplements 29/09/2023 4  Human intestinal microbiota The most important human microbiota – Others: skin, mouth,vagina In our digestive tract – 200 millions of neurones – 100,000 milliards of bacteria 2-10 the number of cells in our body – Weight: 2 kg (3% of a 70kg man) 2.0 29/09/2023 5  Human intestinal microbiota Its composition Rare species Dominant species Transitory species 29/09/2023 Probiotics 6 29/09/2023 Mainly in small intestin and colon 7  Human Intestinal microbiota High diversity – 800 species – More than 7000 strains A healthy man: 160 species/human ; 50% of them are present in all human Anaerobia Aerobia Bacteroids Escherichia More common genders Clostridium Enterococcus Eubacterium Lactobacillus Bifidobacterium Streptococcus 30-40 species represent 99% of the total microbiote 15-20 species would be responsible of its role 29/09/2023 8  Human intestinal microbiota One human-One microbiota - As precise as a digital print Electrophoresis in denaturing conditions of 16S RNAr 1 in human feces Profiles are subject dependant And time stable (around 7 months) 29/09/2023 9 Courtesy of C. Humblot IRD  Human intestinal microbiota Child microbiota starts with Mother’s intestinal and vaginal microbiota Environment for surgery (C section) 29/09/2023 10  Human intestinal microbiota Evolution the first years of life – Diet, genetic, hygenia, medical treatment, environment Stabilisation of its composition around 3 years old Species richness x4 1ères-aerobic bacteria (enterococcus, Staphylococcus) 2ndes-Anaerobic bacteria (Bacteroides, Clostridium, bifidobacteriuem) 29/09/2023 Yatsunenko et al. Nature 2012 11  Human intestinal microbiota Change in elderly people Change a s a function of age High Low Baby Adult Elderly people Diversification of microbiota Changes with hormone, Microbiota is less diversified lactation, pregnancy) Interaction with diet (medicine (ATB), repetitive diet, Immunity deficiency) Yatsunenko et al. Nature 2012 29/09/2023 12  Les The fonctions du microbiote roles of our intestinal microbiota «AOrgane fonctional fonctionnel organ » Intestinal defense cells Nutriments Intestinal mucosis Intestinal microbiota Intestinal cells Metabolic Barrier Defense Maintenance fermentation of non digestible Against Maturation and activation of maturation of the digestive foods (SCFA = energy microbes(competition intestinal immune system tract; maintenance of the production: Axenique animals for food; toxin (Intestin: First stock of intestinal muscle; intestinal have 20-30% higher energetic production) immune celles) motricity; production of needs 20 à 30%) ; Regulation mucus, enzymatic activity of Mucosa production Axenic animal have of the absorption of some the mucosa which protects immature immune system Nutrients with their enzyme tools (minerals: Ca, Mg); intestinal cells Participation to metabolite synthesis (K-B12-B8 vitamins) 29/09/2023 13 Local and systemic Actions  Dysbiosis of human intestinal microbiota (or presence of a special bacteria) Linked to Chronic immune diseases – Fragility in seniors Do microbiota have other roles? – Crohn’s Disease Some intestinal bacteria could – Ulcerative colitis protect and others could induce – Obesity inflammatory and metabolism pathologies, or be linked to – Type 2 diabetes neurological or comportemental – Type-1 diabetes dysfunctions. – Cœliac disease Mechanims remain unknow and an important research is needed – Allergy – Colorectal or gastric Cancers Cardiovascular – others... (neuropsychatric) http://www.infectiologie.com/UserFiles/File/medias/diaporamas/CEMI/2014/2014-CEMI-Dore.pdf 29/09/2023 14  Roles of microbiote obesity-diet 1:30 29/09/2023 15  Microbiota and neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases – Neuropsychiatric diseases 200 millions of neurone in intestin (for intestinal motricity) 80% of these neurones send information to brain – A modification of the microbiote would modify the information conducted up to our brain Role? in Schizophrenie, autism, anxiety and depressive symptoms, bipolar symptoms (with genetic, epigenetic, environment, psychology...) – Neurodegenarative diseases (alzheimer, parkinson) 29/09/2023 16 Michel Neunlist, Directeur de recherche à l’Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif (CHU de Nantes): microbiota (flore intestinale) and neurodegenerative pathologies 29/09/2023 17 1:15  The therapeutic tracks to modify the composition of the microbiota? A diet favouring the development of bacteria beneficial to the digestive system. The oral intake of probiotics, The oral intake of prebiotics The oral intake of Symbiotics, which combine pre and probiotics Antibiotic treatment targeting the harmful species involved in the disease. But selection pressure can induce new pathologies. Fecal transplantation (bacterial suspension prepared from the stool of a healthy individual delivered by nasogastric tube or by colon to a sick patient). – Effective and used in severe intestinal infections with Clostridium difficile 29/09/2023 18  Microbiote and autism (vidéo de 13.06->fin) Depuis 11:34 to 11:53 29/09/2023 Axe intestin-cerveau 19  EU probiotic regulation They can be included in – Food Supplements Foods for special medical purpose – Medicinal products – Cosmetics – Feed additives.... Products are regulated based on the category 29/09/2023 into which they fall 20 Foods with probiotics 29/09/2023 21  Probiotic claims on food EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) ØMore than 300 requests ØConcerning more than 200 probiotics or combination ØMore than 60 beneficial effects claims But no probiotics claims approved in EU.... 29/09/2023 22  video claims EFSA 29/09/2023 4:23 23  Why no claim accepted? Up to now Insufficient characterisation Non defined claims Non beneficial claims Not all measurable outcomes reflect a direct benefit for humans Lack of pertinent human studies Quality of studies 29/09/2023 24  Probiotics-conclusion Probiotics could Equilibrate the intestinal microbiota when perturbations occur? But... – Which equilibre? (one human-one microbiote) – Health effect have to be tested in human trials – Effects are specie dependent – How administrate probiotics? (Food? Medicine?) – How manage the diet-probiotic relation? – Play with prebiotics and prebiotic-probiotic interactions? 29/09/2023 25  Interesting to watch Vidéo de N. Delzenne Fibres alimentaires, renaissance d'un concept en nutrition et santé: Nathalie Delzenne at TEDxLiège https://youtube/InhKNq2wFFI 29/09/2023 26  The « Fibres » concept 29/09/2023 27 Food constituent knowledges Effect of diet on pathologies (notably polysaccharides) diet rich/poor in fibres ê protection/development of certain diseases Fibre Concept 1970 Physiological effects of Food constituents (notably polysaccharides) 29/09/2023 Numerous studies showing relationships between fibre and health 28  In many countries Advise on Total dietary fibre intakes Suggest various higher-fibre foods in their guidelines But: – Little guidance specifying the types of fibre or – The proportion of each fibre-rich food to achieve an optimum intake Why: debates aboute the fibre definition, quantification..... 29/09/2023 29  Fibres No chemical family – How to define them? – How to quantify? Why define fibre? – For: Food manufacturers and retailers Regulatory authorities Research – To claim: « Source of fibre » « High fibre » – For reasons of clarity and coherence between all the legislations of all the countries which refers to this notion for nutrition and health claims – To understand the fibre-health relationship Definition of fibre is so needed 29/09/2023 30  Fibre definition – Subject to much discussion and Improve with scientific knowledges – The most recent (2008 - Codex Alimentarius Alinorm), has general global agreement: Physiologically based definition 29/09/2023 31  Codex alimentarius: Dp min = 10 Fibre definition Carbohydrate polymers with three or more monomeric units, which are neither digested nor absorbed in the human small intestine and belong the following categories: - edible carbohydrate polymers naturally occurring in the food as consumed or which have been obtained from food raw material by physical, enzymatic or chemical means - edible synthetic carbohydrate polymers and which have a beneficial physiological effect demonstrated by generally accepted evidence 1) NSP from fruits, vegetables, cereals and tubers 2) Resistant oligosaccharide 3) Resistant starch Official Journal of the European Union; 29-10-2008 29/09/2023 32  What about compounds linked to fibres? They could be included or not in the definition 29/09/2023 33 Official Journal of the European Union; 29-10-2008 What includes « dietary fibre » ? Associated cutin Associated polyphenols Cellulose Associated lignin Associated waxes Hemicellulose Fructo-oligosaccharides Gums Associated phytosterols Mucilages Modified cellulose Synthetic polydextrose Resistant maltodextrines Pectins b-glucanes Inuline Resistant starch Galacto-oligosaccharides èDiffer in structure, size, origine, natural/synthetised... 29/09/2023 34  Quantification of fibres Total dietary fibres TDF AOAC method 985.29 rch ta of sta sis on nt -re sti on ige dn cd an ati ein ym ot nz Filtration Soluble fibres pr E Insoluble fibers Specific methods for RS, oligosaccharides and b-glucans 29/09/2023 35  29/09/2023research reviews 2017 doi:10.1017/S095442241700004X 36 Nutrition  Physicochemical characteristics Depending on their polymerisation degree, their chemical composition and linkages, they have different: – Solubility – Viscosity – Physiological properties (including fermentescibility, bulking effects, blood glucose-lowering and blood lipid-modifying) Which can explain their different beneficial impacts on health. 29/09/2023 37 Neither digested nor absorbed in the small intestine... Fibres arrive in colon... 29/09/2023... where they are more or less fermented 38  Microbial degradation of polyoside fibres Prévention cancer Gaz colorectal? SCFA: acetate, propionate, butyrate -energy source Inhibitor of Main source of Fatty acids - health effects and Lipogenesis and energy for the cholesterol cholesterol colonocytes synthesis precursor Lutte obésité? 29/09/2023 39 Innovations Agronomiques 36 (2014), 83-96 87  What beneficial physiological effects? Colonic function – Increase of stool production – Stimulation of colonic fermentation by producing energy-yielding metabolites – Improved laxation (decrease transit time) Blood cholesterol – Decrease cholesterol in blood (total & LDL) Blood glucose – Decrease postprandial glycemia and insulinemia Fibre may not all produce the full range of positive physiological effects Energy conversion factor – 70% of the fibre in traditional foods is assumed to be fermentable (FAO report) – The average energy value for fibre should be 8 kJ/g (2 kcal/g) Erythritol (polyol): 0 kJ:g; 0 kcal/g 29/09/2023 40 Official Journal of the European Union; 29-10-2008  Fibres are more than a transit solution FFFAS Martine Champ 29/09/2023 3:50 41  Dietary fibre recommandations All countries give it for total fibres (not on specific fibres) Daily intake – 25-35g/adults – 25-32g woman/30-35g men – 3-4 g/MJ children and older adults 25g/day of fibre intake: adequate for normal laxation in adult (EFSA) More than 25g/day would be necessary to reduce risk of CHD, type 2 diabetes and improved weight maintenance (EFSA) Nutrition research reviews 2017 doi:10.1017/S095442241700004X 29/09/2023 42 Nutrition research reviews 2017 doi:10.1017/S095442241700004X Dietary fibre intakes (g/d) Country In adults In older In children adults >60 0-4 Austria 20 Belgium 17,7 10,9 Denmark 21 21,1 Finland 22,1 10,5 France 21 19,0 Germany 24 In all countries Hungary 23,1 Fibre intakes did not reach recommandations and in Italy 19,2 8,2 many cases were a long Japan 18,3 distant Netherlands 20,0 12,5 Norway 24 Spain 17,9 18,3 Sweden 19,6 UK 13,6 14,3 8,2 29/09/2023 43 USA 18,3 17,7 12,1 Principal food sources of dietary fibre in adults all over Europe Grain products: 32-49% Bread: 11-31% Potatoes: 4-23 % Vegetables: 12-21% Fruits: 9-20% 29/09/2023research reviews 2017 doi:10.1017/S095442241700004X 44 Nutrition  Health claims « source of fibers »: >3g/100g or at least 1-5 g of fibre/100 kcal « High fibre »: >6g/100g or at least 3g/100 kcal EU regulation 29/09/2023 N°1924/2006 modified in 2007 45  Health claims Almost all studies forming the scientific evidence for a cause-and-effect relationship are performed with added fibre or bran compared with a food without addition In most case the amount of fibre necessary for each health claim is difficult to achieve through a normal diet Except for b-glucans from oats and perhaps barley and wheat brans 29/09/2023research reviews 2017 doi:10.1017/S095442241700004X 46 Nutrition  Conclusions on fibre concept Definition: – Substantial agreement between EC countries on the definition Quantification and Characterisation of fibres – Structure of fibres impact their physicochemical properties which could impact their physiological properties and so their health effects but we lack knowledge to understand the exact mechanistic links in between – Need for adequate qualitative and quantitative characterisation of fibre in all our foods to better estimate fibre intakes and so appropriate recommendations Recommendations – Would be better to give recommendations according to energy Because those who meet recommendations could also be those who eat more! (Ireland) – No recommendation of type of fibre to be consumed even if it will be usefull – For example the following fibres have approved health cleam in EU and so could be recommended: B-glucans from oat and barley 3g/d.Wheat fibre/arabinoxylan 10g/day Pectin 6g/d 14% of starch as RS But difficult to reach them with natural foods Dietary intakes – Grains products (notably breads)- provide the largest proportion of fibre in the diet for all countries – But intakes do not reach recommendations 29/09/2023 47  Among fibres... The « prebiotic » concept 29/09/2023 48  A prebiotic is a non-viable food component that confers a health benefit on the host associated with modulation of the gastrointestinal microbiota (FAO, 2007) Prebiotic / Dietary fibres? Both are: Not digestible in the small intestine and have effects on colonic flora. Major difference: Prebiotics promotes the growth and activity of only a few bacterial populations considered favorable, while the fermentation of fibre is non-specific and involves all the dominant bacteria. Mechanisms responsible of the specific changes in microbiota might include fermentation, receptor blockage or others. In addition, many of prebiotics are composed solely of carbohydrates and are not associated with micro-constituents present in plant cell walls that contribute strongly to the likely beneficial effects of dietary fiber. 29/09/2023 49 A prebiotic can be a fibre but a fibre need not be a prebiotic 29/09/2023 50  International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics 29/09/2023 51  Prebiotics: which candidates? Mainly saccharides – From vegetal or synthetic origins The best known (and so the best characterized): ☞Fructanes (fructose polymers) Inuline (chicory, onions, garlic, artichoke, aspergus, banana,salsifi, leek …) Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) We can also cited: – Resistant maltodextrines (resistant starch) – Acacia gum – Lactulose… 29/09/2023 52 Inulin and FOS  Plant Content in inulin and oligofructose Plant Inulin (%) Oligofructose (%) Wheat 1-6 1-4 Onion 2-10 2-6 Garlic 9-11 3-6 production of inuline Jerusalem 16-20 16-20 Used for indutrial Artichoke Chicory 15-20 5-10 Webster, 1986, Oats: Chemistry and Tcehnology, AACC, St Paul, MN Sanders, 1990, AIB Tech. Buil, 12(3): 1-6 29/09/2023 54  Inulin Fructose units connected by ß (2-1) links Storage carbohydrate Polymer – 2nd polymer after starch as a reserve energy in plant world Extracted from chicory tubercules White, odourless, soluble powder, slightly sweet taste Mixture of oligo and polysaccharides (DP 2-60) containing fructose (Fm) or glucose and fructose (GFm) Use in Food as: Fat replacement – Improve texture, taste, mooth feel – Improve structure and crippiness of cereal based product – Enhance fruit flavour Fibre Enrichment – Especially in dairy products 29/09/2023 55  2) Obtained by enzymatic synthesis from a mixture of saccharose, glucose, fructose (Actilight®) FOS DP 2-8 1) Obtained by partial hydrolysis of inulin (Raftilose®)(Orafti) 29/09/2023 56  29/09/2023 57 http://www.beneo-orafti.com/Applications/Successful-Applications 31 august 2011  Food regulation…up to now Inulin and Oligofructose are food ingredients, not food additives They can be labelled as Fibre ingredient in almost every countries Development of a specific assay method (AOAC 997.08) Caloric values: 1,5-2 kcal/g 29/09/2023 58  Sugar and sweeteners with soluble fibres 4 doses/day for a visible effect 29/09/2023 59  Régilait Bifilac (Milk + « bifidogenic » fibres) 2001 With Raftilose Synergy One from ORAFTI Mixture of short & long fructan chains 8 g/j increase from 18% the calcium absorption 29/09/2023 60 29/09/2023 61  OTHERS PREBIOTICS? 29/09/2023 62  The favourite food of our colonic microbiome-the resistant starch https://youtu.be/PF77iyMVXyQ 29/09/2023 63  Four classes of resistant starch 29/09/2023 64  Resistant starch in Foods ILSI EUROPE MONOGRAPHY,2006, Dietary fibre 29/09/2023 65 29/09/2023 66  Acacia gum Arabinogalactan highly ramified polymer Globular structure (Low viscosity at high concentration) Emulsifying property Soluble fibres Stimulation of bacteria producing lactic acid in vitro Increase of bifidobacteria in feces 29/09/2023 67 29/09/2023 68 29/09/2023 69 Août 2011: http://www.ingredientsnetwork.com/profile/full/fibregum-prebiotic-fiber-from-acacia-gum-colloides-naturels-international  Prebiotics Unsolved questions and solutions for the future…  Effects of the prebiotic Selective modification of the intestinal microbiota Studies were on dominant bacteria. What is happening on others bacteria? Studies were conducted for few weeks. What is happening on a long term study? Necessity to better characterize prebiotics of our diet! What are the dose which are efficient? 29/09/2023 71  Prebiotic conclusion Prebiotic are complementary of dietary fibres and probiotics Difference is their positive effect on some colonic bacteria Could have therefore beneficial effect to prevent and treated gastro-intestinal disorders The most studied are inuline and fructo- oligosaccharides 29/09/2023 72