Document Details

Uploaded by Deleted User

Tags

body fluids physiology human anatomy biology

Summary

This presentation covers the different body fluids, their composition, and functions. It includes intracellular and extracellular fluids, detailing the components and roles of these types of fluids. The presentation also discusses specialized fluids such as lymph, milk, cerebrospinal fluid, and more.

Full Transcript

Body Fluids Body Fluids  Total amount of fluid in the human body is approximately 70% of body weight  Body fluid has been divided into two compartments – – Intracellular fluid (ICF)  Inside the cells  55% of total body water – Extracellular fluid...

Body Fluids Body Fluids  Total amount of fluid in the human body is approximately 70% of body weight  Body fluid has been divided into two compartments – – Intracellular fluid (ICF)  Inside the cells  55% of total body water – Extracellular fluid  Outside the cells  45% of total body water Body Fluid Compartments Extracellular fluid includes  Interstitial fluid  Present between the cells  Approximately 80% of ECF  Plasma  Present in blood  Approximately 20% of ECF  Also includes  Lymph  synovial fluid  vitreous body,  aqueous humor  endolymph,  cerebrospinal fluid  perilymph,  pleural, pericardial and peritoneal fluids Body Fluid Compartments Barriers separate ICF, interstitial fluid and plasma  Plasma membrane Separates ICF from surrounding interstitial fluid  Blood vessel wall Separate interstitial fluid from plasma Composition of body fluids  Organic substances  Inorganic substances  Glucose  Sodium  Amino acids  Potassium  Fatty acids  Calcium  Hormones  Magnesium  Enzymes  Chloride  Phophate  Sulphate Difference  ECF  ICF  Most abundant cation - Na+,  Most abundant cation - K+ – muscle contraction – Resting membrane – Impulse transmission potential – fluid and electrolyte balance – Action potentials – Maintains intracellular volume  Most abundant anion - Cl- – Regulation of pH – Regulates osmotic pressure – Forms HCl in gastric acid  Anion are proteins and phosphates (HPO42-) Na+ /K+ pumps play major role in keeping K+ high inside cells and Na+ high outside cell Sodium Na+ – Most abundant ion in ECF – 90% of extracellular cations – Plays pivotal role in fluid and electrolyte balance as it accounts for half of the osmolarity of ECF Chloride Cl- – Most prevalent anion in ECF – Moves easily between ECF and ICF because most plasma membranes contain Cl- leakage channels and transporters – Can help balance levels of anions in different fluids Bicarbonate HCO3- – Second most prevalent extracellular anion – Concentration increases in blood passing through systemic capillaries picking up carbon dioxide CO2+H2O H2CO3 H++HCO3- – Chloride shift helps maintain correct balance of anions in ECF and ICF Potassium K+ – Most abundant cation in ICF – Establish resting membrane potential in neurons and muscle fibers – Maintains normal ICF fluid volume – Helps regulate pH of body fluids when exchanged for H+ Magnesium – Mg2+ in ICF (45%) or ECF (1%) – Second most common intracellular cation – Cofactor for certain enzymes and sodium-potassium pump – Essential for synaptic transmission, normal neuromuscular activity and myocardial function Specialized Fluids of the Body  Lymph  Milk  Cerebrospinal fluid  Amniotic fluid  Aqueous humor  Sweat  Tears  Synovial fluid  Urine  Pericardial fluid  Peritoneal fluid Lymph  Clear and colorless fluid  96% water and 4% solids  Solids – – Proteins  2-6% of solids  albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, prothrombin, clotting factors, antibodies, enzymes – Lipids  5-15%  Chylomicrons  Lipoproteins – Carbohydrates  Glucose mainly – NPN  Urea and creatinine – Electrolytes  Sodium, calcium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonates Functions of Lymph  Return protein from tissue spaces into blood  Redistribution of fluid  Removal of bacteria, toxins and other foreign bodies from tissues  Maintain structural and functional integrity of tissue  Route for intestinal fat absorption  Transport lymphocytes Milk  Secreted by mammary glands  Complete natural food  83-87% water and 13-17% solids  Solids – Carbohydrates  Lactose – Lipids  Triacylglyerols  Palmitic acid, myristic acid, stearic acid, lauric acid, butyric acid,oleic acid – Proteins  Caesin (80%), Lactalbumin  Enzymes (proteases, xanthine oxidase,lysozyme), immunoglobulins – Minerals  Ca, Mg, P, Na, K, Cl – Vitamins  Fat and water soluble vitamins except Vit - C Functions of Milk  Milk sugar provides galactose, a structural unit for growing infant.  Inintestine, it gets metabolized to lactic acid which eliminates harmful bacteria.  Source of protein, mineral and vitamins Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)  Clear, colorless liquid formed within the cavities of brain and around spinal cord  At any given time, there is 120-150ml CSF in the system  CSF is completely replaced about three times a day. Functions of CSF  Hydraulic shock absorber  Regulation of intracranial pressure  Influences the hunger sensation and eating behaviors Amniotic Fluid  Liquid produced by membranes and fetus  Volume of fluid increases with gestational age  Clear with some fetal cell and a little lipid Functions of AF  Physical protection to the fetus  Medium for exchange of various chemical Aqueous Humor  Fluid that fills the anterior chamber of eye  Secreted by ciliary body, enters anterior chamber  Blockade in the flow of aqueous humor causes glaucoma due to increased intraocular pressure.  Posterior chamber of eye is filled with vitrous humor which contains a gel (vitrous body of hyaluronic acid secreted by retina) Sweat  Secretion of sweat gland  Regulates body temperature by cooling and evaporation  Sweat glands controlled by ANS, Adrenal cortical steroid - which affect the quantity of electrolyte present Sweat  Insensible perspiration amounts to 800-1200ml/day  Volume of sweat produced/day during muscular exercise at elevated temperature may range from 10-14L, which may lead to water and electrolyte imbalance  Water content of sweat varies from 99.2-99.7%  pH – 4.7 to 7.5  Total non protein nitrogen (urea) varies from 0.07- 1% per hour during sweating Sweat  Electrolyte in sweat varies – Na+ 12.6-127 meq/l – K+ 5-32 meq/l – Cl- 8.5-85 meq/l Tears  Produced by lachrymal glands  Isotonic but becomes hypertonic due to evaporation as fluid passes over the cornea  When the tear flow is copious, fluid is isotonic  Under stimulus with a slow rate of tear flow, the fluid is about 25m osm hypertonic Copious – Rapid tear flow induction Tears  pH – 7 to 7.6 due to loss of CO2  Protein content is 0.6 to 0.18g/dl with an albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio of 1:5 or 2:1  Small amount of mucin is also present  Lysozyme – lyses the cells of a number of micro-organisms by breaking down the polysaccharides of their outer layer Functions of Tears  Lysozyme protects eye from infectious agents  Lubricate the surface of the cornea  Fill the irregularities of the corneal surface to improve optical properties  Protects eyes from injury Synovial fluid  pH 7.40- 8.16  Clear and colorless  Hyaluronan, lubricin, proteinase, collagenases, and prostaglandins  WBC: less than 200 cells/µL  Synovitis Function of Synovial fluid  Lubricatethe joint and provide a cushion for the ends of the bones  Act as a nutrient source (diffusion) Urine  pH 6.0–7.5  Water (95%)  Urea (2%)  Creatinine (0.1%)  Uric acid (0.03%),  Chloride, sodium, potassium, sulphate, ammonium, phosphate and other ions and molecules in lesser amounts Function of Urine  Eliminate liquid waste called urea  Keep chemicals, such as potassium and sodium, and water in balance Pericardial fluid  pH 7.35 to 7.55  Cells: nucleated cells, mesothelial cells, leucocytes, lymphocytes  Protein, albumin, LDH  20 to 60 mL  Clear, straw-colored fluid  Pericardial effusions Function of Pericardial fluid  Reduce friction between the pericardial membranes of the heart during its beats  Heart fixed in place within the chest cavity  Preventsthe heart from stretching too much and overfilling with blood Peritoneal fluid  pH range 7.46 - 8.10  Peritoneal cavity, a space between the wall of the abdomen and the organs inside  Clear to pale yellow  Ascites/peritonitis  A few desquamated mesothelial cells, Mast cells and macrophages  Less than 50 mL  3.0 g/mL of protein Function of Peritoneal fluid  Support the organs of the abdomen  Acts as a conduit for the passage of nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics  Lubricates your organs inside of your peritoneal cavity

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Browser