Introduction to Human Body PDF

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BODY Physical insults (intense heat or lack of O2) Changes in internal environment (drop in blood glucose) Anatomy- the science of body structu...

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BODY Physical insults (intense heat or lack of O2) Changes in internal environment (drop in blood glucose) Anatomy- the science of body structures and rela onships. Physiological stress (work or school demands) Physiology- the science of body func ons. Disrup ons (can be mild or intense like poisoning) 1. Chemical level Smallest Moderate imbalance: 2. Cellular level Signs are objec ve- can be seen/tested (fever, swelling) 3. Tissue level Symptoms are subjec ve- cant be tested (headache or pain) 4. Organ level 5. System level Body fluids- dilute, watery solu ons holding dissolved chemicals 6. Organismal level Largest inside/outside the cell. Intracellular fluid (ICF)- 2/3 of total volume, fluid in cells CHEMICAL LEVEL Extracellular fluid (ECF)- 1/3 of total volume, fluid outside cells Glycogen = stored glucose EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Molecules of life are: Aqueous humor and vitreous body- ECF in eyes Carbon Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)- ECF in brain and spinal cord Hydrogen most abundant Blood plasma- ECF in blood vessels Oxygen Synovial Fluid- ECF in joints Nitrogen Lymph- ECF in lympha c vessels Phosphorus Sulfur DIAGNOSIS OF DISEASE Calcium Collect signs, symptoms, medical history and physical examina on CELLULAR LEVEL Non-invasive diagnos cs: Cells are the smallest living units of the human body. Palpa on- gently touching body surfaces with hands Ausculta on- listening to body sounds (stethoscope) TISSUE LEVEL Percussion- feel for vibra ons by tapping the body Term for groups of cells with similar structure and func on Medical imaging- Xray, MRI, CT scan Connec ve- cells, tendons, blood, fat, ligaments DIRECTIONAL TERMS Epithelial– covers surfaces, lines hollow organs Anatomical posi on- a posi on of the body that is the reference point Nervous- enables you to think, sense move for direc onal terms Muscle- Skeletal(hamstring), smooth(lungs) and cardiac(heart) Anterior- front ORGAN LEVEL Posterior- back Made of different ssue types with similar func ons Superior- above Inferior- below SYSTEM LEVEL Cranial- feet to head Made up of organs involved in a common func on Caudial- head to feet Midline- middle line of the whole body/limb Skin- regulates temp, eliminates sweat, makes vit D Lateral- the side further from the midline Bones/joints- supports/protects body, aid movement, stores Medial- the side closer to the midline minerals Ipsilateral- same side of midline to another part (le Muscular- improves body movement, maintains posture, shoulder to le foot) makes heat Contralateral- opposite side of midline to another part (le Nervous- detects change in internal/external environment should to right shoulder) Endocrine- regulates body ac vi es by releasing hormones Proximal- rela ve to another part, closer to the trunk Cardiovascular- heart pumps blood, blood carries O2 and Distal- rela ve to another part, away from the trunk nutrients to cells Superficial- rela ve to another part, closer to the surface like Lympha c- returns proteins and fluids from blood. Filtra on skin system Deep- rela ve to another part, closer to inside of body Respiratory- transfer O2 from inhaled air to blood and CO2 when exhaled ANATOMICAL PLANES: Diges ve- physical and chemical breakdown of food Frontal plane (coronal)- divides into anterior and posterior Urinary-produces, stores and eliminates waste and urine, Sagital plane- divides body into le and right regulates RBC’s Transverse plane- horizontal, divides into top and botom Reproduc ve- gonads and gametes make a new organism HOMEOSTASIS SKELETON A condi on of equilibrium in the body. The whole body contributes to Appendicular skeleton- this. Upper limb including the shoulder girdle. Lower limb including the pelvic girdle Interrupted by: MUSCLE AND JOINTS ESSENTIAL BIOMOLECULES Muscles atach to bones mostly Inorganic compounds- lack carbon, simpler compounds. EX: water, Muscle moves closer to the origin point from inser on point salt, basic acid/bases Our joints are made of 2+ bones and ligaments Organic compounds- contain carbon, covalently bonded. EX: glucose, MAJOR MUSCLE GROUPS (BODY PART AND JOINT) proteins, lipids Pectorals/ La ssimus dorsi/ Rotator cuff -glenohumeral INORGANIC COMPOUNDS Biceps/Triceps- elbow Waters most important property Is polarity Forearm flexors/ forearm extensor- wrist Polarity: uneven sharing of electrons that allows reactants to collide Hand muscles- fingers and form products Quadriceps/ hamstrings- knee Salts easily dissociate into ions in water Foot dorsiflexors/ foot plantar flexors- ankle Have electrolytes that conduct electrical currents Foot muscles- toes INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND PH Suboccipital/ flexors on neck- neck and head Dissocia on- acid, base or salts separate into ions and get surrounded Erector spinae/ abdominals- C, T, L spine by water molecules 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 CHEMICAL LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION Acidic Neutral basic Chemical elements which cannot be split into simpler substances. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Carbohydrates: STRUCTURE OF ATOMS Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Atomic number- the number of protons in an atom Sugar and starches Mass number- the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom, weight Classified according to size IONS AND MOLECULES Monosaccharides- simple sugars Ions- atoms that have given up or gained an electron in their valence Disaccharides- 2 simple joined by dehydra on synthesis shell EX: NA+ Polysaccharides- long branching chains of linked simple sugars Molecules- formed when atoms share electrons EX: H2O LIPIDS CHEMICAL BONDS Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Ionic bonds: Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen form when atoms gain or lose valence electrons Insoluble in water Ca ons (+ )and anions (-) are atracted to each other Types of lipids: Covalent bonds: Triglycerides (fats)- most plen ful, provide protec on, When atoms share electrons rather than gain/lose them insula on and energy Phospholipids- form cell membranes, they are Single covalent- when 2 atoms share 1 electron pair amphipathic(polar and nonpolar) Double covalent- when 2 atoms share 2 electron pairs Steroids Triple covalent- when 2 atoms share 3 electron pairs Nonpolar covalent- electrons are shared equally PROTEINS Polar covalent- unequal sharing of electrons one is (-) Made up of amino acids Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur CHEMICAL BOND Plays a role in cell func on Hydrogen bond- polar covalent bonds that form between Hydrogen Act as enzymes hormones and an bodies and other atoms NUCLEIC ACIDS CHEMICAL REACTIONS A= Adenine Occurs when electrons in valence shell are shared/transferred G= Guanine Exergonic reac on- reac on releases energy, in the form of heat C= Cytosine Endergonic reac on- reac on with added energy, makes a bond T= Thymine (found in DNA) Catalysts- speeds up chemical reac ons by reducing ac va on energy U= Uracil (found in RNA) Types of chemical reac ons: Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)- chemical energy used by all cells, it is a Synthesis reac ons – endergonic A=B = AB single nucleo de. Decomposi on reac ons – exergonic AB = A+B Exchange reac ons – both AB+CD = AD + CB Reversible reac ons – both AC == A+C The term for the sum of all chemical reac ons is metabolism