First Aid General Pathology Flashcards PDF

www.natures.ir More Free USMLE , MCCEE , MCQe and AMQ Flashcards Apoptosis Programmed cell death. aka cell shrinkage, chromatin...

www.natures.ir More Free USMLE , MCCEE , MCQe and AMQ Flashcards Apoptosis Programmed cell death. aka cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, membrane blebbing, Apoptosis and characteristics formation of apoptotic bodies, which are then phagocytosed. - embryogenesis, hormone -induction (menstruation), -immune cell– Apoptosis mediated death, when - injurious stimuli (e.g., radiation, hypoxia), -atrophy. Enzymatic degradation of a cell Necrosis resulting from exogenous injury. Characterized by enzymatic digestion and protein denaturation, with release Necrosis of intracellular components.  Morphologically occurs as -coagulative (heart, liver, kidney), -liquefactive (brain), Necrosis different types and there locations -caseous (tuberculosis), -fat (pancreas), -fibrinoid, or gangrenous (limbs, GI tract). Cell injury reversible or irreversible Reversible Cellular swelling? Cell injury reversible or irreversible Reversible Nuclear chromatin clumping? Cell injury reversible or irreversible Reversible Decreased ATP synthesis? Cell injury reversible or irreversible Reversible Ribosomal detachment? Cell injury reversible or irreversible Reversible Glycogen depletion? Cell injury reversible or irreversible Irreversible Plasma membrane damage?  Cell injury reversible or irreversible Irreversible Lysosomal rupture? Cell injury reversible or irreversible Irreversible Ca2+ influx → oxidative phosphorylation? Cell injury reversible or irreversible Irreversible Nuclear pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis? Cell injury reversible or irreversible irreversible Mitochondrial permeability? Characterized by -rubor (redness), Inflammation -dolor (pain), 5 features -calor (heat), -tumor (swelling) -functio lassa (loss of function). Neutrophil, eosinophil, and antibody cells in acute Inflammation mediated cells in chronic Inflammation Mononuclear cell mediated:  Fluid exudation Leukocyte activation Fibrosis Phases of Inflammation Acute Chronic Resolution What happens in different phases of Increased vascular permeability, Inflammation? vasodilation, endothelial injury Fluid exudation Emigration (rolling, tight binding, What happens in different phases of diapedesis) Inflammation? Chemotaxis (bacterial products, Leukocyte activation complement, chemokines) Phagocytosis and killing What happens in different phases of Fibroblast emigration and proliferation Inflammation? Deposition of ECM Fibrosis What happens in different phases of Neutrophil, eosinophil, and antibody Inflammation? mediated Acute Mononuclear cell mediated: What happens in different phases of Characterized by persistent Inflammation? destruction and repair Chronic Granuloma—nodular collections of macrophages and giant cells  -Restoration of normal structure -Granulation tissue—highly vascularized, fibrotic What happens in different phases of -Abscess—fibrosis surrounding pus Inflammation? Resolution 5 different outcomes -Fistula—abnormal communication -Scarring—collagen deposition resulting in altered structure and function Leukocyte E-selectin on vascular endothelium extravasation binding to Sialyl-LewisX what mediates on the leukocyte. Rolling? Leukocyte ICAM-1 on vascular endothelium extravasation binding to LFA-1 on what mediates the leukocyte. Tight binding? 1. Rolling Stages of Leukocyte 2. Tight binding extravasation 3. Diapedesis 4. Migration Leukocyte extravasation chemotactic signals (e.g., cytokines). what mediates migration? ––leukocyte travels between What is Diapedisis endothelial cells and exits blood vessel.  Initiated via radiation exposure, metabolism of drugs (phase I), redox Free radical injury reaction, what initiates it nitric oxide, transition metals, leukocyte oxidative burst. Free radical injury reperfusion after thrombolytic therapy. when is it a big problem Free radical injury (vitamins E and A). what are the antioxidants Abnormal proliferation of cells with loss of size, shape, and ––dysplasia orientation Normal cells with basal → apical Normal cells differentiation Cells have increased in number– hyperplasia Neoplastic cells have not invaded basement membrane High nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and In situ carcinoma clumped chromatin Neoplastic cells encompass entire thickness  Cells have invaded basement membrane using collagenases and hydrolases Invasive carcinoma Can metastasize if they reach a blood or lymphatic vessel -plasia definitions –– ↑ in number of cells (reversible). Hyperplasia -plasia definitions ––1 adult cell type is replaced by Metaplasia another (reversible). Often 2° –abnormal growth with loss of cellular orientation, shape, and size in -plasia definitions comparison to normal tissue Dysplasia– maturation; commonly preneoplastic (reversible). ––abnormal cells lacking differentiation; like primitive cells of -plasia definitions same tissue, often Anaplasia equated with undifferentiated malignant neoplasms. -plasia definitions ––a clonal proliferation of cells that is Neoplasia uncontrolled and excessive. Grade = histo apperance, often based on the mitoses per high pwer field Tumor grade vs. stage number describe Stage = ammount of spread based on site and size  Tumor grade vs. stage Stage which is usually more prognostic T = size of Tumor TNM staging system: N = Node involvement M = Metastases carcinoma The term ?????? implies epithelial origin, whereas sarcoma denotes sarcoma ???????origin. Both terms imply ?????. malignancy epithelial The term carcinoma implies ??????? origin, whereas sarcoma denotes mesenchymal ??????origin. Both terms imply ?????. malignancy Blood cells = There isn't one Blood vessels = Hemangioma Tumor nomenclature Smooth muscle = Leiomyoma Benign tumor of Mesenchyme Skeletal muscle = Rhabdomyoma Bone = Osteoma Fat = Lipoma Tumor nomenclature Adenoma, papilloma Benign vs malignant tumor of Epithelium Adenocarcinoma, papillary carcinoma  Tumor nomenclature benign = mature teratoma Benign vs malignant tumor of > 1 cell type malignint = Immature teratoma Blood cells = Leukemia, lymphoma Blood vessels = Angiosarcoma Smooth muscle =Leiomyosarcoma Tumor nomenclature malignant tumor of Skeletal muscle = Mesenchyme Rhabdomyosarcoma Bone = Osteosarcoma Fat = Liposarcoma What is the Neoplasm/s associated ALL (we ALL fall Down), with Down syndrome? AML What is the Neoplasm/s associated Melanoma and basal, with Xeroderma pigmentosum, squamous cell carcinomas albinism? of skin What is the Neoplasm/s associated with Chronic atrophic gastritis, Gastric adenocarcinoma pernicious anemia, postsurgical gastric remnants? What is the Neoplasm/s associated Astrocytoma and cardiac with Tuberous sclerosis? rhabdomyoma  What is the Neoplasm/s associated Squamous cell carcinoma with Actinic keratosis? of skin What is the Neoplasm/s associated Esophageal with Barrett’s esophagus? adenocarcinoma What is the Neoplasm/s associated Squamous cell carcinoma with Plummer-Vinson syndrome? of esophagus What is the Neoplasm/s associated with Cirrhosis (alcoholic, hepatitis B or Hepatocellular carcinoma C)? What is the Neoplasm/s associated Colonic adenocarcinoma with Ulcerative colitis? What is the Neoplasm/s associated 2° osteosarcoma and with Paget’s disease of bone? fibrosarcoma What is the Neoplasm/s associated Malignant lymphomas with Immunodeficiency states?  Aggressive malignant What is the Neoplasm/s associated lymphomas (non-Hodgkin’s) with AIDS? and Kaposi’s sarcoma What is the Neoplasm/s associated Benign and malignant with Autoimmune diseases? thymomas Visceral malignancy What is the Neoplasm/s associated (stomach, lung, breast, with Acanthosis nigricans? uterus) What is the Neoplasm/s associated Malignant melanoma with Dysplastic nevus? Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Oncogenes and what is the associated tumor CML abl Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Oncogenes and what is the associated tumor Burkitt’s lymphoma c-myc Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Oncogenes and what is the associated tumor Follicular and undifferentiated bcl-2 lymphomas (inhibits apoptosis) Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Oncogenes and what is the associated tumor Breast, ovarian, and gastric erb-B2 carcinomas Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Oncogenes and what is the associated tumor Colon carcinoma ras Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Oncogenes and what is the associated tumor Lung tumor L-myc Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Oncogenes and what is the associated tumor Neuroblastoma N-myc Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Oncogenes and what is the associated tumor Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) ret types II and III Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor Retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma Rb Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor Breast and ovarian cancer BRCA1 and 2 Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor Most human cancers, Li-Fraumeni p53 syndrome Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor Melanoma p16 Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor Colorectal cancer APC Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor Wilms’ tumor WT1 Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor Neurofibromatosis type 1 NF1 Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor Neurofibromatosis type 2 NF2 Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor Pancreatic cancer DPC Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Tumor suppressor and what is the associated tumor Colon cancer DCC Tumor markers Prostate-specific antigen. Prostatic carcinoma. PSA Tumor markers Very nonspecific but colorectal and pancreatic CEA cancers; also others Tumor markers Hepatocellular carcinomas. α-fetoprotein yolk sac tumor Tumor markers Hydatidiform moles, Choriocarcinomas, β-hCG Gestational trophoblastic tumors. Tumor markers Ovarian, malignant epithelial tumors. CA-125 Tumor markers Melanoma, neural tumors, astrocytomas. S-100  Tumor markers -Metastases to bone, -obstructive biliary disease, -Paget’s Alkaline phosphatase disease of bone. Tumor markers Neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer. Bombesin Tumor markers Hairy cell leukemia––a B-cell neoplasm. TRAP Tumor markers Pancreatic adenocarcinoma. CA-19-9 Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. what is TRAP Hairy cell leukemia––a B-cell neoplasm. Oncogenic viruses name the tumor associated with Adult T-cell leukemia HTLV-1 Oncogenic viruses name the tumor associated with Hepatocellular carcinoma HBV, HCV  Oncogenic viruses name the tumor associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma EBV Oncogenic viruses Cervical carcinoma (16, 18), name the tumor associated with penile/anal carcinoma HPV Oncogenic viruses Kaposi’s sarcoma, body cavity fluid B- name the tumor associated with cell lymphoma HHV-8 Types of HPV that cause CIN 16, 18 Cancer caused by Liver (hepatocellular carcinoma) Aflatoxins Cancer caused by Liver (angiosarcoma) Vinyl chloride Cancer caused by Liver (centrilobular necrosis, fatty change) CCl4  Cancer caused by Esophagus, stomach Nitrosamines Cancer caused by Larynx, lung,... Cigarette smoke Cancer caused by Lung (mesothelioma and bronchogenic carcinoma) Asbestos Cancer caused by Skin (squamous cell carcinoma) Arsenic Cancer caused by Bladder (transitional cell carcinoma) Naphthalene (aniline) dyes Cancer caused by Blood (leukemia) Alkylating agents Paraneoplastic effects of tumors Small cell lung carcinoma neoplasm and Mech ACTH or ACTH-like peptide Cushing’s syndrome  Paraneoplastic effects of tumors Small cell lung carcinoma and neoplasm and Mech intracranial neoplasms SIADH ADH Squamous cell lung carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, breast Paraneoplastic effects of tumors carcinoma, multiple neoplasm and Mech myeloma, and bone metastasis (lysed bone) Hypercalcemia PTH-related peptide, TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-1 Paraneoplastic effects of tumors Renal cell carcinoma, neoplasm and Mech hemangioblastoma Polycythemia Erythropoietin Thymoma, small cell lung Paraneoplastic effects of tumors carcinoma neoplasm and Mech Antibodies against presynaptic Ca2+ Lambert-Eaton syndrome channels at neuromuscular junction Leukemias and lymphomas Paraneoplastic effects of tumors neoplasm and Mech Hyperuricemia due to excess nucleic acid Gout, urate nephropathy turnover (i.e., cytotoxic therapy) Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia. Lung, 1° tumors that metastasize to brain Breast, Skin (melanoma), Kidney (renal cell carcinoma), GI.  approximately ??% 50 of brain tumors are from metastases. ??????the most common sites of liver metastasis after the regional lymph and nodes. Lungs mne: Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver. tumors that metastasize to the liver Colon > Stomach > Pancreas > Breast > Lung. most common Liver cancer Metastasis P. TT. Barnum Loves Kids. These 1° tumors metastasize to bone PROSTATE, Thyroid, Testes, BREAST, Lung, Kidney. Lung = Lytic. Features of 1° tumors that Prostate = blastic. metastasize to bone Breast = Both lytic and blastic. Most common Bone Tumors Mets from (esp Prostate or Breast)  Cancer epidemiology Prostate (32%) Lung (16%) Most common cancers in Colon and rectum (12%) Men.... Lung (33%) deaths in men Prostate (13%) Cancer epidemiology Breast (32%) Lung (13%) Most common cancers in Colon and rectum (13%) women..... Lung (23%) deaths in women Breast (18%) heart disease 1st and 2nd leading killers in the U.S. cancer Deaths from lung cancer have Changes in lung cancer deaths plateaued in males but continue to ↑ in females. Retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma Rb Gene 13q Chromosome and Tumor suppressor Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Breast and ovarian cancer (BRCA) BRCA1 and 2 Gene 17q, 13q Chromosome and Tumor suppressor Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Most human cancers, Li-Fraumeni p53 syndrome 17p Gene Chromosome and Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Tumor suppressor  Melanoma p16 Gene 9p Chromosome and Tumor suppressor Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Colorectal cancer APC Gene 5q Chromosome and Tumor suppressor Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Wilms’ tumor WT1 Gene 11q Chromosome and Tumor suppressor Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Neurofibromatosis type 1 NF1 Gene 17q Chromosome and Tumor suppressor Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Neurofibromatosis type 2 NF2 Gene 22q Chromosome and Tumor suppressor Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Pancreatic cancer DPC Gene 18q Chromosome and Tumor suppressor Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Colon cancer DCC 18q Tumor suppressor Gene and Chromosome and ras Oncogenes Oncogene or Tumor suppressor  CML abl Gene 9:22 Chromosome and Oncogenes Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Burkitt’s lymphoma c-myc Gene 8:14 Chromosome and Oncogenes Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas bcl-2 Gene 14:18 Chromosome and Oncogenes Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Breast, ovarian, and gastric carcinomas erb-B2 Gene Chromosome and Oncogenes Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Colon carcinoma ras Gene Chromosome and Oncogenes Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Lung tumor L-myc Gene Chromosome and Oncogenes Oncogene or Tumor suppressor  Neuroblastoma N-myc Gene Chromosome and Oncogenes Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types II and III ret Gene Chromosome and Oncogenes Oncogene or Tumor suppressor Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) c-kit Gene Chromosome and Oncogenes Oncogene or Tumor suppressor