Introduction to Linguistics - Chapter 3 PDF

Introduction to Linguistics - LANE 321 Chapter 3: The sounds of language Copyright © 2014 Haifa Alroqi Content adapted from Yule (2010) Introduction We have a new seagh!!! Introduction They have a new seagh Would you understand this? seagh...

Introduction to Linguistics - LANE 321 Chapter 3: The sounds of language Copyright © 2014 Haifa Alroqi Content adapted from Yule (2010) Introduction We have a new seagh!!! Introduction They have a new seagh Would you understand this? seagh chef How did he come up with this spelling? Take the 1st sound of the word ‘sure’, the middle sound of the word ‘dead’, and the final sound of the word ‘laugh’  Phonetics Remember: Sounds of Spoken English Letters of Written English  Phonetics Remember: the sounds of spoken English do not necessarily match up with letters of written English. How to solve this? One solution is to produce a separate alphabet with symbols that represent sounds. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)  Phonetics Knowledge of a language includes: knowledge of sounds how they are combined to form meaningful units Some sounds are found in one language but not another. All the sounds in the world constitute a limited set of the sounds that the human vocal tract can produce. What is phonetics? Phonetics: the general study of the characteristics of speech sounds  Main areas of phonetics Phonetics Articulatory Phonetics Acoustic Phonetics Auditory Phonetics the study of how speech deals with the physical the perception, via the air, of sounds are made, or properties of speech as speech sounds articulated sound waves in the air Consonants & Vowels Sounds Consonants Vowels obstruction of airflow free flow of air Consonants Consonants are classified by answering three questions 1. Voicing 2. Place of articulation 3. Manner of articulation Voiced and voiceless sounds (+v & -ve) Air pushed lungs trachea larynx Voiced and voiceless sounds Vocal cords are spread apart air from lungs passes between them unimpeded (no vibration) (-v) Vocal cords are drawn together air from lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through (vibration) (+v) Try it! Z-Z-Z-Z-Z V-V-V-V S-S-S-S F-F-F-F Consonants Chart Places of articulation Bilabials [b],[p], [m], [w] Labiodentals [f], [v] Dentals [θ], [ð] Alveolars [t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l], [r] Palatals [ʃ], [ʒ], [tʃ], [dʒ], [j] Velars [k], [g], [ŋ] Glottals [h]  Bilabials Sounds formed using both upper & lower lips. e.g. pat [p] bat [b] mat [m] way/ walk/ world [w] Labiodentals upper teeth + lower lip fat/ safe [f] vat/ save [v] Q: How about… cough and photo? A: Despite the spelling differences cough/ photo [f]  Dentals By the tongue tip behind the upper front teeth e.g. thin/ bath/ three teeth [θ] (theta) the/ there/ then/ thus/ feather/ bathe [ð] (eth) Interdentals = tongue tip between upper & lower teeth Alveolars Front part of tongue on the alveolar ridge Alveolar ridge = the rough ridge immediately behind & above the upper teeth. Alveolars e.g. top [t] dip [d] sit [s] zoo [z] nut [n] lap/ lit [l] right/ write [r] Alveolars bus [s] buzz [z] Q: How about ‘raise’? A: [z] OK.. How about.. knot not [n] Palatals (Alveo-palatals) Tongue + palate e.g. shout [ʃ] child [tʃ] shoe-brush [ʃ] church [tʃ]  Palatals (Alveo-palatals) [ʒ] – not very common in English e.g. treasure/ pleasure/ rouge [dʒ] e.g. joke/ gem Despite George differences judge in spelling [j] you/ yet Velars Back of the tongue + soft palate (velum) [k] kill/ kid cold/car cook/ kick/ coke [g] go/ gun/give bag/ mug plague Velars The velum can be lowered to allow air to flow through the nasal cavity. [ŋ] (angma) In written English this letter is normally spelled as ‘ng’ e.g. sing sang tongue ringing bang Glottals No active use of the tongue and other parts of the mouth. The glottis (space between vocal cords & larynx) The glottis is open [h] e.g. have/ house who/ whose Consonants Chart Limitation of the chart Plz read pp. 30-31 Homework: P. 37/ Q: 1, 2, &3 Thank you Recap What is phonetics? What are the main branches of phonetics? How can we classify sounds? How can we classify consonants? What are some of the places of articulation for the consonants of the English language? Recap Describing consonant sounds Where they are How they are Voicing articulated articulated Place of articulation Manner of articulation  IPA Place of Articulation Manner of Articulation Manner of Articulation Stops [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] Fricatives [f], [v], [θ], [ð] [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ], [h] Affricates [tʃ] & [dʒ] Nasals [m], [n], [ŋ] Liquids [l] & [r] Glides [w] & [j] Stops (Plosives) [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] stopping the airstream (very briefly) letting it go abruptly Q: How can we fully describe the sound [t] in ten? V+ or –V Where? Place of Articulation? How? Manner of Articulation? A: [t] is a voiceless alveolar stop. Place of Manner of V Articulation Articulation Fricatives [f], [v], [θ], [ð] [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ], [h] Almost blocking the airstream and having the air pushed through a very narrow opening. As the air is pushed through, a type of friction is produced. e.g. Fish begins & ends with the voiceless fricative [f] & [ʃ] Those begins & ends with the voiced fricative [ð] & [z] Hi, Hello both begin with the voiceless fricative [h] Affricates [tʃ] & [dʒ] It is the combination of a brief stopping of the airstream with an obstructed release which causes some friction. A stop followed by a fricative e.g. tʃ dʒ Cheap [tʃ] is a voiceless affricate Stop Stop Jeep Fricative Fricative [dʒ] is a voiced affricate  Nasals [m], [n], [ŋ] Most sounds are produced orally, with the velum raised, preventing airstream Velum from entering the nasal cavity. When the velum is lowered, the airstream is allowed to flow throw the nose. Nasals They are all voiced e.g. (morning/ knitting, name) They all begin & end with nasals. Word Sound Voice Place of Articulation Manner of articulation morning [m] V+ Bilabial Nasal morning [ŋ] V+ Velar Nasal name [n] V+ Alveolar Nasal name [m] V+ Bilabial Nasal knitting [n] V+ Alveolar Nasal knitting [ŋ] V+ Velar Nasal  Liquids [l] & [r] both voiced [l] = A lateral liquid Letting the airstream flow around the sides of the tongue as the tip of the tongue makes contact with the middle of the alveolar ridge. [r] The tongue tip raised and curled back near the alveolar ridge.  Liquids Q: How do we describe the first sounds in the words ‘led’ and ‘red’? Place of Manner of Word Sound Voice Articulation Articulation led [l] V+ Alveolar Liquid red [r] V+ Alveolar Liquid Glides [w] & [j] They are both voiced The tongue is in motion or gliding to or from the position of a vowel. Semi-vowels Place of Manner of Word Sound Voice Articulation Articulation wet/ we [w] V+ Bilabial Glide you/ yes [j] V+ Palatal Glide The Glottal Stop [ʔ] When the space between the vocal cords (the glottis) is closed, then released. Cockney accent/ Scottish speakers/ New Yorkers e.g. Oh oh / Uh uh In place of t Batman In place of tt bottle / button The flap [D] or [ɾ] The tongue tip tapping the alveolar ridge briefly butter = budder Many American English speakers tend to flap the [t] & [d] consonants between vowels In casual speech: latter/ ladder writer/ rider metal/ medal Homework: P. 37 Q: 4 Thank you What is a vowel? consonants closure or obstruction in the vocal tract, vowel sounds a relatively free flow of air They are all voiced Describing Vowels How do we describe/ classify consonants? Voicing POA MOA Describing Vowels How do we describe/ classify vowels? How high is the highest part of the tongue in the mouth? How front or back is the highest part of the tongue in the mouth? Are the lips rounded or unrounded? Describing Vowels Describing Vowels Try this: heat, hit, hat, hot  Vowel Height High Mid Low [i] [ɛ] [æ] eat/ key/ see dead, pet, said ban, laugh, sat Vowel Backness Vowel Backness Front Central Back [i], [ɪ], [e], [u], [ʊ], [o], [ә], [ʌ], [a] [ɛ], [æ] [ɔ], [ɑ] Front Vowels [i], [ɪ], [e], [ɛ], [æ] Front Vowels [i] e.g. eat/ see / week / tree [ɪ] e.g. hit, myth, women, invite, pin  Front Vowels [e] e.g. great, eight, locate, ballet [ɛ] e.g. dead, pet, said, bet, extra  Front Vowels [æ] e.g. ban, laugh, sat, at Central Vowels [ə], [ʌ], [a]  Central Vowels [ə] e.g. above, support, zebra (British) farmer, waterfall [ʌ] e.g. blood, tough, sun, but, son [a] e.g. bomb, swan (American), path (British) Back Vowels [u], [ʊ], [o], [ɔ], [ɑ] Back Vowels [u] e. g. move/ two/ too / drew [ʊ] e.g. could, foot, put Back Vowels [o] e.g. no, road, toe, hello, over [ɔ] e.g. ball, caught, raw, all, hall, jaw Back Vowels [ɑ] e.g. spa, father, clock, awkward Lip Roundedness Rounded [u], [ʊ], [o], [ɔ] [u] e.g. noon Unrounded [i], [ɪ], [e], [ɛ], [æ], [ɑ], [ә], [a], [ʌ] [i] e.g. heat  Diphthongs A combination of two sounds begins with a vowel & ends with a glide [w] or [j] vowel + glide [aw] cow, down, loud, doubt [ɔj] boy, toy, noise, void [aj] ride, high, bye, eye, my Activity: Identifying diphthongs Call Top Fright Joy Haste Avoid Proud Hide Fright [aj] Joy [ɔj] Avoid [ɔj] Proud [aw] Hide [aj]  Vowels’ full description Vowels are classified according to three parameters: height, backness, and lip rounding e.g. [i] high front unrounded vowel [u] high back rounded vowel  Phonetic Transcription The best-known system: The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) IPA has been developing since 1888. The system represents each sound of human speech with a single symbol. The symbol is enclosed in brackets [ ] or / /. Phonetic Transcription We can use IPA transcription across languages There is one symbol for EVERY possible human sound There is a 1-1 correspondence of sound to symbol Cat [kæt] Cell [sɛl] Transcription Practice Transcribe the following words Kick Boot She The Thin [kIk] [but] [ʃi] [ðә] [θɪn] Subtle individual variation Please read pp. 35-36 References JenniferESL. (2011, January 6). Learn pronunciation of English vowel sounds 1- Introduction [Video file]. Retrieved from http://youtu.be/qMM_hwyHxaI Yule, G. (2010). The study of language. (4th ed.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Thank you Next class: Get ready for FUN !!!