Phonetics Study Guide PDF

Branches of phonetics: 1) morphology -- focused on the study of the form and formation of words in a language 2\) syntax -- focused on the study of the order of words and phrases in sentences 3\) phonetics and phonology -- focused on the study of the system of sounds in a language, defining their...

Branches of phonetics: 1) morphology -- focused on the study of the form and formation of words in a language 2\) syntax -- focused on the study of the order of words and phrases in sentences 3\) phonetics and phonology -- focused on the study of the system of sounds in a language, defining their production, pronunciation and combination 4\) semantics -- focused on the study of the meaning of different parts of a language 5\) discourse analysis -- focused on the study of the structure of texts 5\_ lexicology -- focused on the study of the words, their meaning and use Branches of phonetics: 1) articulatory -- focused on how different sounds are produced. It borders on anatomy -- understanding the structure of the speech organs, and physiology -- investigating how the muscles involved in speech produce different sounds. Methods: x-ray photography, photography, observation 2\) acoustic -- focused on the physical properties of the sound that are produced when people produce speech. It borders on physics -- investigating the nature of sound waves, frequency etc. methods: the microphone, the computer and software to analyze the speech 3\) auditory -- focused on how the sounds are received by the ear and decoded by the brain. It branches on anatomy -- understanding the structure of the ear and brain, physiology -- investigating how the sensory processing mechanisms work and psychology -- exploring how different sounds are perceived by the mind Recognising vowels and consonants -- by the sound not the letter Vowels -- are sounds that are produced without significant blockage in the vocal tract. A, E, I, O, U also y when it makes an e or ee sound (e.g. cry, happy) Consonants -- sounds that are produced with some degree of blockage at one point of the vocal tract. The rest of letters, also y if it makes a j sounds (e.g. yes) If there is a vowel before R, r is not pronounced. If there is a vowel after r, r is pronounced. Homophones -- words that are pronounced the same way. Weight -- wait, horse -- hoarse, lead -- lead, which -- witch, maize -- maze -- may's, or -- awe -- oar -- ore, seize -- sees -- seas -- c's, groan - grown Not homophones -- full -- fool, boy -- buoy, luck - look Voiceless sounds -- are sounds that are created with no vibration of the vocal cords. The vocal cords are apart, so they're not vibrating and the sound is created by the friction of the air. Voiced sounds -- are sounds that are created with vibration of the vocal cords. The vocal cords are close together, so they're vibrating. All vowels are voiced! Endings: s + t -\> after voiceless sounds Z + d -\> after voiced sounds Td -\> after /t/ or /d/ Iz -\> after /s/, /z/, /sz/, /rz/,/cz/,/dż/ Articulators -- organs that help produce speech sounds Cavities -- space that the sound passes through Respiration -- action of breathing in. It is important for the speech process. When we breathe in: - the diaphragm contracts and moves downwards - The lungs fill with air - The muscles between ribs contract - The ribcage moves outwards and upwards When we breathe out: - the diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards - The lungs push air out - The muscles between ribs relax - The ribcage moves downwards and inwards Phonation -- the process of creating sounds Frequency -- how fast the vocal cords vibrate. Amplitude -- how strong the force of the vibration of the vocal cords is why women's voices may be higher: because they have thinner and shorter vocal cords, which makes them able to vibrate faster, which makes the frequency higher and that produces higher-pitched voice. Why men's voices louder: because they have longer and thicker vocal cords, which makes them able to have more strong force of the vibration, which makes the amplitude bigger and that produces louder voices. Loudness of the voice is determined by the amplitude of the vibration of the vocal cords. Bigger amplitude results in louder voices and smaller amplitude results in quieter voices The pitch is determined by the frequency of the vibration of vocal cords. Higher frequency results in higher-pitched sounds and lower frequency results in lower-pitched sounds. Whisper -- while whispering, the vc don't vibrate. They're slightly opened and the air passes through the gap between them, creating friction between the air and vc. Glottal stop -- produced by closing the vocal cords. 3 steps: 1) Closure -- closing the vocal cords 2\) Hold -- the air pressure goes up behind the vocal cords 3\) Release -- the vocal cords are quickly opened and the air is quickly released, creating a sharp sound /p/ - voiceless bilabial stop Vocal cords are apart, so they don't vibrate. The soft plate is raised. Both lips are brought together, blocking the airflow. Then, the air pressure goes up behind the lips. Finally, the lips are quickly opened and the air is released explosively. /b/ voiced bilabial stop Vocal cords are close together, so they vibrate. The soft palate is raised. Both lips are brought together, blocking the airflow. Then. The air pressure goes up behind the lips. Finally, the lips are quickly opened and the air is released explosively. /k/ - voiceless velar stop Vocal cords are apart, so they don't vibrate. The soft palate is raised. The back of the tongue is placed against the soft palate, blocking the airflow. Then, the air pressure goes up behind the tongue. Finally, tongue is quickly moved from the velum and the air is released explosively. /t/ - voiceless alveolar stop Voice cords are apart, so they don't vibrate. The soft palate is raised. The tip or blade of the tongue is pressed against the alveolar ridge, blocking the airflow. Then, the air pressure goes up behind the tongue. Finally, the tongue is quickly moved from the alveolar ridge and the air is released explosively. /d/ - voiced alveolar stop Vocal cords are close together, so they vibrate. The soft palate s raised. The tip or blade of the tongue is placed against the velum. Then, the air pressure goes up behind the tongue.. Finally, the tongue is quickly moved from the alveolar ridge and the air is released explosively. /g/ - voiced velar stop Vocal cords are close together, so they vibrate. The soft palate is raised. The back of the tongue is placed against the velum, blocking the airflow Then, the air pressure goes up behind the tongue. Finally, the tongue is quickly moved from the velum and the air is released explosively. /f/ - voiceless labiodental fricative Vocal cords are apart, so they don't vibrate. The soft palate is raised. The upper teeth and lower lip are brought together, creating a gap. Then, the air pressure goes up and the air is released through the gap between the articulators. Finally, the air becomes turbulent as it's being released because there is friction between the air and lip and teeth /θ/ - voiceless dental fricative Vocal cords are apart, so they don't vibrate. The soft plate is raised. The tip or blade of the tongue is placed against the upper teeth, creating a gap. Then, the air pressure goes up and the air is released through the gap between the articulators. Finally, the air becomes turbulent as it's being released because there is friction between the air and the articulators. /v/ - voiced labiodental fricative Vocal cords are close together, so they vibrate. The soft palate is raised. The upper teeth and lower lip are brought together, creating a gap. Then, the air pressure goes up and the air is released through the gap between the articulators. Finally, the air becomes turbulent as it's being released because there is friction between the air and lip and teeth /ð/ - voiced dental fricative Vocal cords are close together, so they vibrate. The soft plate is raised. The tip or blade of the tongue is placed against the upper teeth, creating a gap. Then, the air pressure goes up and the air is released through the gap between the articulators. Finally, the air becomes turbulent as it's being released because there is friction between the air and the articulators. /s/ - voiceless alveolar fricative Voice cords are apart, so they don't vibrate. The soft palate is raised. The tip or blade of the tongue is placed close to the alveolar ridge, creating a gap. Then, the air pressure goes up and the air is released through the gap between the articulators. Finally, the air becomes turbulent because there is friction between the air and the articulators. /ʃ/ - voiceless palatoalveolar fricative sz Voice cords are apart so they don't vibrate. The soft palate is raised. The blade of the tongue is placed close to the alveolar ridge and the front of the tongue is placed close to the front of the hard palate, creating a gap. Then, the air pressure goes up and the air is released through the gap between the tongue and the roof of the mouth. Finally, the air becomes turbulent because there is friction between the air and articulators. /z/ - voiced alveolar fricative Vocal cords are close together, so they vibrate. The soft palate is raised. The tip or blade of the tongue is placed close to the alveolar ridge, creating a gap. Then, the air pressure goes up and the air is released through the gap. Finally, the air becomes turbulent because there is friction between the air and articulators. / ʒ / cz voiced palatoalveolar fricative Vocal cords are close together, so they vibrate. The soft palate is raised. The blade of the tongue is placed close to the alveolar ridge and the front of the tongue is placed close to the front of the hard palate, creating a gap. Then, the air pressure goes up and the air is released through the gap. Finally, the air becomes turbulent as there is friction between the air and the articulators. /m/ - voiced bilabial nasal Vocal cords are close together, so they vibrate. The soft palate is lowered. Both lips are brought together. The air is released through the nasal cavity. /n/ - voiced alveolar nasal Vocal cords are close together, so they vibrate. The soft palate is lowered. The front or blade of the tongue is placed against the alveolar ridge. The air is released through the nasal cavity. /h/ - voiceless glottal fricative Vocal cords are apart, so they don't vibrate. The soft palate is raised. The tongue is placed really high. There is a tiny gap between the vocal cords. The air becomes turbulent as it's being released through that gap because there is friction between the air and the vocal cords (glottis -- space between vocal cords) / ɲ/ - voiced velar nasal ng Voice cords are close together so they vibrate. The soft palate is lowered. The back of the tongue is pressed against the soft palate. The air is released through the nasal cavity