1001 Bullet Points: The Teaching Profession PDF

Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs THE TEACHING PROFESSION Education is the process of acquiring knowledge, habits, attitudes, interest, skills, and abilities and other human qualities through training, self-activity, and transmitting these...

Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs THE TEACHING PROFESSION Education is the process of acquiring knowledge, habits, attitudes, interest, skills, and abilities and other human qualities through training, self-activity, and transmitting these vital elements of human civilization to posterity. The three TYPES OF EDUCATION are Formal Education, Non-formal Education, and Informal Education. Formal education refers to the hierarchically structured and R chronologically graded learning, organized and provided by formal TE schools and wherecertification is required in order for the learner to progress through the grades or move on to higher levels. N CE Non-formal education refers to any school-based educational activities undertaken by the DECS and other agencies aimed at W attaining specific learning objectives for a particular learner. E VI Informal education is a type of education that can be acquired anytime and anywhere, also known as the education for all seasons. RE The two theories concerning the exact ORIGIN OF EDUCATION are A the Theory of Divine Education and the Theory of Evolution. IT The Theory of Divine Creation advocates that God equipped man L with intellect and free will. BA The Theory of Evolution believes that education started when the E. primitive man began his quest to find ways and means to feed, clothe, shelter and protect himself, and compete with other animals L for survival. AR Ancient civilizations such as the Jewish, Chinese, Egyptian, Greeks,.C and the Roman Civilizations have all CONTRIBUTED TO EDUCATION. DR The Ancient Jewish civilization contributed religious education. The Ancient Chinese civilization contributed career oriented education. The Ancient Egyptian Civilization contributed practical and empirical education. 1  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs THE TEACHING PROFESSION The Ancient Greek Civilization contributed liberal and democratic education. The Sophists in ancient Greek were the wandering scholars who went to Athens to teach Athenian boys by collecting fees from them. Protagoras was the most famous sophist who stated that man is the measure of all things. R The Greek Thinkers flourished in order to counteract the influences TE of the Sophists who were not Athenians, among them were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. N CE Socrates was a Greek Thinker who believed that knowledge is virtue and all virtuous actions are based on knowledge. W E Plato believed that the social class the person belongs to VI determine their education. RE Aristotle believed that virtue is brought by doing not by knowing and advanced the idea that man is a social animal and must use his A reason to attain his ultimate end, which is ‘the summumbonum’ or IT highest/supreme Good. L The Ancient Roman civilization contributed pragmatic and BA progressive education. E. There are three TEACHING METHODS that Jesus Christ used and contributed, which are the Parable, Conversational Method, and L Proverbial or Gnomic Method. AR Christian Education became part of the mainstream society in Rome.C when Emperor Constantine proclaimed Christianity as the official religion of the Roman world. DR The different MEDIEVAL MOVEMENTS in education are Monasticism, Scholasticism, The Medieval University, Chivalry, and The Guild System. Monasticismis where education was a religious discipline, strict, rigid, and punishment was severe. 2  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs THE TEACHING PROFESSION Charlemagne supported the Monastic schools and even established court schools to educate his constituents. Scholasticismis where education was an intellectual discipline and its purpose was to bring reason to faith and support theology by using logic. St. Thomas of Aquinas was one of the foremost proponents of the Scholastic movement. R TE The Medieval University started as “universitasmagistrorumetscholarium” or corporation of teachers N and students, chartered by the pope or the kings. CE Emperor Frederick I chartered the first organized university, W University of Bologna in 1158. E VI THE MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITY was composed of a Studiumgenerale (student body), Nation, Councilors, Facultas, Dean, and Rector. RE Chivalryis where education was used as a social discipline, where a A boy of noble birth has to pass through several stages to be fully IT accepted as a member of his social class. L Under CHIVALRY, a boy of noble birth has togo through as a page, BA squire, and knight to be fully accepted as a member of his social class. E. A page is an attendant to the noble courts at the age of 7 years old. L AR A squire is an attendant to a knight at the age of 14 years old..C A knight is a full-pledged warrior who has vowed to protect the women and the poor, defend the church and the state, attack the DR wicked, and shed blood for the sake of his country and his fellow countrymen. The Guild System provided education for the middle class that acquired their fortune from the profits in commercial and industrial endeavors brought by the “Crusades”. 3  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs THE TEACHING PROFESSION Renaissanceis considered as the revival of ancient learning brought by the discovery of the “New World” by Christopher Columbus, the fascinating stories of Marco Polo about the wealth and technology of the East, the invention of the printing press and other events. Humanism is a philosophy that believes that education aims to liberate man from the oppressive and demanding medieval institutions like the church and the state to enable him to fully develop his potentials. R TE Italian or Individual humanism stressed that individual freedom is a prerequisite to the achievement of a rich and fulfilled life. N CE Northern or Social Humanism advocated that education is an avenue for societal regeneration. W E Reformation highlighted the protests of the people who were VI dissatisfied by the policies of the Roman Catholic Church caused by the massive corruption and indulgences of the church. RE Martin Luther, considered as the father of Reformation, wrote the A 95 theses that denounces the Catholic Church and posted it in the IT doorpost of his Cathedral on October 31, 1517. L Catholic Counter – Reformationwas the response of the Roman BA Catholic Church to the protests of the “Reformers” led by Rev. Martin Luther. E. Realism was an educational philosophy that advocates that education L should be concerned with the actualities of life and prepare for its AR concrete duties..C The proponents of REALISTIC EDUCATION were John Milton, Francois Rubelais, Michael de Montaigne, John Amos Comenius, Francis DR Bacon, Richard Mulcaster, and WolgangRatke. John Milton believed that boys should study formal grammar and formal education must be emphasized. Francois Rubelais suggested that education should be made attractive and pleasant rather than compulsive. 4  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs THE TEACHING PROFESSION Michael de Montaigne emphasized the use of field trips/educational tours in the teaching – learning process and introduced the concept of finishing schools. John Amos Comenius wrote “OrbisPictusSensualism” or the World of Sensible Things Pictured, which is considered as the first textbook on using of visual aids in classroom teaching. Francis Bacon suggested the used of inductive method of teaching R and believed that all scientific progress must be based on TE nature. N Richard Mulcaster argued thateducation should be in accordance CE with the nature of the child and its aim is to secure the expression and development of childish tendencies and not to suppress them. W E WolgangRatke advocated that everything should constantly be VI repeated to ensure mastery. RE Disciplinism is a philosophy, which believes that education is based on discipline. A IT John Locke is an advocate of Disciplinism and believed that when the child is born his mind can be compared to a “tabula rasa”, or a L blank tablet and experiences will be the ones to write on that tablet. BA Naturalism is an educational philosophy, which adheres to the belief E. that education should be in accordance with the nature of the child. L Jean Jacques Rosseau believed that man at birth is naturally good AR and societal influences make man evil, and that the stronger the body, the more it obeys and the weaker the body the more it.C commands. DR The Psychological Movement in Education calls for the application of basic psychological principles like individual differences, transfer of learning and other to the educative process. Among the educators who belong to the PSYCHOLOGICAL MOVEMENT were Johan Heinrich Pestalozzi, Johan Friedrich Herbart, Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel and Maria Montessori. 5  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs THE TEACHING PROFESSION Johan Heinrich Pestalozziadvocated that learning is through observation and experience and education is basically a “contact of souls” and the teacher must feel respect and sympathy for the children he teaches. Johan Friedrich Herbart was known for the Herbatian Method of Teaching, which is composed of Preparation, Presentation, Association, Generalization, and Application. R Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebelestablished a child-centered TE school in 1840, which came to be known as “Kindergarten”. N Maria Montessorideveloped a child-centered curriculum and CE emphasized manipulation and experimentation to promote independence and creativity. W E The Sociological Movement in Education is where education is VI looked upon as the process geared toward the propagation, perpetuation, and improvement of the society and the total RE development of an individual. A John Dewey, a proponent of the sociological movement, believed IT that education must be democratic and considered as life and not just the preparation for life. L BA John Dewey postulated the famous “Learning by Doing Dictum”, which states that the learner learns best if he is an active participant E. in the teaching learning process. L A teacher has a right and duty to determine the academic marks and AR the promotions of learners in the subject or grades he handles, provided that such determination shall be in accordance with.C generally accepted procedures of evaluation and measurement. DR To manage an off-task behavior, a teacher should always consider not only the goodness of one but of the entire class. It is a responsibility of teachers to seek correctives for what may appear to be an unprofessional and unethical conduct of any associate. 6  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs THE TEACHING PROFESSION Asking what a student wants to be when he/she grows up is an indication of Idealism, where ideas that exist in the mind are the only reality. Pursuing a degree in Education to fulfill a dream of becoming a teacher shows Realism, where it stresses that reality is not in the mind but in the external world. In accordance with the Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers, every R teacher shall participate in the Continuing Professional Education TE (CPE). N In a situation where mutual attraction and subsequent love develop CE between teacher and learner, the teacher shall exercise utmost professional discretion to avoid scandal, gossip and preferential W treatment of the learner. E VI In accordance to RA 7836, every teacher shall be physically, mentally and morally fit. RE The Education Act of 1982 provided for the establishment and A maintenance of an integrated system of education IT In the Education Act of 1982, Section 2this act shall apply to and L govern both formal and non-formal system in public and private BA schools in all levels of the entire educational system. E. Act No. 2706, also known as “Private School Law”, enacted on March 10, 1917 made the recognition and inspection of private schools and L colleges by the Secretary of Public Instruction obligatory so as to AR maintain a standard of efficiency on all private schools and colleges in the country..C Commonwealth Act No. 578 enacted on June 8, 1940, conferred the DR status of “persons in authority” upon the teachers, professors, and person charged with the supervision of public or duly recognized private schools, colleges, universities. EO No. 27 issued on July 4, 1986 seeks to include courses or subjects on hum rights in the school curricula, in textbooks, and other reading materials and in the qualifying examinations on government service. 7  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs THE TEACHING PROFESSION EO No. 189 issued on June 10, 1987, placed all public secondary school teachers under the administrative supervision and control of the Department of Education, Culture and Sports. RA1079 approved on June 15, 1959 provided that Civil Service eligibility shall have no time limit. RA No. 1425 approved on June 12, 1956 prescribed the inclusion in the curricula of all schools, both public and private, from elementary R schools to the universities, the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal TE especially the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. N RA No. 4670 known as the “Magna Carta for Public School Teacher” CE approved on June 18, 1966 to promote and improve the social and economic status of public school teachers, their living and working W conditions, their employment and career prospects. E VI RA 6655 known as the “Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988” approved on May 26, 1988 provided for free public secondary RE education to all qualified citizens and promote quality education to all levels. A IT RA6728 known as the “Act Providing Government Assistance to Students and Teachers in Private Education” was approved on June L 10, 1989 and provided for tuition fee supplement for students in BA private high schools, vocational and technical courses whose schools charge less than 1,500 pesos tuition fee. E. RA 7079 known as the “Campus Journalism Act of 1991” was signed L into law on July 5, 1991 to provide for the promotion and protection AR of press freedom in the campus by providing for the establishment and maintenance of a student publication in all levels of education.C in both public and private schools. DR RA 7610 enacted on June 17, 1992 otherwise known as the Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act, or the Anti-Child Abuse Law further amended by RA 9231 in order to strengthen the law for the protection of the Filipino Children from abuse exploitation and for the elimination of the worst forms of child labor. 8  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs THE TEACHING PROFESSION RA 7731 passed on June 2, 1994 stated that those who failed the NCEE shall no longer be denied or refused enrolment by any School, College, or University to any post-secondary program necessitating a minimum of four (4) years. RA 7743 approved on June 17, 1994 provided for the establishment of Public Libraries and Reading Centers in all Barangays all over the country to be undertaken by the National Library in coordination with the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG). R TE RA 7784 known as an “Act to Strengthen Teacher Education in the Philippines by Establishing Centers of Excellence” approved on N August 4, 1994 provided that there shall be identified, designated, CE established, and developed in strategic places in each of the regions in the country, one or more centers of excellence for teacher W education based on a set of criteria provided. E VI RA 7796 known as the Technical Education Skills Development Act of 1994 or the “TESDA Act of 1994” approved on August 25, 1994 provided RE for the creation of the Technical Education Skills Development Authority or TESDA. A IT RA 7797 was passed on August 18, 1994, and provided for the lengthening o f the school calendar from two hundred (200)days but L not more than two hundred twenty (220) days beginning in the BA school year 1995-1996. E. RA 7877, known as the “Anti Sexual Harrasment Act of 1995” was signed into law on February 14, 1995, provided that all forms of sexual L harassment in the employment, education or training environment AR are unlawful..C RA 7880 known as the “Fair and Equitable Access to Education Act”, which states that the “State shall provide for the development of its DR citizenry as represented by all legislative districts ensuring then fair and equitable access to the infrastructure and tools necessary for quality education.” 9  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs THE TEACHING PROFESSION RA 8047 known as the “Book Publishing Industry Development Act”, recognized that the book publishing industry has a significant role in national development, considering that books which are its products are instrumental in the citizenry’s intellectual, technical and cultural development – the basic social foundation for the economic and social growth of the country. RA 8941 known as the “Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines approved on February 12, 1998 proved the design of the National R Flag, hoisting and display of the National Flag, conduct of flag raising TE ceremony, Pledge to the Flag, the National Anthem, and the National Motto. N CE RA 8545 amended RA 6728 to establish a fund for the purpose of subsidizing salaries of private school teachers. W E RA 9155 known as “An Act Instituting A Frame of Work Of Governance VI For Basic Education, Establishing Authority and Accountability, Renaming the Department of Education, Culture and Sports As The RE Department of Education” was approved on August 11, 2001. A Progressivism connotes growth and development and is described IT by engaging students in problem solving activities that is a reflection of the personal and social experiences that can help them in solving L their own real-life problem. BA Progressivism is where there is an environment that stimulates or E. invites participation, involvement and the democratic process. L Existentialism is defined as the philosophy of subjectivity of self- AR hood whose fundamental doctrine proclaims man’s freedom in the accomplishment of his destiny..C Reconstructivism covers the underlying factors that constitute reality DR or society and where students are encouraged to become involved in the problems whether political, social or economical that confronts the society and is able to arrive at solutions in order to reconstruct society. Perennialism maintains that education involves confronting the problems and questions that have challenged people over the centuries. 10  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs THE TEACHING PROFESSION Teachers are not punishers but counselors as mandated by the law that no teacher should inflict corporal punishments to the students. Essentialism is concerned with the fundamental of education skill and knowledge without which a person can’t be either individually or socially efficient. A Pragmatist teacher is one who focuses on the thinks at work and what works is not only for himself but also for the entire community. R TE In line with Reconstructivism, emphasis in education should be on how to become economically self-reliant. N CE Partnership between the school administrators, faculty and the community is the best attribute to bring about better programs and W initiatives. E VI Respect for authority requires the teachers to be careful with the statements he/she tells about superiors especially in front of his/ RE her students. A An integral part of the teaching process is classroom management. IT The Fundamental Moral Principle is “Do Good and avoid evil.” L BA “Moral example has greater effect on pupils’ discipline than laws and codes of punishment,” is an advice for teachers from Confucius. E. According to Max Scheler’sHierarchy of Values, Values of the Holy is L the highest form of values. AR The Ten Commandments is the basic foundation of Christian.C morality, which guides their behavior and dealing with moral issues. DR Epicurianism is a philosophy that is summarized by, “Eat, drink and be merry for tomorrow you will die.” Plato is an idealist that believes that the truth is universal and changeless. A theory of philosophy that defines views about learner, the teachers and the school is the Philosophy of Education. 11  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs THE TEACHING PROFESSION The ten countries that belong to the ASEAN are Philippines, Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and Singapore. The ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY are 10 countries working together with a market of 600 million people with the goal of free trade. Free trade includes the flow of goods, services, investment capital, R skilled labor and professional mobility. TE Professional Qualification Framework is a national policy describing N the levels of educational qualifications and sets the standards for CE qualification outcomes. E W The Philippines Qualifications Framework VI Basic Ed TESDA Higher Education RE Level 8 DOCTORAL AND POST DOCTORAL Level 7 POST BACCALAUREATE A IT Level 6 BACCALAUREATE L Level 5 DIPLOMA BA Level 4 NC IV Level 3 NC III E. Level 2 Grade 12 NC II L AR Level 1 Grade 10 NC I.C DR 12  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF EDUCATION Philosophy is defined as the quest for truth based on logical reasoning aside from the factual observation. The BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY are Metaphysics, Epistemology, Axiology, and Logic. Metaphysics deals with the nature of being and reality, essence, truth, space, time, causation, essence of God, and the origin and purpose of the universe. R TE The subdivisions under METAPHYSICS are Cosmology, Teleology, and Ontology. N CE Cosmologyexplains and theorized on the origin and the nature of the universe including creationism and evolutionism. W E Teleologyexplainsthe purpose in the universe. VI Ontology deals with the meaning of existence and tries to resolve RE the question of whether existence is identical with space, time, nature, spirit or God. A IT Epistemologyis the study of knowledge. L The subdivisions under EPISTEMOLOGY are Agnosticism, Skepticism, BA Posteriori, and Priori. E. Agnosticism is the doctrine that conclusive knowledge of ultimate reality is an outright impossibility and claims that it is impossible for L man to prove the existence of God. AR Skepticism is the doctrine that any true knowledge is impossible.C and everything is open to doubt. DR The advocates of SKEPTICISM were Pyrrho and Rene Descartes. Posteriori advanced the idea that knowledge comes from experience. Priori is the reasoning that knowledge comes from pure reason alone, and knowledge is independent and comes from experience. 13  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs Axiology seeks to rationalize the questions like what is value and what are the values to be desired in living and the likes. The two subdivisions of AXIOLOGY are Ethics and Aesthetics. Ethics is defined as the art and science that deals with the morality of human acts. Morality means the distinction between right and wrong. R TE Aesthetics is fundamentally concerned with beauty and standards or tests of values. N CE Logic is the science and art of correct thinking and correct reasoning. W The different areas of concern of LOGIC are Induction, Deduction, E Syllogism, and Dialect. VI Induction is reasoning that is done through the process of inferring RE a general law or principle from the observation of particular instances to a general conclusion. A Deductionis reasoning through a process that is from a general IT principle to specific included within the scope of that principle. L BA Syllogism is argumentation in which a conclusion is derived from two propositions called premises. E. Major term is the predicate of conclusion found in major premise. L AR Minor term is the subject of conclusion – found in minor premise..C Middle term is found in two premises and not in the conclusion. DR Dialect is a means of discovering the truth by proceeding from an assertion or thesis to a denial or antithesis and finally reconciling the two into synthesis. Human act is an act that proceeds from the deliberate free will of man. Acts of Man is an act that does not proceed from the deliberate free will of man is sometimes instinctive. 14  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs The three TYPES OF HUMAN ACTS in relation to reason are Good, Evil, and Indifferent. Good is in harmony with the dictates of right reason. Evil is in opposition to the dictates of reason. Indifferent is when it stands in no positive relation to the dictates. R The ELEMENTS OF HUMAN ACTS are Knowledge, Freedom, and TE Voluntariness. N The MODIFIERS OF HUMAN ACTS are Ignorance, Concupiscence, Fear, CE Violence, and Habit. W Ignorance is the absence of intellectual knowledge in man. E VI Concupiscence refers to the bodily appetites or tendencies like love, hatred, joy, grief, passion, daring, fear, and anger. RE Fear is shrinking back of the mind from danger. A IT Violenceis an external force applied by a free cause, which impairsman’s free will. L BA Habit is born of frequently repeated acts. E. Law is defined as an ordinance of reason promulgated for the common good by the one who is in charge of the society. L AR The different TYPES OF LAW are According to author, According to duration, According to manner of promulgation of physical,.C According to prescription and According to effect of violation. DR Conscience is a practical judgment of reason upon which an individual act is considered good, which is to be performed or evil, which is to be avoided. The STATES OF CONSCIENCE are correct or true certain, erroneous, and doubtful. 15  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF EDUCATION Values are anything that can be desired and something chosen from alternatives acted upon and enhances creative integration and development of human personality. The PROPERTIES OF VALUE are Relative, Subjective, Objective, Bipolar, and Hierarchal. Relative is the subject to change, good for what and for whom. R Subjective is good for one but not for others. TE Objective has an absolute character. N CE Bipolar is good and bad such as beautiful – ugly. W Hierarchal is scaled graduation and according to priority. E VI The ten (10) CLASSIFICATIONS OF VALUES according to Andres are Useful or utilitarian, Pleasurable or delectable, Befitting or becoming RE good, Accidental values, Natural human values, Primary values and Secondary values,Moral/Ethical,Religious, Cultural Value, and Social A values. IT Useful or utilitarianis where other useful things are obtained from L it. BA Pleasurable or delectable provides pleasure to the subject. E. Befitting or becoming good develops, completes and perfects the L subject. AR Accidental values are temporal, impermanent, and variable..C Natural human values befit man every place at every time. DR Primary values are chosen, acted upon, necessary for authentic development of man and is chosen from alternatives. Secondary values are obligatory values. Moral/Ethical are obligatory in character and is the basic and urgent in life and activities of man. 16  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF EDUCATION Religious is the ultimate Divine Value. Cultural value includes poetry, music, painting, and unique characteristics important to a culture. The FOURFOLD TEST OF ROBIN WILLIAMS to determine cultural values areExtensiveness, Duration of Value, Intensity, and Prestige of value carrier. R SOCIAL VALUES are friendship, family ties, and the likes. TE The hierarchy of values refers to the different scales or graduation N of prioritizing values. CE PLATO’S HIERARCHY OF VALUES is Knowledge, Honor, Money/ W business, Pleasure, and Passion. E VI MAX SCHELLER’S HIERARCHY OF VALUES is Pleasure values, Vital or welfare values, Spiritual or cultural, and Sacred. RE Defective norms of morality are the different philosophical beliefs A about morality, which somehow do not conform to the universally IT accepted standards of human morality. L The DEFECTIVE NORMS OF MORALITY are Hedonism, Utilitarianism, BA Moral Rationalism, Moral Evolution, Moral Positivism, MoralSensism, and Communism. E. Hedonism is the belief that morality is determined by the acquisition L of pleasure. AR Utilitarianism refers to actions that are geared toward the total.C amount of happiness that one can achieve. DR The types of UTILITARIANISM are individual or egoism, and social or altruism, which is the greatest good for the greatest number. Moral rationalism is the belief that human reason is the sole source of all moral laws advocated by Immanuel Kant of Prussia. Moral Evolutionism is the idea that morality is not absolute but keeps on changing until such time that it reaches the perfect state, which is advocated by Friedrich Nietszsche. 17  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF EDUCATION Moral Positivism advocates that state laws are the bases of all moral laws, ergo it is good if it is in accordance with the laws and anything that opposes the state laws must be rejected as advocated by Thomas Hobbes. Moral Sensism is the belief that man is endowed with special moral sense that can distinguish good or evil meaning that an action is moral if it is in harmony with this human sense and immoral if not in harmony with this sense. R TE Communism is an economic theory, which is based on the ideals of a classless society, which denies the existence of God, views religion N as opium and does not recognize human freedom and immortality CE of man’s soul. W The MODERN PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION are Humanism, Realism, E Disciplinism, Rationalism, Naturalism, Idealism, Pragmatism, VI Progressivism, Existentialism, and Essentialism. RE Humanism was a philosophy that rejected supernaturalism, regarded man as a natural object and asserted the essential dignity and worth A of man and his capacity to achieve self-realization through the use IT of reason and scientific method. L Realism is the type of education in which natural phenomena and BA social institutions rather than language and literature are made the chief subjects of study. E. Realism advocates that education should be concerned with the L actualities of life and prepare for its concrete duties. AR Disciplinism asserted that the mind is made up of certain faculties.C such as memory, reason, will, judgment, etc. and each of which needs special activities for its training and development. DR Rationalism claimed that human reason was the sole source of knowledge and the sole determiner whether things or actions were acceptable or not. Naturalism advocated that education should be in accordance with the nature of the child meaning all educational practices should be focused towards the natural development of all the innate talents and abilities of the child. 18  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF EDUCATION Idealism holds that knowledge is independent of sense perception or experience and lays stress on the mental idea, intrinsic or spiritual value rather than physical fact or material value. Idealism claims that education must provide for the development of the mind of every pupil, and in order to realize this, the school must concentrate on intellectual, moral judgment, and aesthetic development of the students. R Pragmatism is the doctrine that claims that the meaning of a TE proposition or idea lies in its practical consequences. N Pragmatists are concerned with the total development of the child CE through experiencing or through self-activity. W Progressivism claims that the child’s growth and development as an E individual depend on his experiences and self-activity. VI Existentialism emphasizes the freedom of human beings to make RE choices in a world where there are no absolute values outside man himself. A IT Existentialists believe that education should enable man to make choices for his life. L BA Essentialism ascribes ultimate reality to essence embodied in a thing perceptible to the senses. E. In a highly pluralistic society, a teacher should implement a learning L environment that is safe, secure, and gender sensitive. AR According to Confucius, Rousseau and Mencius, “Man in nature is.C good,” this characteristic of man makes him easier to be taught. DR RA 9155 or the Governance of Basic Education Act transfers the functions, programs, and activities of the Department of Education to the Philippine Sports Commission. Learning to live Together is vital in building a genuine and lasting culture of peace in the world. 19  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF EDUCATION “The principles of spontaneity as against artificiality will make you accomplish something. Leave nature to itself and you will have harmony.” is an advice from the Taoist. Philippine Education Placement Test allows out-of-school youth and others who did not finish school to have and equitable access to education. In a multicultural education, teachers must consider children’s R cultural identities and be aware of their own biases. TE Under the Pillar of Learning to Know, the role of the teacher is to be N facilitator, catalyst, monitor, and evaluator of learning because the CE process of learning to think is a lifelong one and can be enhance by everykind of human experience. W E Doctrine of Salvation is best described as the highest goal of the VI faithful. RE The first essential characteristic of culture is that it is learned. A The most important component in educational reform is the parent’s IT involvement. L According to Paulo Freire, man’s ultimate vocation and destiny is BA humanization, which can be achieved through the process of conscientization, a process of becoming aware of the contradictions E. existing within oneself and in society, and of gradually being able to bring about personal and social transformations. L AR RA 9155 or the Governance of Basic Education Act considered the school as the “heart of the formal education system.”.C Socrates is known for his Socratic Dialogue, where a student uses DR the question-and-answer as a model for discussion. Ethics/morality can be summed up in doing what is right (especially if it is for the common good) and avoid what is evil. The pillar of learning that is concerned on the material development rather than the human development is Learning to Do. 20  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF EDUCATION As provided by the Code of Ethics for Teachers, in line with RA 7836, a teacher shall at all times, be imbued with the spirit of professional loyalty, mutual confidence, and faith in one another, self-sacrifice for the common good and full cooperation with colleagues. As provided in Article XIV of the 1987 Constitution on Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture and Sports, Section 3, when all requirements are met, religion should be taught within the R regular class hours. TE According to Plato, the idea of higher education helps the souls to N search for truth, which illuminated it. CE UNESCO stands for United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural W Organization, which aim to promote peace and security in the world E by promoting collaboration among nations through education, VI science, culture, and communication. RE The medium/media of instructions in schools during the Spanish era was/were Spanish. A IT The philosophers that were proponents of PERENNIALISMwereRobert Hutchinsand Mortimer Adler. L BA Paolo Freire was known as a Social Reconstructionist. E. The basis of partnership between community and school are mutual trust for one another’s values, perspectives and experiences. L AR The philosophy of Confucius is Humanistic, where it occupies mainly with Human relationship and Virtues..C RA 9155 changed DECS to DepEd and transferred the sports to DR Philippines Sports Commission and culture to the National Commission for the Culture and Arts. Organizational chart is a diagram that shows the different positions in the schools structure, the different channels available and the flow of communication. 21  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING The three types of PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING are starting principles, guiding principles, and ending principles. Starting principles refer to the nature of the child, psychological and physiological endowments. Guiding principles are the methods of instruction, or the combination of techniques in carrying out the educative process. R Ending principles are the educational aims and objectives, which TE are divided into two: psychological (growth and development of the child) and philosophical (based on the culture of the people). N CE Intelligence as defined by W. Sternis a general capacity of an individual consciously to adjust his thinking to new requirements. W E A Goal is a statement of the intended general outcome of an VI instructional unit or program whereas a Learning Objective is a statement of one of several specific performances, the achievement RE of which contributed to the attainment of the goal. A The INBORN TENDENCIES OF THE CHILD are Intelligence, Emotion, IT Imitation, Curiosity, Gregariousness, Play, Collecting and hoarding, Competition, and Manipulation. L BA Lewis Terman’s defines intelligence as the ability to learn in terms of abstract ideas, while Colvin viewed intelligence as the ability to E. adjust to new environment. L Emotionis the blending of sensations caused by the profound and AR widespread changes in the body..C Crow & Crow defined emotion as an effective experience that accompanies generalized inner adjustment, and mental and DR physiological stirred up states in the individual and that shows itself in his overt behavior. Imitationis the tendency of the child to do according to what he sees or observes. Curiosity is the elementary form of interest where it is the starting point of interest and the desire to discover. 22  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING Gregariousness refers to the desire of the individual to be with other people because man is a social being. Play is the natural impulse possessed by men and animals where it is an activity, which the individual engages in for the satisfaction of his desires. Collecting and hoarding means the interest in keeping the objects, which a child is interested to possess. R TE Competition implies a struggle between two or more persons for the same object or purpose to equal or surpass others, whereas N rivalry suggests a personal contest for selfish ends, resulting in envy CE and jealousy. W Manipulation is the natural impulse of the child, which involves a E skillful or dexterous management or control of actions by means of VI intellect. RE The features of COOPERATIVE LEARNING are face-to-face interaction, positive interdependence, and group accountability for A learning. IT The theory of Multiple Intelligence by Dr. Howard Gardner, proposes L eight different intelligences to account for a broader range of human BA potential in children and adults because he suggested that the traditional notion of intelligence based on IQ testing is too limited. E. The eight INTELLIGENCES ACCORDING TO GARDNER are linguistic, L logicalmathematical, spatial, bodilykinesthetic, musical, AR interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist and existential intelligence..C The CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FILIPINO LEARNERS according to Gregorio are shyness, sensitiveness, lack of perseverance, lack of DR resourcefulness, and lack of industry. According to Jean Jacques Rousseau, men in nature are basically good and that the influences of society are what makes man evil. To develop POSITIVE BEHAVIOR in children, contribution, responsibility, and cooperation must be emphasized. 23  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING Albert Bandura proposed a theory known as Social Learning Theory, which states that modeling is essential in pedagogy. Operant Conditioning focuses on giving of reward to students to increase the occurrence of repeating a desired behavior. “Porma (Form) over substance” is a negative trait where a student focuses more on the outside appearance of the report rather than the content. R TE “Tangible performance changes when learners undergo the learning process” serves as the basis of the utilization of Performance N Objectives. CE Individual Differences is a concept that expects teachers to provide W varied learning activities to suit the needs of the various learning E style of the students. VI Coherence is a characteristic of the instructional plan that shows RE “interconnectedness” and smoothness from beginning to the end. Evaluation serves as the piece de resistance (finale) of Goal-Oriented A Instruction. IT According to Krathwohls’ Affective Domain, the lowest level of L affective behavior is Responding followed by Valuing, Organization, BA and Characterization. E. A teacher manifests Expert Power when he shows his students his vast knowledge of a subject matter. L AR Referent Power is shown when teacher makes his students feel important, accepted, and appreciated all the time..C Signal Interference is an influence technique illustrated when a DR teacher would a look in a student’s eye to tell them that he disapproves of their mischievous behavior. Reward power of a teacher is his/her authority to give the students the grade they deserve. When teachers encourage active class participation through individual and group activities, it allows the student to feel important in a group. 24  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING Applying rules and regulations on a case-to-case basis does not promote sound classroom management. Practices that promote SOUND CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT are enforcing firm and fair discipline in the classroom, developing a system of coming in and going out of the room and establishing rules, regulations, and routines starting on the first day of school. An example of a “low-profile” classroom managementis when a R teacher raisesthe pitch of his/her voice. TE An effective classroom management teaches the student to develop N self-control rather than dependence on others to control their CE behavior. W “In Loco Parentis” or “instead of parent”, it is a legitimate authority E exercised by teachers in the classroom where they take on some of VI the functions and responsibilities of a parent. RE “With-it-ness,” according to Kounin, is one of the characteristics of an effective manager where he/she is aware of all the things A happening around him/her. IT The best way to manage an off-task behavior is to not over-react, L such as by making simple eye contact. BA A teacher’s Referent Power means that she accepts the student the E. way they are, illustrated by being firm yet fair, compassionate, and approachable. L AR A teacher that does follow-up questioning in order to elicit more from his students and to make them think more critically is using.C the Probing type of questioning. DR Teachers providing activities for the whole-brain thinking and not just on one particular learning dimension is encouraging learning facilitation. The HIERARCHIES OF QUESTIONS that the teachers usually ask regardless of the subjects being taught areKnowledge (Memory) Questions, Comprehension Questions, Application Questions, Analysis Questions, Synthesis Questions, and Evaluation Questions. 25  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING Knowledge (Memory) Questions trains the ability to recall, bring to mind appropriate materials learned previously such as specific names, facts, places, figures, events, concepts, principles, and others. Comprehension Questions trainsthe students to understand oral and written communications and make use of them. Application Questions requires the students to transfer what they have learned to new situations with little or no supervision. R Analysis Questions requiresthe students to breakdown an idea into TE its parts, to distinguish these parts and know their relationships to one another. N CE Synthesis Questions is where the student puts together or integrates a number of ideas or facts into new arrangement. W E Evaluation Questions is where the students appraise, criticize or VI judge the worth of an idea, a statement or a plan on the basis of a set of criteria provided to them or which they themselves have RE developed. A BLOOM’S COGNITIVE TAXONOMY is as follows, Knowledge, IT Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation, where Evaluation is the highest. L BA Lesson Plan is the termed applied to the statement of objectives to be realized and the methods to be used in the attainment of such E. objectives within the specified time. L The COMPONENTS OF A LESSON PLAN are Objective, Subject Matter, AR Learning Activities, Evaluation, and Assignment..C A Time line is a type of teaching tool appropriate for graphically representing a lesson in chronological form. DR The ultimate test of a good classroom management is if it can be applied in the student’s daily lives. A Sequence Chain can be used as a graphic organizer to present the Water Cycle. 26  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING A Critiquing session allows the evaluation of member’s work by the group and encourages the giving of constructive comments on how to improve the work of others. Coherence is the local organization and comprehensibility of lesson plan from start to finish. The primary concern of using ateaching aid is that it should be suited to the objective of the lesson. R TE Simulation operates on the principle “I am what I should be,’ and is when the teacher allows the student to put what they learned into N practice. CE In order to develop logical-Mathematical skills in students, teachers W can use Problem Solving Activities. E VI According to Thorndike, punishment does not guarantee the removalof negative behavior from the child. RE Mastering concepts in class through repetition is utilizing the Drill A method. IT Projective Technique allows the innermost thoughts of the students L to come out such as when a teacher would show an ambiguous BA picture to students and ask them to respond to some questions. An Anecdotal Record contains significant/untoward incidents/ E. reports that happens to students. L A well-managed and learning-productive class is shown when AR students are actively involved to reach the goal..C Intrapersonal intelligent pupils will learn best with activities that call for more time with the self. DR Venn Diagram is a graphic organizer that can be used to illustrate the similarities and differences of two subjects. A teacher who wants his students to work together harmoniously may incorporate Cooperative Learning in his/her class, which allows the student to work together promoting teamwork. 27  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING Fishbone Diagram is a graphic organizer commonly used to illustrate cause and effect. The best classroom device is the teacher because the devicesthemselves cannot teach. To be able to respond to the teacher’s professional development needs is the rationale behind the teacher’s professional training programs. R TE Teachers in the community should not make him/herself aloof because he/she can still maintain objectivity even if he/she is N friendly with community members. CE As a “trustee of the cultural and educational heritage of the nation W and is under obligation to transmit to learners such heritage,” E teachers must conduct lessons on the life stories of Filipino heroes VI that allows the class to appreciate the country’s rich cultural past. Geography is the leading factor behind the proposal by the DepEd RE that lead schools must manage stand-alone schools in some far- flung areas. A IT The greatest contribution of EFA (Education for All) to the public is it gives opportunities for all kinds of learners where regular or special. L BA Realia should only be brought inside the room if it’s feasible. E. Using a globe as a teaching aid or any tangible and scaled replica of something falls under Models. L AR To promote higher-order thinking skills, Divergent questions must be asked by the teacher because it allows the students to think.C more creatively since it is an open ended types of questions. DR Edgar Dale’s Cone of Experience refers to watching demonstrations as an experience that is almost the same as the actual one. In order to ensure the smooth transition of activities in class, teacher should make the materials readily available and accessible. The best time for teachers to set routine activities like rules in getting materials and standing in line should be established during the first day of school. 28  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING Low-profile classroom control means the teacher manages behavior of students without disrupting the lesson. An example of a low-profile classroom control technique that teachers can employ in their classroom managing behavior without disrupting the lesson. The teacher should primarily consider appropriateness of the device to the lesson. R TE If teachers want to focus on attitudinal change among her students, they must facilitaterole-playing activities to allow the child to show N his/her personal emotions. CE Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Theory encourages teachers to W present the lesson on wide variety of ways to consider the different E intelligences of students. VI A classic characteristic of Operant Conditioning advocated by BF RE Skinner is the use of reinforcements. A Phillips 66 is a technique wherein the group is divided into 6 groups IT and allows them to discuss a topic for 6 minutes. L Closed ended questions limit the ability of the students to think BA creatively and critically. E. The highest-level in Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is Self- Actualization. L AR Kohlberg developed the Moral development theory and pioneered in the use of moral dilemma technique..C Albert Bandura developed the Social Learning Theory and advocated DR “children learns from what they see in the environment.” Jerome Bruner postulated that learning is a simultaneous process of acquisition, transformation and evaluation. According to Erikson, identity and role confusion normally occur during high school. 29  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING Modeling or learning through observation is central to the Social Learning Theory of Albert Bandura. Criterion is defined as an acceptable standard of performance and a statement that indicates a degree of accuracy. Graphic organizers are used to illustrate relationships among details, enables students to identify important ideas and details and information are presented in concrete form. R TE Inconsensus decision making the teacher allows his students to arrive into one specific plan of action through gathering the majority’s N decision. CE The task analysis model of lesson organization arranged in sequence W is facts, concepts, principles, and generalization. E VI IPPD (Individual Plan for Professional Development) was developed for teachers to serve as a guide for the professional’s continuous RE learning and development. A Information Processing Theory asserts that when learners treat IT information as personal and as part of his/her schema then retrieving concepts contextually is a lot easier. L BA According to Lev Vygotsky, guidance enables teachers to help learners acquire skills. E. Portfolio is one of the best ways to practice outcome-based L education. AR Shared values are synonymous with vision-core values..C The concepts of Total Quality School Model must be applied by all DR stakeholders to make a school successful. Technical skill is a general term to address the competency needs of various industries. Peer review is where one lets his/her classmate look at his/her work for evaluation. 30  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING Highlighting is where when conducting research or doing readings, one uses colored writing instrument to emphasize key points. Teachers must be flexible so that their students could be creative learners. Global education allows students to be more accepting/tolerant of other cultures. R Stakeholders, the key players of any system/organization/process TE are composed of teachers, students, parents, administrators and members of the community. N CE John Dewey’s contribution to the development of sociological foundations in learning are education as a social process, teaching W of the basic R’s and the role of the school as an extension of home- E based education. VI Quality Educational System fosters coordination among basic RE education, technical-vocation education and higher education and has connection from level to level. A IT The teacher is responsible for an enriching environment that allows a highly diverse class to optimize their learning. L BA Alternative Learning System (ALS) is a type of learning that life-long and is acquired from real-life activities and interactions. E. A sign of an underachieving student is showing minimum effort in L every task. AR Reactive is the opposite of proactive..C Guidance involves personal help given by someone designed to DR assist the person where he wants to go, what he wants to do, or how we can best accomplish his physical, social, intellectual, and personal assets and liabilities as confronted by particular situations, so that he can make wise and intelligent choices and embark upon suitable courses of action. Discipline means instructing the child in the ethical principles (right from wrong), Why or Why Not, and How to decide and act according to principles. 31  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING The four classifications of CHILD-REARING PRACTICES are authoritarian, permissive, ambivalent and role modeling. Authoritarian views the child as a mini-adult, which sets unrealistic expectations and goals for the child. Permissive allows the child to grope through situations too difficult for him to cope with, with no guidance and control. R Ambivalent style occurs when opposite or conflicting values exist in TE the parent/teacher himself, or one set of moral values is followed in contrast with the other. N CE Role modeling is where role is the part assumed by anyone and modeling is the art of one who acts as a standard of imitation. W E Counseling is defined as helping individuals towards overcoming VI obstacles for personal growth according to the American Psychological Association. RE The GOALS OF COUNSELING by Blackman and Silberman are problem A definition, development and social history, establishing specific IT goals of counseling, and to determine methods to be used to bring out desired change. L BA E. L AR.C DR 32  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY Technology refers to material objects of use to humanity, such as machines or hardware, but it can also encompass broader themes, including systems, methods of organization, and techniques. Educational technology is human invention and/or discoveries that satisfy educational needs and facilitate learning. The three main schools of thought or PHILOSOPHICAL FRAMEWORK behind educational technology are Behaviorism, Cognitivism, and R Constructivism. TE BEHAVIORISMwas the theoretical framework used by Ivan Pavlov, N Edward Thorndike, Edward C. Tolman, Clark L. Hull, BF Skinner and CE othersto describe and experiment with human learning. W BF Skinner’s contribution includes his extensive writing on E improvements of teaching based in his functional analysis of Verbal VI Behavior and a system he called programmed instruction. RE Cognitive theories look beyond behaviors to explain brain-based learning and consider how human memory work to promote A learning. IT Constructivism is a conceptual model of learning that refers to the L role of learning to help the individual live or adapt to his personal BA world. E. Constructivism is defined as where the learner builds a personal understanding through appropriate learning activities and a good L learning environment. AR Connectivism is a learning theory for the digital age where it.C combines relevant elements of many learning theories, social structures, and technology to create a powerful theoretical construct DR for learning in the digital age. Audiovisual aids are defined as any device used to aid in the communication of an idea. Device is any means other than the subject matter itself that is by the teacher in presenting the subject matter to the learner. 33  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY There are four CLASSIFICATIONS OF DEVICES, which are extrinsic, intrinsic, material devices, and mental devices. Extrinsic devices are used to supplement a method used such as picture, graph, filmstrips, slides, etc. Intrinsic devices are used as a part of the method or teaching procedure such as pictures accompanying an article. R Material devices are devices that have no bearing on the subject TE matter such as black board, chalk, books, pencils, etc. N Mental devices are a kind of device that is related in form and CE meaning to the subject matter being presented such as questions, projects, drills, lesson plans, etc. W E Nonprojected Audiovisual Aids are those that do not require the VI use of audiovisual equipment such as a projector and screen, which includes charts, graphs, maps, illustrations, photographs, brochures, RE and handouts. A Technology integration refers to using learning technologies to IT introduce, reinforce, supplement and extend skills. L Educational media are channels or avenues or instruments like books, BA magazines, television, Internet, etc. E. Instructional technology are concerned with instruction as contrasted to designs and operations of educational institutions. L AR Technology in Education refers to the application of technology in the operation of education institutions..C Technology of Education deals with the active use of mass media DR and computer science for the individual pupils’ learning process under the teacher’s supervision. Instructional technology is a systematic way of designing, carrying out, and evaluating the total process of learning and teaching in terms of specific objectives. 34  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGY in the instructional process must be geared to interactive and meaningful learning, the development of creative and critical thinking, the development and nurturing of teamwork and efficient and effective teaching. Constructivists perceive technology as a partner in the learning process, for it makes the learner gather, think analyze, synthesize information and construct meaning with what technology presents. R Computer-mediated communication (CMC) is a paradigm in the TE school system where the teacher and students interact through a computer. N CE Computer-Based Teaching/Computer-Based Learning means individualized (self-study) learning. W E Computer-Aided Instructionis instructional techniques that vary VI both instruction and time according to learner requirements. RE The PHASES OF A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO TEACHING may be reduced to three, such as formulation of instructional objectives, A the process of instruction itself, and the assessment of learning, IT which will once more lead to the formulation of instructional objectives. L BA Activities and technology for instruction must be appropriate to the lesson objectives, the learners, and the nature of the lesson content. E. Edgar Dale’s research led to the development of the Cone of L Experience, which also became the basis of “learning-by-doing” and/ AR or “experiential learning” or “action learning”..C Edgar Dale’s Cone of Experience theorized that learners retain more information by what they do as opposed to what they heard, read, DR or observed. Edgar Dale’s Cone of Experience gives primary importance on psychomotor experience and is a model that incorporates several theories related to instructional design and learning process. 35  Carl E. Balita 1001 bulLETs EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY Dale’s Cone of Experience implies to use many instructional materials to help the students conceptualize his experience, avoid teaching directly at the symbolic level of thought without adequate foundation of the concrete, and to strive to bring the students to the symbolic or abstract level to develop their higher order thinking skills. In Jerome Bruner’s knowledge representation, the learners are taught through a sequence of actions, then through a series of R illustrations and through a series of symbols (enactive to iconic to TE symbolic). N Jerome Bruner’s knowledge representation in teaching is applied CE when the learners are taught by beginning with the concrete, the uses pictures followed by symbols. W E According to the Traditionalist’s point of view, the role of educational VI technology in learning is that it servers as a presenter of knowledge, just like teachers. RE The Contructivist’s view of the role of educational technology in A learning is that it engages learners in active, constructive, IT intentional, authentic, and cooperative learners, servers as tools to support knowledge construction, and is a social medium to support L learning by conversing. BA Contructivism is a framework of educational technology that E. believes that the role of teachers is to become facilitator providing guidance so that learns can construct their own knowledge. L AR When teachers represent and stimulate meaningful real-world problems, situations and context in teaching, they are using.C