(1) Introduction to Computing.pdf

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING Data vs. Information Data - raw facts, in the form of numbers, special symbols or combination of these Information - data that have been collected and processed into a meaningful form Computers are very good at...

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING Data vs. Information Data - raw facts, in the form of numbers, special symbols or combination of these Information - data that have been collected and processed into a meaningful form Computers are very good at digesting data and producing information. Computers are also called processor, is an electronic device that can interpret and execute programmed commands for input, output, computation and logic operations Characteristics - it is a machine - it is electronic - it can manipulate data - it is automatic - it has memory - it has logic functions Capabilities - self directing/operating - stores/recalls data - self checking - perform logical functions - speed Limitations - works on designed program of instruction only - cannot correct wrong instructions or data - application must be quantified - cannot completely avoid making errors Computer System is a collective reference to all interconnected computing hardware, including processors, storage devices, input/output devices and communication equipment Introduction to Computing | by Madroñero 1 Categories of Computers Personal Computer (PC) a small computer designed for use by an individual Workstation a high-performance single user computer system with sophisticated input/output devices that can be easily networked with other workstations or computers Mainframe Computer a large computer that can service many users simultaneously in support of enterprise-wide applications Supercomputer the category that includes the largest and most powerful computers There are many applications of computers, including the following : - information system - personal computing - communication - science, research, and engineering - education and reference - entertainment and edutainment A Brief Timeline in the History of Computers DATE DESCRIPTION IMAGE The first counting mechanism was the abacus. Some claim it originated with the Chinese, but most scholars 1000 BC to 500 BC argue that it was invented by the Babylonians. The concept was first implemented with pebbles and sand Introduction to Computing | by Madroñero 2  or dust on a rock, hence its origin in the Phoenician word abak or sand. Leonardo Da Vinci designs a 1500’s AD mechanical computer. John Napier creates napiers bones 1600’s (multiplication tables on wood or paper) and algorithm. 1621 William Oughtred invents the slide rule, an early analog computer. Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher, invented the first operating model of 1642 mechanical digital calculator using gears, called the arithmetic machine. It used addition to subtract, multiple and divide. Joseph Marie Jacquard used 1804 punch-cards to automate a weaving loom. Charles P. Babbage, the "father of the computer", discovered that many long calculations involved many similar, repeated operations. 1812 Therefore, he designed a machine, the difference engine which would be steam powered, fully automatic and commanded by a fixed instruction program. In 1833, Introduction to Computing | by Madroñero 3  Babbage quit working on this machine to concentrate on the analytical engine. Lady Ada Augusta Byron Lovelace is known as "the first programmer" because she suggested that a binary 1840’s system should be used for storage rather than a decimal system for Babbage's designs. George Boole developed Boolean logic which would later become significant to the design of computer 1850’s circuitry and as a method for refining the searching of information. Lee De Forest invented the vacuum tube which is used as an early form 1906 of computer memory holding the values of zero and one by being on or off. Dr. John V. Atanasoff and his graduate assistant Clifford Berry 1939 built the first electronic digital computer. Konrad Zuse from Germany, introduced the first programmable computer which solved complex 1941 engineering equations. This machine, called the Z3, was also the first to work on the binary system instead of the decimal system. 1947 The giant ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Introduction to Computing | by Madroñero 4  Calculator) machine was developed by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, Jr. at the University of Pennsylvania. It used 18,000 vacuum tubes, punch-card input, weighed thirty tons and occupied a thirty-by-fifty-foot space. It was only programmable by changing the wiring, not through software changes, but was productive from 1946 to 1955 and was used to compute artillery firing tables. William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain of Bell Labs invented the transistor. In the next 1947 decade, vacuum tubes will be replaced by transistors for which they will receive the Nobel Prize in physics in 1956. 1950’s Dr. Grace Murray Hopper developed the UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer 1) compiler. Mauchly and Eckert built the UNIVAC I, the first computer 1951 designed and sold commercially, specifically for business data-processing applications. Jack St. Clair Kilby and Robert Noyce of Texas Instruments manufactured the first integrated 1958 circuit, or chip, which is made up of six components, a feat for which they eventually won a Nobel Prize for physics in the year 2000. This led to hundreds of tiny transistors that fit Introduction to Computing | by Madroñero 5  on a chip of silicon, then thousands, then millions over the next decade. BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) 1965 programming language developed by Dr. Thomas Kurtz and Dr. John Kemeny. ATM introduced, but only allowed cash withdrawal. 1960’s Late 1967 A Texas Instrument team of engineers created the Cal-Tech, the first handheld calculator design completed which was marketed three years later by Canon. TI began to sell its own 4 function Datamath calculator in 1972 for $150.00 Canon Pocketronic, based on the CalTech, with integrated circuits by Texas Instruments. Like the CalTech, the calculations are printed horizontally onto the reel of paper tape, which emerges from the left side of the calculator. 1969 A major internet is started as a U.S. government defense agency, ARPANET, needs to connect many machines on many smaller networks. Introduction to Computing | by Madroñero 6  1971 Intel released the first microprocessor, the 4004 (invented by Ted Hoff) a specialized integrated circuit chip which was able to process four bits of data at a time at 108 khz using some 2000 transistors (see 1958). What formerly required many computer chips with connecting wires for the arithmetic, logic and control components, was now on one chip, significantly reducing the complexity and cost of manufacturing the heart of a computer. Storage for data and programs remains on other chips and devices. Eventually, almost every device using electricity will be controlled by a microprocessor. PASCAL, a structured or modular programming language, was 1971 developed by Niklaus Wirth. The first grocery store used computer read barcodes on products, 1972 a Kroger in Cincinnati, Ohio. The Atari Company invented the first commercially successful 1972 coin-operated video game called "Pong." Introduction to Computing | by Madroñero 7  Hewlett-Packard introduces the HP-35, the first scientific handheld 1974 calculator. Two young hackers, William Gates and Paul Allen approached MITS and promised to deliver a BASIC 1975 compiler. So they did and from the sale, Microsoft was born. Jobs and Wozniak designed and built the Apple I; then the following year introduced the Apple II microcomputer during a year in 1976 which many other personal computer brands are marketed including the Commodore Pet, Tandy/Radio Shack TRS-80 Model I, Atari and Coleco and then more brands appear in the years to follow. Visicalc (a spreadsheet program) is first sold for the Apple II computer. 1979 1980 IBM offers Bill Gates the opportunity to develop the operating system called MS-DOS for its new IBM personal computer. 1982 Time magazine chooses the computer instead of a person to be its "Machine of the Year." Introduction to Computing | by Madroñero 8  The MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) became a standard 1982 allowing digital electronic instruments to work efficiently with computers. first digital audio CD discs made available in the 5-inch size 1982 The Internet was born when Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (Arpanet) of the US Department of Defense switched over to the TCP/IP protocol from 1983 the Network Control Protocol (NCP) on January 1, 1983. The ARPANET (forerunner to today's Internet) which was limited to just 1,000 machines could now handle millions. Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn designed the TCP/IP protocol. 1996 first DVD players made available Nokia introduces the Nokia 9000i Communicator, combining hand- held PC, digital cell phone, and fax: 4.5 x 1.4 inch LCD screen, 1997 QWERTY keyboard, GeoWorks operating system, Intel 24-MHz 386 processor, and 8-MB RAM. Price is US$850-1000 plus monthly cell phone charge; weight is 14 ounces; size is 6.5 x 2.5 x 1.5 inches. Introduction to Computing | by Madroñero 9  The Current and Future Design of Computers room size ENIACS (starting 1945) lap size LAPTOPS (starting 1981) pocket size WEARABLES (starting 2002) Introduction to Computing | by Madroñero 10