History of Computers PDF

COLLEGE of COMPUTER STUDIES HISTORY of COMPUTERS MHELROSE B. PRADES, MIT- INSTRUCTOR [email protected] COMPUTER Computer is a programmable machine. Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. Computer...

COLLEGE of COMPUTER STUDIES HISTORY of COMPUTERS MHELROSE B. PRADES, MIT- INSTRUCTOR [email protected] COMPUTER Computer is a programmable machine. Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. Computer is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations or calculations.  1. It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined 3 PRINCIPLES manner. CHARACTERISTIC 2. It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions. OF COMPUTER 3. It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.  EARLIEST COMPUTER Originally These human The calculations of The first use of the word calculations were computers were this period were "computer“ was recorded in computed by typically engaged in specialized and 1613, referring to a person who humans, whose job the calculation of a expensive, requiring carried out calculations, or title was computers. mathematical years of training in computations, and the word expression. mathematics. continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century. EARLIEST COMPUTER TALLY STICKS A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages. EARLIEST COMPUTER ABACUS An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations. The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C. The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used in China in around 500 B.C. It used to perform basic arithmetic operations. EARLIEST COMPUTER NAPIER’S BONES Invented by John Napier in 1614. Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards. EARLIEST COMPUTER SLIDE RULE Invented by William Oughtred in1622. Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms. Used primarily for ✔ multiplication ✔ division ✔ roots ✔ logarithms ✔ Trigonometry Not normally used for addition or subtraction. EARLIEST COMPUTER PASCALINE A mechanical calculator invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. It was its limitation to addition and subtraction. It is too expensive. EARLIEST COMPUTER JACQUARD LOOM The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in1804. It an automatic loom controlled by punched cards. EARLIEST COMPUTER Step Reckoner Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672. The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically. EARLIEST COMPUTER ARITHMOMETER A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820, The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine. The machine could perform the four basic mathematic functions. The first mass-produced calculating machine.  EARLIEST COMPUTER DIFFERENCE ENGINE AND ANALYTICAL ENGINE Invented by Charles Babbage in 1820 and 1837. The Difference Engine was designed to calculate polynomial functions, while the Analytical Engine was intended to be a general-purpose computer capable of performing a wide range of calculations. Analytical engine was the first mechanical computer. EARLIEST COMPUTER TABULATING MACHINE Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890. To assist in summarizing information and accounting. EARLIEST COMPUTER Z1 The Z1 was a motor-driven mechanical computer. Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938. To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also generated through punch tape. EARLIEST COMPUTER ATANASOFF-BERRY COMPUTER(ABC) It was the first electronic digital computing device. Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942. EARLIEST COMPUTER HARVARD MARK 1 Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC). Invented by Howard H. Aikenin 1943 The first electro-mechanical computer. EARLIEST COMPUTER ENIAC ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. It was the first electronic general- purpose computer. Completed in 1946. Developed by John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly. EARLIEST COMPUTER EDVAC EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer It was the first modern, electronic stored-program computer. Designed by John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly. It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data. EARLIEST COMPUTER UNIVAC 1 The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was the first commercial computer. Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. EARLIEST COMPUTER OSBORNE 1 The first portable computer. Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation. THE FIRST COMPUTER COMPANY The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company. Founded in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. COMPUTER GENERATION There are five generations of computer: First generation - 1946 -1958 Second generation - 1959 -1964 Third generation - 1965 -1970 Fourth generation - 1971 -today Fifth generation - Today to future COMPUTER GENERATION First Generation The computers of the first generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and the installations used to fuse frequently. Therefore, they were very expensive and only large organizations were able to afford it. First Generation In this generation, mainly batch processing operating system was used. Punch cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape was used as input and output devices. The computers in this generation used machine code as the programming language. Computers of this generation were: ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC, IBM-701, IBM-750 Second Generation In this generation, transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first- generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, magnetic cores were used as the primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices. Second Generation In this generation, assembly language and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming operating system. Computers of this generation were: IBM 1620, IBM 7094, CDC 1604, CDC 3600, UNIVAC 1108 Third Generation The computers of third generation used Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made computers smaller in size, reliable, and efficient. Third Generation In this generation remote processing, time-sharing, multi-programming operating system were used. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation. Computers of this generation were: IBM-360 series, Honeywell-6000 series, PDP (Personal Data Processor), IBM-370/168, TDC- 316 Fourth Generation The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to Personal Computer (PC) revolution. Fourth Generation In this generation, time sharing, real time networks, distributed operating system were used. All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in this generation. Computers of this generation were: DEC 10, STAR 1000, PDP 11, CRAY-1(Super Computer), CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer) Fifth Generation Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Fifth Generation AIis an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets the means and method of making computers think like human beings. All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java,.Net etc., are used in this generation. Computers of this generation were: Desktop, Laptop, Notebook, Ultrabook, Chromebook, voice recognition etc. THANK YOU!