Lecture 01_Evolution of Computers I PDF

ITEC 1132 Computer Fundamentals Lecture 01: Evolution of Computers I L E C T U R E S B Y: D I L A K S H I K A P U B U D U N E E J U LY 2 0 2 4 Lesson Content I. Generations II. Classification of computers 2 Histor...

ITEC 1132 Computer Fundamentals Lecture 01: Evolution of Computers I L E C T U R E S B Y: D I L A K S H I K A P U B U D U N E E J U LY 2 0 2 4 Lesson Content I. Generations II. Classification of computers 2 History of Computer 3 1. Computer Generations ‘Generation’ in computer terms is step in technology. It provides a framework for the growth of the computer industry. It distinguishes between varying hardware and software technologies. 4 1. Computer Generations ✓First Generation Computers (1940-1956) ✓Second Generation Computers (1956-1963) ✓Third Generation Computers (1964-1971) ✓Fourth Generation Computers (1971-Present) ✓Fifth Generation Computers (Present and Beyond) 5  1. Computer Generations First Generation (Mid 1940’s) Computers used Vacuum tubes (Valves) as electronic components and magnetic drums for memory Machine language was used. Input was given through punch cards, paper tapes and results in the form of printouts. They were often enormous and taking up entire room. Very expensive and in addition to using a great deal of electricity ,generated lot of heat which was 6  1. Computer Generations Main electronic component – Vacuum tube Memory – Magnetic drums and magnetic tapes Programming language – Machine language Power – Consume a lot of electricity and generate a lot of heat. Speed and size – Very slow and very large in size Input/output devices – Punched cards and paper tape Example – ENIAC, UNIVAC1, IBM 650, IBM 701 7 1. Computer Generations Vacuum tube An electronic device that controls the flow of electrons in a vacuum. It is used as a switch, amplifier, or display screen in many older model radios, televisions, computers, etc Magnetic drum: A cylinder coated with magnetic material, on which data and programs can be stored. Magnetic core: Uses arrays of small rings of magnetized called cores to store information. 8 1. Computer Generations Second Generation (1956) Vacuum tubes were replaced by the transistors. Size of transistors was much smaller than vacuum tubes. Second generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic. Consumed less power, faster and reliable. Size of computers were came down. Price of computers were also reduced. 9 1. Computer Generations Main electronic component – Transistor Memory – Magnetic core and magnetic tape/disk Programming language – Assembly language Power –.Low power consumption, generated less heat(in comparison with the first generation computers) Speed and size – Improvement of speed & reliability and smaller in size (in comparison with the first generation computers) Input/output devices – Punched cards and magnetic tape Example – IBM 1401, IBM 7090 and 7094, UNIVAC 1107 10 1. Computer Generations Transistor An electronic component that can be used as an amplifier or as a switch. It is used to control the flow of electricity in radios, televisions, computers, etc 11 1. Computer Generations Machine language: A low – level programming language comprised of a collection of binary digits (one and zero) that the computer can read and understand. Assembly language: is like the machine language that a computer can understand, except that assembly language uses abbreviated words. ( example; ADD, SUB, DIV…) in place of numbers (0s and 1s). 12  1. Computer Generations Third Generation (1964) Integrated Circuits(IC's) made up of small crystal of silicon semiconductor were used. Structured programming languages like C and COBOL was used. Speed and efficiency were increased. Instead of punch cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboard and monitors and interfaced with an operating system. Allowed the device to run many different applications at one time 13  1. Computer Generations Main electronic component – Integrated circuits (ICs) Memory – Large magnetic core, magnetic tape/ disk Programming language – high level language (FORTRAN, BASIC, Pascal, COBOL, C, etc) Speed – Improvement of speed and reliability (in comparison with the second generation computers) size – Smaller, cheaper, and more efficient than second generation computers(They were called as mini computers) Input/output devices – keyboard, monitor, printer, magnetic tape , etc Example – IBM 360, IBM 370, PDP-11,UNIVAC 1108, etc 14  1. Computer Generations Integrated Circuits (IC) A small electronic circuit printed on a chip (usually made of silicon) that contains many its own circuit elements (example: transistors, diodes, resistors, etc ) 15  1. Computer Generations Fourth Generation (1971 and Present) Microprocessor chips are used, made up of thousands of Integrated Circuits build on a single silicon chip. From the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls -- on a single chip Object oriented programming language and domain specific language SQL for database access. High processing speed, high reliability and low power consumption. Size and cost of computers were cut down. 16  1. Computer Generations Main electronic component – Microprocessor chips Main memory – Semiconductor memory (such as RAM,ROM,etc) Programming language – High level language (Python, C#, JAVA, JavaScript, RUST, etc) Size – Smaller, cheaper and more efficient than third generation computers Speed – Improvement of speed, accuracy and reliability (in comparison with the third generation computer) Input/output devices – Keyboard, pointing devices, optical scanning, monitor, printer, etc Example – IBM PC, STAR 1000, APPLE II, Apple Macintosh,etc 17  1. Computer Generations Microprocessor An electronic component held on an integrated circuit that contains a computer’s central processing unit (CPU) and other associated circuits 18  1. Computer Generations Fifth Generation (Present & Future) Computers those are dealing with Artificial Intelligence (AI), expert systems and robotics are in 5th generation. These computers are still in development phase. Main goal is to respond to the natural language. Use of Quantum, Molecular and Nano technology is going to change the face of computers in coming years. 19  1. Computer Generations Main electronic component – based on artificial intelligence, uses the Ultra Large Scale integration (ULSI) technology and parallel processing method. ULSI : Millions of transistors on a single microchip. Parallel processing method : Use two or more microprocessors to run tasks simultaneously Language – Understand natural language (human language) Power –.Consume less power and generated less heat Speed – Remarkable improvement of speed, accuracy and reliability ( In comparison with forth generation computers Size – Portable and small in size, and have a huge storage capacity 20  1. Computer Generations Input/output devices – Keyboard, monitor, mouse, trackpad (or touchpad), touch screen, pen, speech input (recognise voice/speech), light scanner, printer, etc Example – Smartphones, IBM Watson, Google Assistant, Self driving cars 21  1. Computer Generations Artificial Intelligence (AI) An area of computer science that deals with the simulation and creation of intelligent machines or intelligent behave in computers (they think, learn, work, and react like humans) 22 Assignment Generation of Generation Evolving hardware Main Features Computer timeline (Technology) First generation Second generation Third generation Forth generation Fifth generation 23 Thank You… 24