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This document contains learning objectives and theories related to motor control and motor learning in coaching science. It discusses different theories and models in motor control and learning, along with the role of attention and memory.
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© 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.1 COACHING SCIENCE 2 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Contrast the difference between prevailing theories of motor control and motor learning Explain the role and importance of attention and me mory in relation to coaching and skill learning Discuss considera...
© 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.1 COACHING SCIENCE 2 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Contrast the difference between prevailing theories of motor control and motor learning Explain the role and importance of attention and me mory in relation to coaching and skill learning Discuss considerations for optimizing the practice and training environment to improve skill learning Discuss considerations for improving instruction an d feedback to improve skill learning LEARNING OBJECTIVES © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.2 Will the results be the same? = 10 different coaches10 twin athletes + same program No… MOTOR CONTROL THEORIES © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.3 5 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Explain Coordination in terms of movement performance and skill acquisition Provide an explanation for Bernstein’s “Degrees of Freedom Problem.” MOTOR CONTROL THEORIES …Why? 6 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Coordination - Patterning of head, body, and limb movements relative to the patterning of environmental objects and events (Turvey, 1990) Degrees of Freedom Problem - Design problem involves determining how to constra in the system’s many degrees of freedom so a specific result is produced (Magill, 2 011 & Bernstein, 1967) MOTOR CONTROL THEORIES © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.4 7 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Central Control or Motor Program Theory - “a memory-based construct that controls coordinated movement” (Magill, 2011) Generalized Motor Program (GMP) - Memory based representation of a class of actions with common invariant features - Provides the basis for controlling a specific acti on within a class of actions Schema Theory (Schmidt, 1975) - A set of rules that provide the basis for a motor skill MOTOR CONTROL: THEORY ONE Input Stimulus Identify Output Muscles Spinal Cord (CNS) Motor Program Response Selection Response Program Comparator Desired State Proprioceptive FeedbackExteroceptive Feedback Error Actual State (Compares Actual state with desired state) MODEL FOR MOTOR PERFORMANCE: CLOSED LOOP Perception Decision Action Adapted From: Schmidt and Wrisberg, 2008-Motor Learning and Performance- A Situation-Based Lear ning Approach © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.5 9 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Dynamic Systems Theory - Approach to describing the control of coordinated movement that emphasizes the role of environmental information and the dynamic proper ties of the human body (Magill, 2011) - Nonlinear Behavior (Kelso, 1984) MOTOR CONTROL: THEORY TWO 10 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Attractor State (Motor Program Equivalent) - A preferred behavioral state that is said to be stable or homeostatic - Occurs and can change in response to constraints within the human body, environment, and/or task Self-Organization - Spontaneous expression of a motor skill in respons e to specific tasks, environment conditions, and biological capabilities (Attractor State) MOTOR CONTROL: THEORY TWO © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.6 11 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Learn through “play” “Hands-off” coaching model “Constraints” drive movement solutions “The optimal pattern of coordination is determined by the interaction among constraints specified by the person, the environment, and the t ask” (Newell, 1986) SELF-ORGANIZATION (CONSTRAINT-BASED) MODEL ORGANISM TASK ENVIRONMENT PERCEPTION ACTION Coordinative Pattern (Motor Skill) Adapted From: Davids, K., Button, C., and Bennett, S., 2008 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.7 Relative-time for gait was found to be different for walking and running, indicating they are controlled by different GMP or attractor states Shapiro et al., 1981 MOTOR LEARNING THEORIES © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.8 15 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Fitts and Posner 3-Stage Model (1967) - Cognitive Stage - Associative Stage - Autonomous Stage Gentile 2-Stage Model (1987,2000) - Initial Stage Learning - Later Stage Learning Newell 3-Stage Model (1985) - Coordination Pattern - Coordinative Structure - Optimization of Control Anderson and Lebiere (1998) - Declarative Phase - Procedural Phase MOTOR LEARNING MODELS NOVICE EXPERT FITTS AND POSNER 3-STAGE MODEL COGNITIVE STAGE ASSOCIATIVE STAGE AUTONOMOUS STAGE PRACTICE TIMELINE • Identify Objectives • Self-talk/Questioning •↑Errors/Variability • Instruction/Feedback • Associate with Cues • Refining/Consistent • ↓Errors/Variability • Identify/Correct Errors • Subconscious/Auto • Multiple Tasks • ↓↓↓ Errors/Variability • ↑↑ Identify/Correct Error (Fitts and Posner, 1967, Davids et al., 2008, and Mag ill, 2011) © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.9 ATTENTION AND MEMORY 18 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Characteristics associated with consciousness, awareness, and cognitive effort Relating to limitations associated with the performance of multiple skills and the detection of relevant information in the environmen t ATTENTION © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.10 ATTENTION AS A LIMITED RESOURCE Movement Task Attention Capacity (Adapted From: Magill, R., 2011) NOVICE EXPERT Focus on Cueing 20 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Short-Term Sensory Store: - Peripheral memory system, which holds incoming inf ormation until identified (lost after .5s) Short-Term Memory: - Allows retrieval, practice, processing, and transf er of information…Limited Capacity (7 ± 2 items & lost after 10s) Long-Term Memory: - Memory system that holds information and life expe riences…Unlimited Capacity (contains GMP) MEMORY © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.11 MOV MOV INPUT INPUT INPUT INPUT INPUT STSSSTM LTM Selective Attention GMP Retrieval Process (Adapted From: Schmidt and Wrisberg, 2008) Practice ATTENTION-MEMORY MODEL 22 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Write down 3-5 sentences contrasting the central control and dynamic system theories of of motor control Write down the 3-stages of motor learning and 1-2 characteristics of each stage (Fitts & Posner) Write down 3-5 sentences discussing the role of attention and memory in coaching and learning CHECK FOR LEARNING 01 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.12 COACHING: FRAMEWORK PRACTICE DESIGN INSTRUCTION FEEDBACK © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.13 OPTIMIZING THE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT 26 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Goal - Optimize learning and retention in an effort to reach maximum transfer to the sporting environment Key Terms - Practice Variability - Contextual Interference PRACTICE DESIGN © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.14 27 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Practice Variability: - The variety of movement and context characteristics a person experiences while practicing a skill Contextual Interference (CI): - The memory and performance disruption that results from performing multiple skills or variations within the context of practice Contextual Interference Effect (Battig, 1979): - Learning benefit from performing multiple skills i n a high CI practice schedule (i.e. Random), rather than skills in a low CI practice s chedule (i.e. Blocked) PRACTICE DESIGN Blocked Practice 50 Shots each Serial Practice Random Practice 5 Shots each x 101 Shot each x 150 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.15 29 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. CI and Practice: - High CI conditions may have a negative affect on current performance within a practice setting compare to low CI conditions CI and Retention/Learning: - High CI conditions can results in significantly hi gher retention and learning following a series of practice sessions PRACTICE DESIGN PRACTICE DESIGN BLOCKED SERIAL RANDOM PRACTICE DESIGN Single movements trained in a pre- determined series across a week Multiple movements trained in a pre- determined series within a session Multiple movements trained or sequenced in a randomized order within a session PRACTICE DESIGN Day 1: Acceleration Day 2: Deceleration Day 3: Drop Step Day 1: 1. Acceleration 2. Deceleration 3. Drop Step Day 1: 1. Accl-Decl 2. Decl-Drop St 3. Accl-Decl-Drop St CONTEXTUAL INTERFERENCE APPLIED © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.16 CHALLENGE POINT HYPOTHESIS BLOCKED SERIAL RANDOM Children A Low Skill Level B High Skill Complexity C Adults High Skill Level Low Skill Complexity (A: Brady, F., 1998; B: Hebert et al., 1996; B-C: G uadagnoli and Lee, 2004) Design: N=45 practiced 3 different basketball passing strategies under a blocked, random or progressive practice schedule Results: A progressive increase in CI from a blocked to random schedule improved retention of passing skills better than a random or blocked only schedule Moderately Skilled Learners Benefit by Practicing w ith Systematic Increases in Contextual Interference Porter et al., 2010 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.17 33 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Increased CI is associated with a short-term performance decrement in practice that results in significant improvements in learnin g and retention… BIG TICKET ITEM… PRIMING THE MOTOR SYSTEM: INSTRUCTION © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.18 INSTRUCTION VERBAL VISUAL INTERNAL FOCUS EXTERNAL FOCUS NOVICE MODEL EXPERT MODEL INSTRUCTION MODEL 36 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Provide 1-2 focus cues to build awareness Limit unnecessary information (“Over-Coaching”) Start and finish instruction with what you want ver sus what you don’t want Focus attention externally on the outcomes opposed to internally on the body process VERBAL INSTRUCTION © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.19 37 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Internal Cueing: Focused on “Body Movement” - Joint reference: “Squeeze your shoulder blades” - Muscle reference: “Squeeze your glutes” External Cueing: Focused on “Movement Outcome” - Environment reference: “Explode off the ground” - Outcome reference: “Jump as high as you can” VERBAL INSTRUCTION: CUEING 38 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. APPLIED TO HOPPING Internal - “Explode through your hips” External: - “Explode off the ground” INTERNAL VS. EXTERNAL CUEING © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.20 Design: - N=33 performed a ski-simulator task under internal (“outside edge of feet”), external (“outside wheels ”), or a non-focus condition Results: - External condition out-performed internal as measured by platform amplitude and frequency during practice and retention External Focus Improves Performance during Practice and Retention of a Ski Simulator/Balance Task Wulf et al., 1998 40 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Watching a expert performer - Mirror Neurons Watching a novice performer - Improves problem solving and discovery Combining both creates context to know what the nov ice is doing wrong and drives learning VISUAL INSTRUCTION: OBSERVATION © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.21 41 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Combing visual and verbal instruction may be more beneficial than either independently…Visual creates an image and verbal (e xternal focus) can drive the outcome of what the image represents… BIG TICKET ITEM… REFINING THE MOTOR SYSTEM: FEEDBACK © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.22 FEEDBACK TASK- INTRINSIC FEEDBACK AUGMENTED FEEDBACK VISUAL PROPRIO-CEPTIVE TACTILE AUDITORY KNOWLEDGE RESULTS(KR) KNOWLEDGE PERFORMANCE (KP) Adapted From: Magill & Anderson, 2013 FEEDBACK MODEL 44 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Knowledge of Results: Information about the outcome of a skill or if a goal was achieved - Quantitative Knowledge of Performance: Information about movemen t characteristics that led to the outcome - Qualitative Example…Running a 40yd Sprint - KR: “You ran the 40yds in 4.56s” - KP: “Focus on pushing off the ground during the st art” FEEDBACK: AUGMENTED © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.23 45 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. The higher the task-intrinsic feedback the less need for augmented feedback The lower the task-intrinsic feedback the greater need for augmented feedback FEEDBACK: TASK-INTRINSIC 46 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Guidance Hypothesis (Salmoni et al., 1984) - Feedback guides the athlete/client towards the correct movement skill, but when given too frequently can have detrimental affects on the movement skill and create feedback dependence… FEEDBACK: HOW MUCH? © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.24 Design: - Design: N=52 participants took part in a passing accuracy task. Feedback frequency and internal vs. external focus was examined. (100% Int, 100% Ext, 33% Int, 33% Ext ) Results: - An external focus was superior to an internal focus - 33% feedback was superior to 100% feedback for INT Focus - 33%/100% feedback were equally effective in EXT Fo cus The Frequency of Feedback has a Direct Effect on Performance Outcomes in Practice and Retention Wulf et al., 2002 48 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. FEEDBACK: DANGERS OF TOO MUCH Coach dependence “DVD Player Analogy” Less dependence on intrinsic process False view of improvement… - Practice well, but when feedback is removed retent ion/learning is not expressed on the field “Paralysis by Analysis” © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.25 49 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. FEEDBACK: TIMING Bandwidth - Feedback given when error reaches a limit of is ou tside the correct bandwidth Summary/Average - Feedback is given after a number of trials have be en observed and the average errors have been identified Fading - Feedback is given more frequently at the beginning of a session and is progressively decreased Self-Selected - Feedback is given to the athlete at their request - Very Good…Not Sure…Very Bad 50 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Movement Analysis - Major Technical Components - Direct Feedback at Weakest Link - Cause vs. Symptom (Prioritize) Guide rather than prescribe - Ask a question before you give an answer Coach the “how” not the “what” FEEDBACK: CONTENT © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.26 51 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Write down 2-3 ways you can integrate contextual interference into movement on the field and strength in the weight room Write down 2-3 key strategies for optimizing instruction Write down 2-3 key strategies for optimizing feedback CHECK FOR LEARNING 02 CLOSING © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.27 53 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Optimizing practice and training conditions to improve learning and transfer to sport and life ENVIRONMENT 54 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Prime the motor system through externally focused verbal instruction and observational learning with novice and expert models INSTRUCTION © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.28 55 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Refine the motor system through appropriately timed feedback that guides rather than prescribes FEEDBACK © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc.29 57 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Battig, W. F. (1979). The flexibility of human memory. Levels of processing and human memory, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ , 23-44. Bernstein, N. A. (1967). The control and regulation o f movements. London: Pergamon Press ,10 , 11. Bernstein, N. A. (1996). Dexterity and its development . Psychology Press. Calvo-Merino, B., Glaser, D. E., Grèzes, J., Passingham , R. E., & Haggard, P. (2005). Action observation and acquired motor skills: an FMRI study with expert dancer s. Cerebral cortex ,15 (8), 1243-1249. Davids, K., Button, C., & Bennett, S. (2008). Dynamics of skill acquisition: A constraints-led approac h . Human Kinetics. Fabbri-Destro, M., & Rizzolatti, G. (2008). Mirror ne urons and mirror systems in monkeys and humans. Physiology ,23 (3), 171-179.Fitts, P. M., & Posner, M. I. (1967). H uman performance. Guadagnoli, M. A., & Lee, T. D. (2004). Challenge point : a framework for conceptualizing the effects of various practice conditions in motor learning. Journal of motor behavior ,36 (2), 212-224. Kelso, J. S. (1984). Phase transitions and critical beh avior in human bimanual coordination. Am J Physiol ,246 (6 Pt 2), R1000-R1004. APPENDIX 58 © 2014 Athletes’ Performance, Inc. Kelso, J. S., & Schöner, G. (1988). Self-organization of coordinative movement patterns. Human Movement Science ,7(1), 27-46. Magill, R. A., & Anderson, D. I. (2013). Motor learning and control: Concepts and applications . New York: McGraw-Hill. Newell, K. M. (1986). Constraints on the development of coordination. 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Enhancing the learning of sport skills through external-focus feedback. Journal of motor behavior ,34 (2), 171-182. Wulf, G. (2007). Attention and motor skill learning . Human Kinetics. Wulf, G. (2007). Self-controlled practice enhances mo tor learning: implications for physiotherapy. Physiotherapy ,93 (2), 96-101. APPENDIX