Science, Technology, and Society (STS) Module 1 PDF

MODULE 1: NATURE AND FIELDS OF SCIENCE Science, Technology, Society (Module) (1DS21) | PROF. (Gideon Legazpi) | SEM 1 2024 BRANCHES OF FORMAL SCIENCE 1. Mathematics...

MODULE 1: NATURE AND FIELDS OF SCIENCE Science, Technology, Society (Module) (1DS21) | PROF. (Gideon Legazpi) | SEM 1 2024 BRANCHES OF FORMAL SCIENCE 1. Mathematics SCIENCE → is said to be the language of Science → was derived from the Latin word “Scientia” which because quantitative scientific concepts are expressed means = Knowledge. in mathematical form. → It is defined as the systematic body of knowledge → more formally, it is defined as the science of numbers that seeks to give plausible explanations and and their operations predictions about our universe or natural world. 2. Statistics → These explanations and predictions came about by a → It is the specific branch of Mathematics that rigid methodology based on verifiable evidences. deals w/the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of masses of numerical or quantitative What are the main fields of science? data. 3. Computer Science 1.) Natural Sciences → Is an interdisciplinary field of study that aims 2.) Formal Sciences to understand the nature of computations in order to 3.) Social Sciences come up with more efficient ways of computing. 4.) Applied Sciences 4. Informative Theory → is a branch of mathematics that overlaps w/ many various fields of applied sciences and even social NATURAL SCIENCE sciences whose aim is to discover and explore → Seeks to study our physical world through rigid mathematical laws that govern data behavior as it is experimentation where controlled variables are encoded, stored, transmitted, and/or retrieved. determined by measurable results. → They are known as the “Hard Sciences” because a TECHNOLOGY high degree of control, objectivity, accuracy, and replicability of results are involved in the process of → refers to any devices, systems, or methods that have study. practical applications. Technology often comes from BRANCHES OF NATURAL SCIENCE: the application of existing scientific knowledge. 1. Physical Science However, there are many instances that technological → is the study of the non-living components of discovery came before scientific know-hows. our natural world which is further subdivided into Physics and Chemistry INNOVATION 2. Earth and Space Science → is the study of the physical constitution of the → refers to the act of introducing new ideas, devices, Earth and that of our Universe. Usually included in processes, or methods, that are more creative, Physical Science in its broadest sense. effective, and efficient than existing ones. 3. Life Science → can be brought about by focused efforts through → Is the study of the living components of our research and development activities, by chance natural world with Biology as its centerpiece. discovery or serendipity, and even by failure. INNOVATION serves as the driver for growth in a field FORMAL SCIENCE or industry and might even lead to the creation of new → consist of disciplines that deal with formal theoretical fields or industries. systems such as Mathematics, Statistics, Logic, Theoretical Computer Science, and Information Theory. The methods of study in these disciplines are considered as a priori → a Latin term that describes knowledge or justification that is derived by reasoning from self-evident propositions. 1 MODULE 1: THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Science, Technology, Society (Module) (1DS21) | PROF. (Gideon Legazpi) | SEM 1 2024 significant bearing on the phenomenon that one is interested with. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD → The review of related literature will tell you the things → is the golden standard used for investigating the that are already known & the things that are still natural world to arrive at plausible explanations to unknown about a phenomenon. observe natural phenomenon → Literature search is made so much faster w/ the → an empirical method that involves careful advent of the internet but judging the most relevant observation and recording of patterns and behavior literatures from a mountain of relevant literatures from mountains of information requires critical analysis on the part of the researcher HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION → a hypothesis is said to be an “educated “guess” or a “tentative assumption” that is made to predict the outcome of an experiment. → a hypothesis should be testable and falsifiable. → It is testable if the predicted outcome can be determined by means of variable manipulation. → It should also be falsifiable in the sense that “if” can be rejected if the resulting data from variable manipulation is contrary to the predicted outcome. SCIENTIFIC THEORY during experimentation and making generalizations → is defined as a generalized, coherent, and systematic from such process. idea or set of ideas that explains and observes natural phenomena. → A theory = not an absolute truth, as it is testable and OBSERVATION falsifiable just like a hypothesis. In the future, certain → This process usually begins with observation which is anomalies may prove to be unexplainable within the the process of recognizing an occurrence in nature context of an existing theory. using your physical senses. → Such observations may arise from one’s experience, SCIENTIFIC LAW thoughts, and/or readings. → is a generalized rule that describes a certain → One important characteristic that a scientist phenomenon in our natural world that occurs in the possesses is having a “keen sense of observation” same way repeatedly. from the things that are happening around them. → ex: Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation. → It merely describes and implies a cause-and-effect ASKING QUESTIONS relationship between the observed phenomenon and → Asking the right questions is very important to any does not explain the reason behind it, unlike a scientific scientific inquiry and the desire to know the answer to theory those questions is the driver for carrying out a specific investigation. LITERATURE SEARCH → To start answering a question, a scientist will first carry out a thorough and careful literature search in which he/she seeks the most relevant and updated related literature, which are published studies or inquiries that are already conducted and have a 2 MODULE 1: THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Science, Technology, Society (Module) (1DS21) | PROF. (Gideon Legazpi) | SEM 1 2024 → Science provides the information needed for technological advancements which necessitates extensive R&D activities. It seeks to advance society, and society looks to science for knowledge about our natural world. → Meanwhile, technology aims to enhance our quality of life by translating scientific knowledge into useful tools, systems, or procedures. → Finally, the advancement and growth of our way of life depend on scientific knowledge and technical developments in our society. → Advancements in science and technology have significantly enhanced our individual and societal well-being. → However, the careless and haphazard applications of science and technology have also resulted in environmental degradation, societal upheavals, and man-made calamities 3 MODULE 2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF S&T IN THE GLOBAL CONTEXT Science, Technology, Society (Module) (1DS21) | PROF. (Gideon Legazpi) | SEM 1 2024 ○ Neolithic communities developed along river valleys where soil is fertile and STS IN THE PRE-HISTORIC ERA fresh water is abundant. 1. STONE AGE (2.5 MILLION YEARS AGO - 5000 2. BRONZE AGE (3,500 - 1,00 BCE) BCE) → copper + tin = bronze → ancient humans first learned to use simple rock tools → more durable than either metal for their foraging and activities. → was first used in Eastern Anatolia (Turkey) and further → it is separated into the Old Stone Age, the Middle developed in Mesopotamia (Iraq and Syria) Stone Age, and the New Stone Age. → extensively used for making metal tools for ★ Old Stone Age or Paleolithic Period (2.5 million household, agricultural, pastoral, decorative, and years ago - 12,000 BCE) weaponry purposes. ○ Pre-historic humans used various → Meanwhile, the invention of the wheel and the coarse relics like chipped stone tools, ox-draw plow led to a further revolution in agriculture, tusks, and bones for hunting and transportation, and military power. collecting food. ○ they stayed in caves as shelter and 3. IRON AGE (1,200 - 500 BCE) used leaves, bark, and animal hides for → Iron first smelted from ore in the 15th century BCE as clothing. a by-product of gold processing. ○ around 400,000 BCE, they learned to → Iron was used to make better axes, spears, and control fire for the first time. plows. ★ Middle Stone Age or Mesolithic period (20,000 → Iron weapons became a more formidable choice for - 10,000 BCE) military combat. ○ they used more refined stone tools → Iron tools were used for constructing larger ships for such as microliths, which are small, sea transport, thereby contributing to the growth of sharpened flint or chert that can be trade and cultural exchange. mounted together on a shaft to form a spear or arrow. STS IN ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS ○ this era ended w/ the development of agriculture when human learned to Civilization is defined as a multifaceted society w/ a grow their own food roughly 10,000 reasonably high level of cultural and technological years ago. advancement that enables them to govern their ○ The surplus of food in this era prompted natural environment. them to stay longer in a suitable → The first civilizations rose along major river deltas location. such as Mesopotamia between the Tigris and ○ They formed a larger special group Euphrates Rivers and Egypt along the Nile Delta. called tribes. ★ New Stone Age or Neolithic period (10,000 0 1. Mesopotamian Civilization (3,000 - 500 BCE) 2,000 BCE) → Science had its earliest roots here. ○ it was characterized by the utilization of → They invented a system of writing called the polished stone tools, pottery, weaving, cuneiform, characterized by wedge-shaped marks. and agriculture. → They laid the foundation of astronomy by correlating ○ They learned to grow crops and raise the movements of the sun, moon, and stars. livestock which enabled them to have a → They also set the fundamentals of modern greater food surplus. mathematics by establishing a number system with a ○ From here, rough political structures base of 60. started to develop and evolved into more complex ones through time. 2. Egyptian Civilization (3,000 - 30 BCE) 4 MODULE 2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF S&T IN THE GLOBAL CONTEXT Science, Technology, Society (Module) (1DS21) | PROF. (Gideon Legazpi) | SEM 1 2024 → They are well-versed in engineering and → Kanad theorized the existence of anu, or a small, construction, architecture, astronomy, the arts, and indestructible particle like our modern concept of the literature. atom. → Our modern number system or numerals was → Ancient Egyptian architecture like the great developed in India between 200 and 300 BCE and is the pyramids, statues, and tombs, have all survived up to decimal system, which is the ingenious method of this day. expressing numbers by digits of tens. → Egyptians also advanced their system of writing → There are also proofs that they were the first to called the hieroglyphs, which is an exquisite develop the concept of the digit zero through the work logographic script, and they invented papyrus, which is of the digit zero through the work of the mathematician a thick paper made from the pith of the papyrus plant. Aryabhata. 3. Chinese Civilization (1,500 BCE - 705 CE) 5. Meso-American Civilization (1,500 BCE to 300 → The earliest Chinese communities settled along the CE) Yangtze River at Anyang. → they consisted of the Amerindian cultures that → The politics of ancient China were characterized by evolved in parts of Mexico, Central America, and the formation of numerous dynasties. western South America. → The Ch’in dynasty started the construction of the → They cultivated important crops like corn, beans, Great Wall of China, which has a total length of about squash, and cotton. 21,000 kilometers and remains today. → the Maya civilization knew how to make paper and → The philosophy of Confucianism, as espoused by the had a system of writing with pictorial script (Maya great Chinese philosopher Confucius, was enshrined Heiroglyphs) which allowed them to record all their during the Han dynasty which emphasized respect for knowledge on long strips of paper, which they folded the elderly and the authorities. harmonica-style into books. Today, only three Maya → Fireworks were invented during the Tang dynasty books are known and kept as the Dresden Codex. and are made from bamboo cases filled w/ gunpowder, charcoal, sulfur, and saltpeter. 6. Greek Civilization (1, 200 to 323 BCE). → Woodblock printing was also invented during the → The ancient Greek civilization was a period of great Tang dynasty which is made by carving texts and/or political, philosophical, artistic, and scientific images on a wood block, carefully soaking it with ink, achievements in the ancient world and became the and printing the impression on cloth or paper. foundation of modern Western civilization. → Later books were invented in 868 CE by stitching → The classic beauty of Greek architecture can be seen together individual pages, and bookshops were in the ruins of various temples, theaters, agoras eventually established. (marketplace), and places, among many other splendid structures. 4. Indian Civilization (3,100 BCE to 650 CE) → Thales of Miletus, the father of Greek Science, was → the ancient civilization in India arose on the Indus the first to explain the physical world in terms of natural River valley, which is now located in the modern-day rather than supernatural causes. country of Pakistan, during the Bronze Age, around → Anaximander, a student of Thales, is credited with 31000 BCE. making practical use of a sundial and with constructing → Hinduism is one of the oldest religions in the world, one of the earliest maps of the Earth. having developed between 500 and 300 BCE on the → Anaximenes postulated that one of the primary Indian subcontinent, by the amalgamation of various constituents of the universe is air and that when it’s polytheistic cultures in the area. compressed, it becomes water, and further → Buddhism was founded by an Indian prince and yogi compression converts into solid earth. by the name of Siddhartha Gautama who emphasized → Xenophanes theorized that the Earth changed in the noble eight-fold path for achieving nirvana. physical characteristics with time. He deduced that mountains must have been covered by oceans at various periods in the past. 5 MODULE 2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF S&T IN THE GLOBAL CONTEXT Science, Technology, Society (Module) (1DS21) | PROF. (Gideon Legazpi) | SEM 1 2024 → Pythagoras is known for his Pythagorean Theorem, → Its systems of government called Res Republica, which deals with measurement involving right triangles. became the inspiration for modern republics such as → Euclid is considered as the “Father of Geometry” the USA and France. because of his pioneering works in number theory, → Many of their innovations left long-lasting legacies in spherical geometry, and the geometrical conic civil and military engineering. They carried out sections. extensive construction of hundreds of concrete roads, → Socrates Pioneered the dialectic method of inquiry bridges aqueducts, baths, theaters, and arenas. in philosophy, which is based on reasoned arguments between two or more persons with varying viewpoints RENAISSANCE to arrive at the truth. → Plato, one of Socrates’ pupils, founded the Academy, → Italy is the birthplace of the Renaissance Era (French which became the first formal institution of higher word for “Rebirth”) which served as the cultural bridge learning in Western civilization. between the Middle Ages and the Modern Age of → Plato delved into Metaphysics, the branch of human history. philosophy that explores the fundamental nature of reality, such as mind and matter. WHY ITALY? → He also delved into political and moral philosophy, → the Italian city-states sit in the ruins of the ancient just like his mentor, Socrates. Plato has written The Roman Empire which has adapted the classical Republic, which is a famous dialogue of the Greek Culture. philosophical discourse about justice and happiness. The Italian city-states became the most → → Aristotle, Plato’s student, delved not only into urbanized and wealthy cities in Europe during that philosophical discourse but also into many other fields period because they had control of the highly of study, including the Natural Sciences. He is credited profitable Mediterranean trade route. with being the first to delve into Formal Logic with his → Their rulers vied for supremacy not just in the work in Latin Prior Analytics. economic sphere but also in commissioning and → His philosophy in Natural Science has become widely supporting artists, architects, poets, historians, and accepted in the Western world, though it was rife with philosophers. some inaccuracies. → These rulers though oligarchical in nature, allowed → Among them are the Empedoclean scheme of the a certain level of political and social freedom that four elements (earth, water, fire, air) and the law of became favorable to academic, artistic, unnatural motion. philosophical, and scientific explorations. 7. Roman Civilization (800 BCE to 500 CE). → The ancient Roman civilization saw its → The humanistic movement sought to apply the transformation from a kingdom to a republic, and classic antiquity through a more rational and realistic finally into one of the largest empires of the ancient approach. world. → The cultural elements of ancient Rome are often → The focus gradually shifted from the “divine” to the grouped together with ancient Greece which it has “secular” which does not mean the rejection of religion largely assimilated and became known as the but a more contextual thinking of the relationship Greco-Roman civilization. between God and men. → Rome’s economy was based on large-scale agriculture and not on sea trade, so they had to → One of the most well-known Renaissance men is conquer and subjugate other people for economic and Leonardo da Vinci the artist behind the great military expansion. masterpieces The Last Supper and Mona Lisa. His → The Roman civilization has contributed much to interests go beyond the classical arts as he delved into many aspects of our modern society, like governance, wide subjects including scientific designs that are well jurisprudence, engineering and architecture, arts, advanced in his era. sciences, and military and warfare. 6 MODULE 2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF S&T IN THE GLOBAL CONTEXT Science, Technology, Society (Module) (1DS21) | PROF. (Gideon Legazpi) | SEM 1 2024 → Nicholaus Copernicus - published his “heliocentric” of Universal Gravitation. He also made significant solar system model in 1543 which is in direct contrast to contributions to the field of Optics and he was also the accepted Ptolemaic model at the time where the credited with the development of infinitesimal Calculus Earth is depicted as the center of the universe. along with Gottfried Leibniz. → Gelielo Galileli - supported the Copernican theory by observations using a telescope that he made INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION himself, He is also famous for his free fall theory which states that objects fall at the same time and acceleration regardless of their masses. British Agricultural Revolution → preceded the → William Harvey - English physician who made the Industrial Revolution in which agricultural productivity first detailed description of the human circulatory was greatly increased by innovative farming tools and system. techniques like seed drill, iron plough, threshing → Johannes Gutenberg - German who invented the machine, and crop rotation with turnip and clover movable-type printing press in 1439 which paved the way for mass production of books and other printed → The First Industrial Revolution started in Great literature which accelerated the dissemination of such Britain around 1760 and is characterized by mechanical humanistic ideas throughout Europe. innovations that were largely driven by steam power. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION POSITIVE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION It started during the late Renaissance period with the publication of Nicholaus Copernicus’ “heliocentric” 1. The economic output from textile, iron, mining, model of the solar system in 1543 and concluded with machine tooling, and transportation industries the publication of Isaac Newton’s Principia increased the wealth of the nation. Mathematica in 1687. This period is considered as the 2. The standard of living and life expectancy of period of emergence of modern science. their general population increased significantly compared to the Middle Ages. Empiricism has been the main Philosophy of the 3. A new economic class the capitalists, who own Scientific Revolution which emphasizes the value of factories and large businesses, became the experimental evidence in forming scientific ideas. powerful middle class in the industrial society → this empirical process of scientific inquiry is because of their economic influence. encompassed in the scientific method which is a 4. The factory system of production led to the systematic process that seeks to explain how nature specialization of labor and repetitive workload. works 5. Goods were produced on a large scale and sold in mass markets locally and abroad at → Sir Frances Bacon - widely accepted as The Father cheaper prices. of Empiricism. In his book Novum Organum or “New 6. The economic lifeblood of these nations shifted Method” (1620), he argued for the pursuit of scientific from the farms to the cities where the factories knowledge based on inductive reasoning which is the were built. The factory jibs became an process of generalizing from careful observations of important source of livelihood for the common nature and/or experiments. people. 7. Mass education was developed, and basic → Johannes Kepler - his “Laws of Planetary Motion” literacy and numeracy of the population provided the mathematical proof of heliocentric theory increased significantly. by demonstrating that planets revolve around the sun in an ellipsoid pattern. → Sir Isaac Newton - his published work Principia Mathematica explains the Laws of Motions and the Law 7 MODULE 2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF S&T IN THE GLOBAL CONTEXT Science, Technology, Society (Module) (1DS21) | PROF. (Gideon Legazpi) | SEM 1 2024 ↳They are aboriginal tribes that have short structures, NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION dark skin, and curly hair. They live through hunting and foraging, making use of simple stone tools utilized 1. workers clocked in long working hours (10-12 during the Stone Age. hours a day) and under grim and unsafe conditions. Their wages are usually below the → Malayo-Polynesians first arrived by boat around minimum for decent economic living. 3,000 BCE. Their characteristic physical features are 2. Child laborers have been exploited in many brown skin, medium height, flat nose, and straight hair. ways and they become highly vulnerable to ↳ They had a more advanced way of living work-related hazards. because they used refined tools made of stone, 3. These poor working conditions and abuses led bronze, brass, or iron. to labor unrest and workers eventually banded ↳ They built houses from plant materials like together and formed labor unions to advance cogon grass, bamboo, and nipa palm leaves. their welfare. 4. The flocking of workers from the farms to the → Barangay - the basic political unit during the cities where masses congregated in slums Philippine pre-colonial era which are the local villages where living conditions are poor and rife with headed by a local chieftain, or datu, together with a many struggles. council of nobles and elders. 5. The burning of coal released toxic pollutants like soot and sulfur dioxide which became the → Rajah - the chief ruler among larger political units major causes of air pollution. is formed from the alliance of various barangays. 6. Carbon dioxide gas which is a by-product of fuel combustion, was released into the → Babaylans - influential priestesses who perform as atmosphere on a large scale and started to shamanic religious leaders and practice folk medicine accumulate in the atmosphere which is now by utilizing local medicinal herbs as remedies for known to be one of the major causes of global various illnesses along with various rituals. warming. 7. Water pollution was brought about by the → Baybayin - ancient script of the Tagalog domains. dumping of untreated industrial effluents along with domestic sewage and garbage. → Banaue Rice Terraces - carved by the Ifugao tribe some 2,000 years ago on the mountains of the STS IN THE PH DURING THE PRE-COLONIAL ERA Cordilleras using only simple tools. They still exist today and were declared a National Cultural Treasure in 1973 → Homo luzonesis (Callao Man) are the earliest human and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995. in the Philippines who lived between 50,000 and 67,000 years ago. Their remains were discovered by → Lumads - Austronesian tribes, like the T'boli and archeologists led by Dr. Armand Mijares inside Callao Manobo, who are known for their colorful geometric Cave in Cagayan in 2010. fabrics and accessories that reflect motifs from nature. → Tabon Man was previously considered the earliest → Moros - Muslim tribes of Mindanao, like the Tausug known human fossils (47,000 years old) in the country and the Maranaw, who are known as skilled that were discovered in Tabon Cave in Quezon, blacksmiths who made complex weapons, jewelry, Palawan, by the American anthropologist, Robert B. Fox musical instruments, and household items from brass, in 1962. bronze, copper, silver, and gold. → Aetas (Negritos) - our first living ancestors who → Chinese Traders - are close trading partners of our arrived at least 40,000 years ago through the ancestors, to whom they bartered silk, porcelain wares, Sundaland land bridges, which connected the ancient and other wares for local hemp cloth, beeswax, Philippines to mainland Asia. tortoiseshell, cotton, and pearls. 8 MODULE 2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF S&T IN THE GLOBAL CONTEXT Science, Technology, Society (Module) (1DS21) | PROF. (Gideon Legazpi) | SEM 1 2024 ↳ There are many notable impacts of the ↳ They extremely altered the way our ancestors lived by Chinese culture in the Philippines, such as the making them abide by their Catholic practices and lighting of fireworks during New Year to drive Hispanic culture. evil spirits, and our appetite for Chinese foods like pansit, lumpia, siomai, and siopao. → Encomienda System - the Filipinos were subjected to a forced labor system that was imposed → Arab Traders - went to the Philippines from the 9th by the Spanish authorities to build churches, roads, to 15th century when our ancestors traded pearls, shells, bridges, forts, and government offices under poor and fish, copra, and ropes in exchange for cotton, rice, oppressive working conditions. thread, yarn, and fabrics. ↳ Islamic missionaries who landed in Jolo, Sulu, → Haciendas - vast tracts of lands that were around 1380 were the first ones to preach the owned by Spanish officials, nobilities, and religious teachings of Islam, and many local tribes in orders Filipinos were also forced to raise crops like rice, Mindanao, parts of Visayas, and southern Luzon tobacco, abaca, cotton, sugar cane, and other cash were converted and formed their sultanates. crops. → Indian Traders - visited the Philippines by means of The Spaniards brought formal education to the the Indian settlers on the Malaysian peninsula. Many Philippines through parish schools, where religion and Filipino words and phrases were derived from India's basic subjects were taught. ancient language, Sanskrit. Examples of which are ↳ It was also during this period that several Bathala (supreme god), lakambini (princess), and prominent educational institutions were diwa (thought). founded in our country including the Colegio de ↳ The usage of copper, tin, brass, and bronze in San Ildefonso (1595), which is now the ornamental arts is also of Indian influence. Lastly, University of Santo Tomas (UST) in Manila in Filipino epic tales have Indian influence, such as the 1611; the Colegio de San Juan de Letran (1620) epic tales Biag ni Lam-ang of the Ilocanos, and Ibalon and the Ateneo Municipal de Manila (1859) or of the Bicolanos. now known as Ateneo de Manila University. ↳ Hospital buildings were also prioritized by the Spaniards, and they built several hospitals, STS IN THE PH DURING THE COLONIAL ERA including the Hospital de San Lazaro (1577) and the Hospital de Sta. Ana (1578) which became THE SPANISH COLONIAL ERA (1521-1989) the Hospital de San Juan De Dios, both in → Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Visayas in 1521, Manila. which set the Spanish colonization of our country. However, during the Battle of Mactan, he was killed by Father Federico Faura established the Observatorio the local chieftain, Datu Lapu-Lapu. Meteroligico del Ateneo Municipal de Manila in 1865. His monthly Boletin del Observatorio became popular → Miguel Lopez de Legazpi became the most and contributed to the development of seismological successful in establishing the country as a colony of and astronomical studies in the Philippines. Spain. He also served as the first governor-general of the Philippines. THE AMERICAN COLONIAL ERA (1898-1946) → On June 12, 1898, under the leadership of General The Philippines was under the value of the rule of the Emilio Aguinaldo, the Philippines declared its Spaniards for over 300 years and largely converted the independence from Spanish rule in Kawit, Cavite. populace to Roman Catholicism through the various → However, this independence is only temporary, as the waves of missionaries like the Augustinians, Americans conquered the Philippines when Spain sold Dominicans, and Jesuits. the Philippines to the US after they lost the Spanish-American War in 1898. 9 MODULE 2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF S&T IN THE GLOBAL CONTEXT Science, Technology, Society (Module) (1DS21) | PROF. (Gideon Legazpi) | SEM 1 2024 → There was a significant acceleration and STS IN THE PH AS AN INDEPENDENT REPUBLIC advancement of science and technology under American governance since a greater priority was → The Americans finally granted independence to the given to the public education system in the Philippines Philippines on July 4, 1946, and Manual A. Roxas was under the Education Act of 1901. elected the first president of the newly emancipated republic. The Institute of Science was created under → in 1901, the first wave of American educators called Roxas. the Thomasites arrived in our country and spread out to establish public schools and teach the Filipinos: → During the Term of Carlos P. Garcia, the National English, Mathematics, Sciences, and other subjects. Science Development Board (NSDB) was established via the promulgated Science Act of 1958. → There was no compulsory religious education, but many Protestant missionaries and educators opened → Ferdinand E. Marcos became the longest-serving Protestant Universities. President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. → 1968 - Philippine Science Community → The most prominent university that was established → 1972 - Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and by the Americans was the University of the Philippines Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) (UP) in 1908. UP Diliman campus in Quezon City was → 1973 - Philippine National Oil Company (PNOC) established in 1939. Became the National University of → 1976 - National Academy of Science and Technology the Philippines. (NAST) → 1982 - National Science and Technology Agency → The Bureau of Government Laboratories was (NSAT) in 1982. established by the American Regime in 1901 with the → 1986 - EDSA People Power, Marcos removal mandate of conducting research on various tropical diseases. In 1905, it was replaced by the establishment → President Corazon C. Aquino reorganized the NSTA of the Bureau of Science. into the current Department of Science and Technology (DOST) which has 3 sectoral planning → The first national organization of scientists was councils → PCAARD, PCHRD, & PCIEERD. formed in 1933 through the National Research Council → Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988 of the Philippines (NRCP). Focused more on agriculture, (Republic Act 6655) food technology, forestry, and medical sciences. → President Fidel V. Ramos initiated the construction of THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION (1942 - 1945) the Philippine Science High School campuses in → During the height of WW2, the PH was briefly but Visayas and Mindanao. mercilessly controlled by the Japanese for 3 years. → Numerous laws linked to science and technology were ratified by the Congress during his tenure, which → Scientific and technological advancements in the included the Magna Carta for Science and Technology country deteriorated because of the war, mass murder, Personnel (Republic Act 8439), the Science and and the brutal treatment of the Japanese invaders. Technology Scholarship Law of 1994 (Republic Act 7687), the Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act → Hunger became extensive as vast regions of (Republic Act 7459), and the Intellectual Property Code farmlands were converted into growing cash crops like of the Philippines (Republic Act 8293). cotton instead of staple food crops for local consumption. → Under President Joseph Estrada, the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act 8749) was ratified to curb air pollution in our country. 10 MODULE 2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF S&T IN THE GLOBAL CONTEXT Science, Technology, Society (Module) (1DS21) | PROF. (Gideon Legazpi) | SEM 1 2024 → President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo gave priority to grinding halt to global economic activities as science and technology development under the theme quarantine and lockdowns were enforced globally. of "Filipinnovation," which aimed to foster local → The virus resulted in almost 67,000 deaths locally as innovations and develop the country into a major of April 2024. innovation hub in Asia. → The economic damage to the country was estimated → The Biofuels Act (Republic Act 9367) mandates the at PHP 6.1 trillion in 2020 and 2021. use and development of biofuels in the country. → It also brought many social, educational, political, and health upheavals to our society. → President Benigno C. Aquino III assumed office from → National Scientist is the highest national honor 2010 to 2016 and gave continuous support to S&T bestowed upon a Filipino scientist. development and reforms. → Presidential Decrees Number 1003 and 1003-A of 1976 → The Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013 was established the National Academy of Science and ratified and established the shift to the K-12 education Technology (NAST). system in the country. → A national scientist should essentially have a PhD → He signed the PAGASA Modernization Act of 2015, and have made substantial contributions to basic and which supported the upgrading and acquisition of new applied sciences, such as engineering, mathematics, state-of-the-art meteorological equipment like Doppler agriculture, medical sciences, and social sciences. radar, a better compensation scheme for its staff, and the creation of its modernized data center. → He also supported the development of Space Science and Technology, which achieved the milestone of sending the first microsatellite of the Philippines in Space in 2016, named Diwata-1. → His flagship Public-Private Partnership (PPP) program aimed to accelerate the building and expansion of large-scale infrastructure all over the country which led to 7 completed infrastructure projects worth Php 50 billion and another 15 projects were signed for implementation, including the Mactan-Cebu International Airport expansion and LRT Line 1 Cavite extension. → Pres. Rodrigo R. Duterte assumed office from 2016 to 2022, and he continued many of the infrastructure projects of the Aquino administration along with new ones under his signature Build, Build, Build (BBB) program. → The DOST expanded its programs with the Science for Change Program (S4CP) as the flagship program for STI. The Balik Scientist Program (BSP) was also institutionalized in 2018 through Republic Act 11035, which seeks to promote a net "brain gain" of Filipino experts abroad to come home and share their gained international expertise and experiences with local institutions. → The global coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic struck in December 2019, resulting in a 11 MODULE 3: SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS Science, Technology, Society (Module) (1DS21) | PROF. (Gideon Legazpi) | SEM 1 2024 “The crises of our time, it becomes increasingly clear, PHASES OF A SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION are the necessary impetus for the revolution now underway. And once we understand nature's transformative powers, we see that it is our powerful 1. Pre-science Phase - there is no consensus ally, not a force to be feared or subdued." model or theory of understanding yet for a Dr. Thomas Samuel Kuhn (1922-1996), an American specific discipline that solves the main problem physicist and philosopher. for that discipline. 2. Normal Science - defined as the phrase of → Thomas Samuel Kuhn - one of the most influential doing the usual things in science, where the science philosophers of the 20th century who authored observation process, experimentation "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions," which framework, and theory of formation are all examined the philosophical progression of scientific accomplished within the context of the revolution. accepted paradigm. Kuhn compared it to → Kuhn argued that science progresses in a periodic “puzzle solving” under normal conditions. revolution which he called a paradigm shift instead of 3. Model Drift Phase - deviations from the the usual linear view in the historical sense. expected results may surface every now and then, which are called anomalies. → Paradigm - the main theoretical framework of any → Major anomalies become more challenging scientific discipline that explains a phenomenon in our to explain within the underlying assumptions of natural world. the accepted paradigm. → This is when the accepted model or → Normal Science - “The development by paradigm begins to transition to this phase. accumulation” of scientific facts and theories, which is 4. Model Crisis Phase - occurs through time when exactly our linear view of scientific progress throughout these larger anomalies accumulate until history. normal science becomes inadequate to resolve all these major anomalies. → Kuhn postulated instead that scientific progression is 5. Model Revolution Phase - the period which a cyclical process by which it evolves from being the necessitates the construction of a new model “normal science” to a “new paradigm” which defines a or paradigm. This phase is what we exactly call scientific revolution (for the Kuhn Cycle). the period of a scientific revolution. → However, a strong resistance to change is typically encountered and this chaotic process results in lengthy and oftentimes bitter arguments between the traditionalists and the reformists within the scientific community. → Eventually, a new model or paradigm is formed when a highly compelling theory is able to explain all the observed anomalies. → The evidence for this new paradigm is so convincing that it enlightens even the clouded thinking of doubters. → This new paradigm is typically brought about by the diligence and persistence of those who are brave enough to resolve the crisis through rational means. 6. Paradigm Shift Phase - characterized by a gradual shift from the traditional scientific view into a new one which radically alters the way of 12 MODULE 3: SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS Science, Technology, Society (Module) (1DS21) | PROF. (Gideon Legazpi) | SEM 1 2024 thinking and behavior, not only of the scientific → Heliocentric Theory - depicts the sun at the center of community but also of society to a greater the solar system, and the planets, including the Earth, extent. revolved around the sun instead. The Earth also rotates on its own axis while revolving around the sun, and the → After the paradigm shift, the acceptance of only heavenly body that revolves around the Earth is the new paradigm becomes more entrenched the moon. in the scientific community and becomes normal science. The period of normal science continues until new anomalies arise, and so the cycle repeats. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS THAT CHANGED OUR SOCIETY THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION → Geocentric Theory of the Universe - postulated by the well-known Greco-Roman astronomer Claudius THE HELIOCENTRIC MODEL OF THE UNIVERSE Ptolemy, where the Earth is at the center and all other heavenly bodies in the universe. → The Catholic Church heirarchy condemned the ↳If further evolved with the integration of the religious theory as it undermined their religious beliefs and belief of the Catholic Church beyond the concentric authority. circle was the Empyrean heaven, which was claimed to → With the church’s firm grip on power, it threatened be the abode of God and all the saved souls in eternal anyone supporting the heliocentric theory with bliss. excommunication being officially banished from the ↳ This quasi-scientific and dogmatic belief became the church or being branded as a heretic and sentenced to deeply entrenched theory about the universe in death by the inquisitors, the notorous “judicial arm” of Western civilization until the 17th century when strong the church. scientific evidence pointed out that the sun is actually at the core of the solar system. → Galileo Galilei - one of the most influential supporters of heliocentric theory is the Italian astronomer and physicist, even though he is a devout Catholic. ↳ Observations: Observed the moons of Jupiter, the rings of Saturn, and the phases of Venus. ↳ Conclusion: These observations strongly affirm the validity of the heliocentric theory. ↳ Conflict: Declared a heretic and placed under house arrest. → Johannes Kepler: A German mathematician and astronomer who proved the heliocentric theory based on the Laws of Planetary Motion. THE GEOCENTRIC MODEL OF THE UNIVERSE BY PTOLEMY ↳ Elliptical Orbits: Kepler revised Copernicus' theory by stating that the Earth and other planets move around → Nicolaus Copernicus - the Polish mathematician the Sun in elliptical orbits, not circular ones. and astronomer, published his book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium in 1543. 13 MODULE 3: SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS Science, Technology, Society (Module) (1DS21) | PROF. (Gideon Legazpi) | SEM 1 2024 → Isaac Newton: An English scientist and → Intense Controversy: Darwin's theory caused mathematician who published his book Philosophiæ significant debate and polarization within the scientific Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687. community and society at large. ↳ Laws of Motion and Gravity: Newton explained why → Religious Opposition: Many Christians viewed planetary bodies move in elliptical orbits around the evolution as a direct challenge to biblical teachings Sun and introduced the concept of gravity to explain and quickly dismissed Darwin's theory. the attraction between heavenly bodies. → Ridicule and Misunderstanding: Darwin was ridiculed by some, who interpreted his theory as suggesting that humans evolved from lowly animals, particularly monkeys. The Copernican Revolution → Many scientists and intellectuals carefully studied Paradigm Shift: The scientific revolution Darwin's work and tested its validity through rational started by Copernicus led to a significant observations. change in how the scientific community and → Observing Biological Selection: They were able to society think about the universe. observe biological selection in nature, providing Erosion of Religious Authority: This shift evidence for the theory. eroded the blind faith of many people in → Additional Evidence: Further evidence from fossil religious authorities, establishing science as records and genetics also supports the concept of the arbiter of truth about the natural world. organic evolution. → Tenuous Acceptance: The acceptance of evolution in society remains uncertain, particularly among religious groups. → Theistic Evolution and Intelligent Design: Some THE DARWINIAN REVOLUTION people believe there is no conflict between evolution and faith, advocating for theistic evolution or intelligent → Charles Darwin - published a highly controversial design, where a divine being sets the universe in motion book entitled "On the Origin of Species," along with but allows natural selection to occur. Alfred Russel Wallace in 1859. → Atheist and Agnostic Arguments: Atheists and agnostics sometimes use evolution to argue against → Theory of Evolution - the idea that all plants and the existence of God. However, the text states that this is animals, including humans, have evolved over a long an incongruent argument, as evolution is a scientific period of time from earlier and simpler life forms based concept and cannot be used to prove or disprove on their extensive naturalistic studies around the world. metaphysical concepts like God's existence. → Social Darwinism: Advocated by Herbert Spencer in → Darwin argued that new organisms gradually 1860, Social Darwinism is the belief that the "survival of change over time from old organisms through the the fittest" applies to social evolution as well as process of natural selection. biological evolution. → Flawed Parallelism: Spencer drew a false → Natural Selection: Heritable traits that help comparison between biological evolution and social organisms survive better in their environment are more evolution to justify the elimination of weaker members likely to be passed on to the next generation. of society. ↳ Evolution: Organisms with superior traits eventually → Misuse and Harm: Social Darwinism was tragically predominate in a population, leading to the organism's used to justify racism, imperialism, and eugenics, the evolution. practice of selective breeding to improve the human ↳ Extinction: Organisms with less favorable traits may race. This concept was particularly harmful, as it was become extinct due to their inability to adapt to their used by the Nazis during World War II to justify the environment. genocide of millions of European Jews. 14 MODULE 3: SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS Science, Technology, Society (Module) (1DS21) | PROF. (Gideon Legazpi) | SEM 1 2024 THE FREUDIAN REVOLUTION for being deeply rooted in a sexist bias and for failing to consider the influence of the environment on one's → Sigmund Freud - an Austrian neurologist, founded consciousness. psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating mental → Paradigm Shift: With the emergence of a more disorders that focuses on the conscious and clinical approach to understanding mental and unconscious human mind. emotional illness, many of Freud's tenets are being ↳ Freud proposed the psychosexual development of modified or questioned. A new paradigm shift is humans, consisting of five stages: oral, anal, phallic, occurring towards a more biological-clinical latency, and genital. Each stage represents a childhood perspective in understanding and treating mental psychological development focus linked to libido or disorders. sexual desires fixation. ↳ He also introduced the topographical model of the STI IN NATION-BUILDING mind, with three divisions: conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. Later, he developed another structural model of the mind, including entities like the superego, SINGAPORE id, and ego. Singapore gained independence from British rule in ↳ Superego: The moral or ethical part of our mind that 1963 as it became part of the Malaysian Federation but forms our conscience through criticisms, inhibitions, was expelled from the federation in 1965. It was a and prohibitions. backwater country with a tiny territory of less than 600 ↳ Id: Diametrically opposed to the superego, the id square kilometers, a minimal population of 1.86 million, represents our primal instincts, particularly sex and very few natural resources, and a GDP of less than US aggression. $500. ↳ Ego: The conscious part of our mind that makes decisions based on balancing the superego and the id. By 2015, its GDP per capita had risen to a staggering US → Defense Mechanisms: The ego's reactions against $56,000, which is a stark contrast to its neighboring anxiety, such as displacement (taking out negative nations in Southeast Asia, like the Philippines. What are emotions on less threatening people or objects) and the "secrets" to Singapore's miraculous economic projection (attributing one's negative behavior to growth? another person). → Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew and his economic team → Revolutionized Mental Illness Perception: Freud's crafted an ambitious industrialization master plan from theories significantly changed how society views and 1965 to 1984. treats mental illness. Previously, mental illness was often attributed to spiritual afflictions and treated with → They convinced multinational companies to invest in religious rituals. the country's industrialization as they lacked enough capital for such a purpose. → Freud introduced a more systematic and rational approach to diagnosing mental and emotional He initiated radical reforms such as: disorders. a. Making prudent fiscal and monetary policy b. Prioritizing infrastructure development → He encouraged patients to discuss their emotional c. Developing technical skills and know-how through struggles and life history to gain a better understanding purposeful educational investments of the underlying causes of their psychological issues. d. Initiating labor reforms e. Enforcing a strict national discipline policy. → Lack of Empirical Testing: Many of Freud's theories cannot be scientifically tested due to their subjective Shift to Trade Liberalization and Service Economy: The nature. new plan shifted Singapore's economy towards trade → Sexist Bias and Environmental Influence: Freud's liberalization and a modern service economy. psychosexual development theory has been criticized 15 MODULE 3: SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS Science, Technology, Society (Module) (1DS21) | PROF. (Gideon Legazpi) | SEM 1 2024 New Reforms: Several reforms were implemented, Basic research & development and knowledge creation including: strengthened → Market-driven and customer-centered Research and Development advanced → Technology Promotion of economic innovation, enterprise, adaptation, utilization, and commercialization scaled and entrepreneurship up → Innovation and entrepreneurship accelerated. Acceleration of industrial upgrading Expansion of regional markets for investment → Basic research and development and knowledge and trade creation can be strengthened through the following Liberalization of the financial, actions: telecommunications, and utilities sectors 1. Fostering an R&D-friendly environment. Focus on Emerging Technologies: Singapore intensified 2. Essential educational reforms at all levels, its investment in S&T education and research and including technical-vocational education. development (R&D) activities, particularly in emerging 3. Ramping up the country's R&D expenditure and technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution like commercialization. biotechnology, nanotechnology, and artificial intelligence. → Market-driven and customer-centered R&D can be advanced by: STI as a Driver of Economic Growth: Singapore demonstrated to the world that prioritizing STI can lead 1. Accelerating market or user information system to sustained economic growth, especially when integration. combined with relevant socio-political and 2. S&T integration with the creative arts and social socio-economic reforms. sciences. 3. Mutually beneficial collaborations in STI. 4. Intensifying R&D partnerships, and establishing PHILIPPINES market and consumer analytics. The Philippines is blessed with many natural resources, 5. Beefing up the recruitment of international R&D a sizeable land area, a relatively young and booming collaborators and investors. population, and a skilled and adaptable workforce. However, these social and natural resource capitals are Technology adoption, utilization, and yet to be fully utilized to the country’s advantage. commercialization can be scaled-up through: What could be the key to harnessing them for national progress? 1. Intensifying the commercialization of in-demand STI products. 2. Intellectual property management → Innovation is classically defined as “the creation of new ideas that result in the development of new or reinforcements. improved products, processes, or services that are then 3. Accelerating transfer of relevant technologies. transferred across markets.” 4. Beefing up DOST provincial offices. 5. Intensifying public-private partnerships in R&D utilization and venture capitalism. → The Philippine Innovation Act of 2019 (RA 11293) decreed the formation of the National Innovation → Innovation and entrepreneurship can be Council (NIC), which serves as the paramount accelerated by: policy-making body for innovation governance in the country. 1. Reinforcing globally competitive industries and flexible workforces. → The National Innovation Agenda and Strategy 2. Intensifying business mentoring programs. Document (NIASD) for 2023-2032 identifies four key 3. Strengthening the execution of the Philippines outcomes of a robust innovation system: Innovation Act. 4. Creating and promoting innovation hubs. 16 MODULE 3: SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS Science, Technology, Society (Module) (1DS21) | PROF. (Gideon Legazpi) | SEM 1 2024 5. Strengthening financial and entrepreneurial CURRENT GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS ON STI literacy. → The current state of the agriculture sector and the → The Small Enterprises Technology Upgrading micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) was Program (SETUP) program of DOST is being identified as a major weak point in our country's strengthened to encourage greater productivity and socioeconomic development because of the smart innovations in MSMES. marginalization and low utilization of STI by these sectors. → The Startup Research Grant Program (SRGP) is being scaled up to assist start-up companies in refining → According to Statista, the breakdown of employment their business model, establishing initial market in our country by economic sector in 2022: 57.4% service traction, strengthening intellectual property protection, sector, 23.7% agriculture, and 18.9% industry. and overcoming roadblocks in their R&D activities. → Sadly, most of the poorest Filipinos are employed in → The Balik Scientist Program (BSP) of DOST is now the agriculture sector as small-scale farmers and institutionalized and continuous to attract a net “brain fisherfolk, who largely lack access to capital, skills gain” of Filipino experts abroad to come home and development, and innovative technologies. share their gained international expertise and → This is also true for many MSMEs, which employ experiments. around 65.1% of the country's labor force across the ↳ Since its inception in 1975, a total of 631 abroad-based service sector and industry. Filipino scientists have been able to return to the country for short-term, mid-term, or long-term → There are many positive points in the latest Global engagement with 150 host institutions across 16 regions Innovation Index (GII) of the Philippines for 2023, where of the country. the country ranks 56th out of 132 economies in terms of overall innovation. → The Science for Change Program of the DOST has → Relative to our GDP, the country is deemed to be four innovative programs under its umbrella. performing above expectations and relatively 1. Niche Centers in the Regions for R&D (NICER) producing more innovation outputs. 2. Collaborative R&D to leverage the Philippine → Among the top innovation strengths of the Economy (CRADLE) Philippines are its high-tech imports and exports, the 3. R&D Leadership Program (RDLEAD) number of firms offering formal training, utility models 4. Business Innovation through S&T (BIST) for by origin, and creative goods exports. Industry However, the primary innovation weaknesses of the → The Harmonized National Research and country are: Development Agenda (HNRDA) 2022-2028 serves as a 1. The low number of scientific and technical guide to the prioritized R&D areas for funding of the articles produced. DOST and its attached agencies: 2. Low environmental performance. 1. National Research Council of the Philippines 3. High cost of redundancy dismissal. (NRCP) 4. High pupil-teacher ratio. 2. Philippine Council for Health Research and 5. Weak rule of law. Development (PCHRD) 6. Low R&D expenditure at around 0.32% percent 3. Philippine Council for Industry, Energy, and of our GDP. Emerging Technology Research and Development (PCIEERD) 4. Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD) 17 MODULE 3: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS Science, Technology, Society (Module) (1DS21) | PROF. (Gideon Legazpi) | SEM 1 2024 → The number of undernourished people decreased from 821 million in 2017 to 735 million in 2022 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS → 1.05 tons of food were wasted that could provide more than 1 billion meals a day Sustainable development can be best described as development that meets current needs without SDG 3 - GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING jeopardizing the capacity of future generations to cater → Geared toward the assurance of healthy lives and to their own needs. the advancement of well-being for everyone → It is considered the intersection of economic, social, → Decline of worldwide burden of infectious diseases and environmental developments. like malaria and tuberculosis → is vital because it protects the environment, → The more alarming current global health issue is the enhances the overall quality of life, and promotes more rising incidence of non-communicable diseases inclusive economic growth for current and future (NCDs). According to the WHO, in 2023, NCDs will cause generations. 41 million deaths annually, out of which 17.9 million are due to cardiovascular diseases, 9.3 million to cancer, 4.1 ↳ Social Equity - Living conditions, Equal opportunities, million to respiratory diseases, and 2.0 million to Social cohesion, Maintenance of human capital diabetes ↳ Economic Efficiency - Economic growth, Efficiency and competitiveness, Flexibility and stability, SDG 4 - QUALITY EDUCATION Production/consumption, Employment, International → ensure equal, quality education and promote lifelong trade learning opportunities for all ↳ Environmental Responsibility - Consumption of → global literacy has increased by 4 percent per year resources, Materials and wastes, Risks, Rate of change, since 1950, reaching about 86 percent of the global Natural and cultural landscape population being literate by 2015 → 773 million people globally still cannot read or write, UPDATES ON THE 17 SDGs and lack access to early childhood education in → The member states of the UN committed in 2012 to sub-Saharan Africa, Nothern Africa, and Western Asia. the attainment of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, whose main goal is to improve people’s lives on SDG 5 - GENDER EQUALITY an international scale in terms of economic, social, and → aims to achieve gender equality and empower all environmental factors women and girls. → The UN’s SDGs report for 2023 sadly reported that → there is a disproportionate share of only 40% of the only 15% of these goals are on track for global workforce accomplishment by 20230, while 48% can only be met → only 28.2% of managerial positions worldwide are either moderately or off track. filled with women → 38% of these goals remain stagnant or are even set → 9 million girls of primary school age will never enter to suffer regression school, compared to only 3 million boys SDG 1 - NO POVERTY SDG 6 CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION → aims to end extreme poverty → seeks to ensure the availability and sustainable → around 8.4% of the global population is still extremely management of water and sanitation for all poor, which translates to 670 million people → around 2.4 billion people worldwide live in → by 2030, it is projected that 6.8% of the global water-stressed countries, mostly in Africa and Western population will still be extremely poor instead of just Asia, where the ratio of freshwater resources withdrawal 6.5% to supply is low → many countries in the world will experience high to SDG 2 - ZERO HUNGER extremely high-water stress, as projected by the World → aims to end world hunger, achieve food security, Resources Institute (WRI) in 2040 improve nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture 18  MODULE 3: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS Science, Technology, Society (Module) (1DS21) | PROF. (Gideon Legazpi) | SEM 1 2024 SDG 7 - AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY → The global refugee crisis also reached its peak in → ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, 2022, with around 34.6 million refugees, with over half and modern energy for all coming from Syria, Ukraine, and Afghanistan. → there are 9% or 675 million people, without access to electricity SDG 11 - SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES → renewable energy production has been steadily → The goal of SDG 11 is to make cities and human increasing, contributing to around 29% of the world’s settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. electricity production in 2020, and much of it comes → Around 55% of the global population lives in cities from hydroelectric sources at 16.8% and many cities throughout the world are struggling to keep up with rapid population expansion. SDG 8 - DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH → Globally, the urban poor living in deplorable → aims to promote sustained, inclusive, and settlements fell to 24.2 percent in 2020 from 25.4 sustainable economic growth, which leads to full and percent in 2014, though the absolute number continues productive employment and decent work for all. to rise to 1.1 billion people, mostly in Asia, Africa, and → The global real GDP per capita climbed at an South America. average yearly rate of 1.8% between 2015 and 2019. → Lastly, cities face mounting problems of poverty, However, the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted global crime, pollution, unemployment, and greater economic growth, resulting in a decrease of 4.1% in GDP vulnerability to natural and man-made disasters. per capita in 2020, though global growth has rebounded to 3.3% in 2022. SDG 12 - RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION → The global unemployment rate has fallen to 5.4% in → SDG 12 seeks to ensure sustainable consumption and 2022, but on average, 58% of global workers are production patterns. employed in the informal sector where safety net and → Population growth is directly proportional to the labor rights protection are lacking. growth of the material footprint, which is the sum of raw materials that are utilized to satisfy demands. SDG 9 - INDUSTRY, INNOVATION, AND INFRASTRUCTURE → The global material footprint surged sharply by 70% → SDG 9 supports resilient infrastructure, promotes from 2000 to 2017, far outpacing global population innovation, and the development of inclusive and growth and absolute GDP growth of 20% and 60%, sustainable industrialization. respectively. → Manufacturing is considered the key engine for → We are consuming so many resources from our improvement in economic growth. Its total percentage environment, but sadly, a significant percentage of of worldwide employment has decreased significantly those have eventually ended up as wastes that to 13.6% in 2021 from 14.3% in 2015. normally pollute our air, land, and water resources. → Another important driver of economic growth is research and development (R&D) expenditure, and its SDG 13 - CLIMATE ACTION share has risen to 1.93% of the global GDP in 2020, up → SDG 13 calls for urgent action to prevent climate from 1.69% in 2015. The most substantial growth is from change and its consequences. Eastern Asia, Southeastern Asia, Europe, and North → Climate change has established itself as the defining America, but there has been slow growth and environmental issue of our time, with longer droughts, contraction elsewhere in the world. decreased precipitation, stronger typhoons and hurricanes, and rising sea levels becoming more SDG 10 - REDUCED INEQUALITIES common than ever seen. → SDG 10 aims at bridging inequality between and → Contrasted to pre-industrial levels, in 2022 it was among countries. recorded that the carbon dioxide atmospheric level → Nearly every 1 in 6 persons worldwide has faced a rose to 421 parts per million—approximately a 150 form of discrimination based on sex, gender, race or percent increase. ethnicity, physical conditions, religion, political views, → The global average temperature had risen to more age, marital status, etc. than 1.1°C, with 19 of the 20 warmest years occurring → Globally, women and people with disabilities are since 2001. disproportionately affected by discrimination. 19 MODULE 3: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS Science, Technology, Society (Module) (1DS21) | PROF. (Gideon Legazpi) | SEM 1 2024 SDG 14 - LIFE BELOW WATER SDG 17 - PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS → SDG 14 aims to protect and sustainably utilize the → SDG 17 is a call for the renewal of global partnerships oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable for sustainable development. International cooperation development. and national commitment are the key elements taken → The ocean covers 67% of the Earth's surface and to execute the goals and activities. provides us with a global asset worth at least US $24 → Poorer countries need official development aid (ODA) trillion, according to studies done by the World Wildlife from donor countries and organizations, and it is Fund in 2015. heartening to see a 16% increase in ODA for recipient → Our oceans ultimately provide 50% of the global countries from 2010 to 2018. oxygen supply while absorbing 30% of global carbon → At the same time, there is a recurrence of the global dioxide. debt crisis. For instance, the total foreign debt of all low- → Global warming, overfishing, plastic pollution, oil and middle-income countries has surged to $9 trillion spills, coral reef and mangrove forest destruction, and in 2021. Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Lebanon, many other anthropogenic activities are destroying our Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Tunisia, Ukraine, and Zambia are oceans and, with them, the many marine creatures that among the countries that have been hit hardest. they nurture. SDG 15 - LIFE ON LAND → DG 15 seeks to protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems; sustainably manage forests; combat desertification; halt and reverse land degradation; and halt biodiversity loss. → The Red List Index of species survival for around 20,000 various species has declined from 0.82 in 1993 to 0.74 in 2018, indicating a 10% increase in species extinction during that time period. → Habitat destruction, invasive species, wildlife trade, and global warming remain the main factors in global biodiversity loss. In addition, land degradation through unsustainable agriculture, deforestation, mining, rise in sea levels, and pollution has increased substantially across all regions of the world. SDG 16 - PEACE, JUSTICE, AND STRONG INSTITUTION → SDG 16 seeks to promote peaceful and inclusive societies for long-term development, ensure equal access to justice for all, and establish effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions at all levels. → According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), around 108.4 million people worldwide are escaping war, persecution, and other socio-political crises as of 2022. → Furthermore, the International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that 50 million people worldwide are victims of modern-day slavery, including 27.6 million victims of human trafficking. The actual number of victims of global human trafficking is much higher because of the underreporting of such incidences. 20 MODULE 3: STS AND HUMAN CONDITIONS Science, Technology, Society (Module) (1DS21) | PROF. (Gideon Legazpi) | SEM 1 2024 hedonistic philosophy to "seek the greatest good for the “What is the highest good in all matters of action? To greatest number" rather than self-gratification. the name, there is almost complete agreement; for uneducated and educated alike call it happiness and EUDAIMONIC PHILOSOPHY make happiness identical wth the good life and successful living. They disagree, however, about the → Championed by the Greek moral philosophers such meaning of happiness.” as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, which is about - Aristotle (384-322 BC) achieving the good life through a moral or virtuous way. → Socrates famously stated, "The good life is a life that THE PHILOSOPHY OF HUMAN FLOURISHING AND THE questions and thinks about things, it is a life of GOOD LIFE contemplation, self-examination, wondering and open-minded “What is a good life and how do I achieve it?” → The good life then is the pursuit of an Inquisitive and → It is one of the oldest philosophical questions of man, ever-expanding intellect. a seemingly simple one yet too deep and complex at → When we contemplate, we make a self-reflection or the same time. meditation. We reflect on what we did, what we said, → Philosophers of different eras contributed their what we heard, and what we read. opinions to address this great issue. → Contemplation must be done for us to ponder and → For all the varying beliefs and opinions on how to examine our inner selves. It is always searching for the achieve a good life, there are two main philosophies authenticity of what has already been accepted as real. that deal with the way of achieving it, namely, the → For him, asking questions is more important than the hedonistic and eudaimonic philosophies. responses. → Plato has also delved into the moral life as the way to HEDONISTIC PHILOSOPHY a good life. In his masterpiece, The Republic, he said that "a morally good person enjoys a sort of inner → It is also known as Epicureanism after its founder, harmony." Epicurus. He has taught the concepts of ataraxia and → He had some assumptions that there is life after aponia as the centerpieces of this philosophy. death and that a virtuous person would be rewarded, → Ataraxia refers to peace and freedom from fear, and evil people would be punished for one's deeds while Aponia is the absence of pain. during his Life → He also believed that gods have no direct → He described "good life" in terms of logical limitation involvement in human lives, and as such, we should not and public obligation. fear being punished or expect to be rewarded by deities. → However, his teachings were misinterpreted by FOUR VIRTUES MENTIONED IN PLATO’S REPUBLIC many as focusing only on material pleasures like sex, 1. Wisdom is obtained by desiring to be food, entertainment, and other personal indulgences. → More modern philosophers, particularly those who inquisitive and not to stop learning. advocated the ethical Theory of Utilitarianism, such as John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham, modified 2. Courage is being brave and bold enough to hedonistic philosophy to "seek the greatest good for speak out and make a stand for what is right. the greatest number" rather than self-gratification. 3. Temperance means having self-control. If → However, his teachings were misinterpreted by many you cannot control your temper, then most as focusing only on material pleasures like sex, food, likely you will have a messy life. entertainment, and other personal indulgences. → More modern philosophers, particularly those who 4. Justice is the consciousness of being good advocated the ethical Theory of Utilitarianism, such as and self-consistent. John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham, modified 21 MODULE 3: STS AND HUMAN CONDITIONS Science, Technology, Society (Module) (1DS21) | PROF. (Gideon Legazpi) | SEM 1 2024 → The measure of flourishing is more complex and can → Aristotle also taught that a good life can be be determined using the Well-being Assessment achieved by living a virtuous life. (WBA), which was pioneered by Vander Weele from → Vi