Chapter 1: Nature of Science, Technology, and Society PDF

**STS WITH CRM** **CHAPTER 1:** NATURE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY. Nature of Science Science plays a vital role in resolving the challenges of everyday life. It\'s a structured knowledge derived from observation, study, and experimentation that aims to uncover the true nature of what\'s...

**STS WITH CRM** **CHAPTER 1:** NATURE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY. Nature of Science Science plays a vital role in resolving the challenges of everyday life. It\'s a structured knowledge derived from observation, study, and experimentation that aims to uncover the true nature of what\'s being studied. Originating from the Latin word \"*scire*,\" meaning \"to know,\" science was initially referred to as the \"Philosophy of the natural world.\" Beyond a mere repository of facts, science is a methodical approach that not only helps us acquire knowledge but also provides a framework for processing and understanding information. This systematic thinking is applicable across various aspects of life, aiding in problem-solving and solution-finding. At the core of scientific advancement lies the scientific method---a blend of creative reasoning and hypothesis testing. This method empowers us to explore and expand our comprehension of the world through empirical validation, enhancing our ability to address challenges effectively. It is the methodical approach to analyzing and addressing scientific problems. Diagram 1-1 Scientific Approach - It is critical to distinguish between observation, hypothesis, and hypotheses. An observation is something that is seen and documented. A hypothesis is an alternative explanation for an observation. A theory is a collection of tested hypotheses that provide an overall explanation for a natural phenomenon. It is an interpretation or explanation of why nature behaves as it does. Theories evolve when more information becomes accessible. The motion of the solar system, for example, has changed dramatically since ancient times. Science is a distinctive form of human cultural activity referred to, as scientist, a natural philosopher. They represent attempts to explain observed natural behavior in terms of human experiences. They must continue to do experiments to refine it and be consistent with new knowledge to approach a more understanding of nature. Scientists in all periods of time are driven by their deep passion to know and to discover. Thus, the scientific attitudes include the following. Table 1-1 Scientific Attitudes. Honesty - This attitude enables a scientist to recognize the contributions of previous scientists. - This mindset is also demonstrated through providing accurate statistics. Open-mindedness - A scientist is open to new ideas. - An open-minded mindset helps a scientist to consider other options. Critical and creative thinking - This allows a scientist to come up with new ideas. - This concept led to findings that orthodox scientists had overlooked. Curiosity - It allows a scientist to learn more about the world around him. Persistent - It permits a scientist to continue working on a project in the face of setbacks and failures. Objectivity - A scientist must be objective in declaring the outcomes of his or her experiments, and his or her judgment must be based on observable phenomena rather than emotions or personal biases. Precision - A scientist must always consider the precision of his work if it forms a pattern or repeatedly occurring in nature. - Lack of precision would mean inconsistency. Responsibility - The moral, social and personal responsibility and accountability of a scientist to all of his works must be observed. Collaboration - One needs to consider suggestion and recommendations of others for an improved work. When scientists watch nature, they frequently notice that the same finding applies to a variety of systems. Studies of numerous chemical changes, for example, have revealed that the overall observable mass of the materials involved is the same before and after the change. Natural law is a statement that expresses commonly observed behavior. The discovery, for example, that chemical changes in materials have no effect on their overall mass is known as the law of conservation of mass. Nature of Technology - Everywhere we look in our daily lives, technology is there. Our world is shaped by technology from the minute we hear the sound of the alarm clock until we go to bed, when we are surrounded by several devices. However, what exactly is technology? Is it simply the newest transportation technology, the most efficient computer, or the trendiest smartphone? Or is it something more significant that has profoundly impacted human civilization for centuries? - Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, connecting scientific discoveries with real-world solutions. It embodies humanity\'s creativity, ingenuity, and aspirations, reshaping societies, economies, and ways of thinking. Each technological leap has reshaped societies, economies, and ways of thinking. However, technology also presents challenges and ethical considerations, such as privacy, equity, and environmental impact. The balance between technological advancement and its potential consequences is a delicate one that society must navigate carefully. Nature of Society - According to Aristotle, man is a social animal by nature, and anyone who does not live-in society is either a beast or God. Man\'s human nature grows only when he lives in society and shares with his fellow creatures. - Man exists in society because he has no choice. Many of our needs will be met thanks to the cooperation of the people in society. Every individual is the result of a social relationship between a man and a woman. Man\'s survival is entirely contingent on the existence of some kind of community. - Man exists in society in order to grow mentally and intellectually. Society protects and transmits our culture to future generations. It both liberates and limits our individual potential, shaping our attitudes, beliefs, morals, and ideals. - People form the community that is society. Scientists and technologists are among them. The proceeds from the work of scientists and technologists are consumed by society. For example, Blaise Pascal invented the bus, and the people in society benefit from this excellent invention. However, the utilization of superior scientific knowledge and technical developments results in situations where society bears the repercussions. - It is critical to remember that scientists are human. They have prejudices; they misread evidence; they become emotionally connected to their views, losing objectivity; and they engage in political maneuvering. Profit incentives, finances, fads, wars, and religious beliefs all have an impact on science. Galileo, for example, was obliged to retract his astronomical observations due to significant religious opposition. How are Science and Technology interrelated? - Science and technology have a symbiotic relationship in which they both influence and advance each other. They are the best things a society could wish for. Science uses methodical observation and experimentation to generate theoretical knowledge and comprehension of natural occurrences. This knowledge serves as the foundation for technological advancements. For instance, advances in chemistry and physics paved the way for discoveries in electricity and materials science, which in turn made it possible to create technology like computers and cellphones. - Furthermore, technology frequently propels scientific advancement by developing new tools and apparatus that increase our capacity to see, quantify, and comprehend the natural world in greater depth. The mutual relationship between science and technology advances human civilization by encouraging creativity, resolving difficult problems, and raising the standard of living. What connections arise between science, technology, and society? - Science, innovation, and society are intricately intertwined, influencing each other in significant ways. Advances in science, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and genetic engineering, have sparked ethical debates and policy discussions worldwide. For instance, the emergence of CRISPR technology has raised questions about the ethical implications of gene editing, balancing potential medical breakthroughs with concerns over genetic manipulation. Additionally, the proliferation of social media platforms exemplifies how technology shapes societal behavior, from communication patterns to political discourse. The impact of smartphones and digital networks on daily life illustrates society\'s reliance on technology for information dissemination and social interaction. - In healthcare, the integration of wearable devices and telemedicine reflects how technological advancements enhance access to medical services while transforming patient-doctor relationships. The development of renewable energy technologies like solar panels underscores efforts to mitigate environmental impacts, highlighting the intersections of science, technology, and sustainability. Moreover, the global response to climate change underscores how scientific findings drive policy decisions, influencing international attitudes and economic strategies. The advent of blockchain technology has revolutionized financial transactions, challenged traditional banking systems and fostered new economic models. - In education, the adoption of online learning platforms has reshaped pedagogical approaches, offered personalized learning experiences and expanded access to education globally. The rise of automation and robotics in manufacturing underscores technological advancements\' impact on employment patterns and workforce dynamics. The ethical implications of data privacy and surveillance technologies provoke discussions on individual rights and societal norms. Furthermore, advancements in space exploration, such as Mars colonization initiatives, reflect humanity\'s scientific ambitions and technological capabilities, shaping future possibilities for interplanetary habitation and exploration. - Overall, the complex relationship between science, technology, and society continues to evolve, shaping cultural norms, economic systems, and ethical frameworks worldwide. As these fields intersect, their dynamic interactions drive innovation, challenge existing paradigms, and shape the future trajectory of human civilization. Positive Impacts of Technology on Society 1\. Technology Has Mechanized Agriculture - The Philippines has experienced significant improvements in agriculture thanks to technology, particularly in mechanization. The country has shifted from basic plows and horse-drawn equipment to tractors and specialized machinery for planting and harvesting. Digital Agriculture (DA) is gaining traction, utilizing satellite imagery and sensors to provide farmers with real-time data on weather patterns and soil conditions. Precision Agriculture, employing GPS for land mapping, soil analysis, and targeted fertilizer application, aims to minimize waste and maximize yields. Drone technology is also employed for aerial field imaging, pest identification, and pesticide application. 2\. Technology Has Improved Transportation - Technology is revolutionizing transportation in the Philippines, addressing challenges in congested urban areas and supporting a growing economy. Ride-hailing apps like Grab and local services provide convenient and affordable commuting options, particularly in cities like Manila, alleviating pressure on traditional transportation systems. Navigation apps such as Waze and Google Maps empower Filipinos with real-time traffic updates and optimized routes, helping to save time and fuel. The emergence of e-scooters and bicycles offers eco-friendly mobility solutions for short-distance travel within cities, further enhancing transportation choices and promoting sustainability. 3\. Technology Has Improved Healthcare Services - Globally, the integration of technology has revolutionized healthcare services, ushering in an era of improved patient outcomes, enhanced diagnostics, and greater accessibility. Telemedicine, for instance, has transcended geographical barriers, allowing patients to consult with specialists from around the world through virtual platforms. This is particularly impactful in remote and underserved areas where medical resources are limited. Advanced medical imaging techniques like PET scans and 3D printing have revolutionized diagnostics, enabling accurate and early detection of diseases. Wearable health devices track vital signs and provide real-time health data to individuals, empowering them to take proactive steps toward better health. - The implementation of electronic health records (EHRs) has streamlined patient information handling within Philippine medical institutions. The transition to digital records ensures swift access to patient data, enabling healthcare practitioners to establish more accurate diagnoses and tailor treatment strategies to individual needs. Additionally, the rise of telemedicine solutions is noteworthy, particularly in remote and underserved areas where physical access to medical centers might be limited. By means of video consultations or messaging platforms, patients can engage with medical professionals from a distance, obtaining prescriptions and expert guidance for their health concerns. - The realm of medical research and diagnostics has been significantly impacted by data analytics and artificial intelligence (AI). AI algorithms have the capability to sift through vast volumes of medical data, contributing to early disease detection, personalized treatment strategies, and even advancements in drug discovery. The integration of AI has also made robotic-assisted surgeries increasingly prevalent, granting surgeons heightened precision in intricate procedures, thereby minimizing invasiveness and expediting patient recovery. - A convincing global example of AI\'s influence may be seen in radiology. Machine learning algorithms are capable of analyzing medical pictures such as X-rays and MRIs, detecting anomalies and alerting medical practitioners to potential issues that require further investigation. These speeds up diagnosis and reveals intricate patterns that might otherwise go unnoticed by humans. - Furthermore, technology played a pivotal role in expediting the development of COVID-19 vaccines. Advanced computational techniques aided in the rapid analysis of the virus\'s genetic structure, expediting the identification of potential vaccine targets. Additionally, innovative vaccine distribution strategies utilized data-driven analytics to ensure equitable access and efficient allocation of limited vaccine supplies. 4\. Technology Has Improved Communication - Technology has undoubtedly revolutionized communication on a global scale, reshaping the way individuals, businesses, and societies interact. The advent of the internet, coupled with the proliferation of smartphones and social media platforms, has created an interconnected digital landscape that transcends geographical boundaries. - In the past, communication was often hindered by physical distances and time constraints. However, modern technology has rendered these barriers almost obsolete. Instant messaging, video conferencing, and social networking have enabled real-time interactions across continents, allowing people to engage in conversations and collaborations effortlessly. The rise of email, for instance, has replaced traditional postal services, making communication virtually instantaneous. - In the Philippines, the impact of technology on communication is visible in how it has revolutionized daily life, spanned distances, and empowered groups. In the past, the country's archipelagic character provided barriers to smooth communication, but contemporary technology has considerably reduced these obstacles. - The widespread availability of low-cost cellphones and mobile data has transformed communication accessibility. Filipinos from all walks of life may now communicate with one another via instant messaging apps and social media platforms, even in rural locations. This has made it easier to communicate news, information, and personal updates, building a sense of community and shared experiences. - The move to digital communication has also had a significant impact on trade. Online marketplaces enable local enterprises to reach a larger customer base while overcoming physical constraints. Digital payment solutions and mobile banking services have revolutionized financial activities, making it easier for Filipinos to manage their funds and perform commercial transactions. - A notable example of technology's impact is "Mang Tani's" weather updates and forecasts, which are distributed via multiple digital platforms. This program provides timely and important information, especially during typhoons, assisting communities in preparing for future disasters. - To summarize, the impact of technology on communication in the Philippines is profound, promoting connection, amplifying voices, and sparking societal change. As the digital landscape evolves, it is positioned to further transform the dynamics of communication, allowing Filipinos to interact, collaborate, and communicate. 5\. Technology Has Improved Education and Learning Process - Technology has brought about a revolution in education, reshaping how we learn and teach. Online platforms and virtual classrooms have democratized education, providing access regardless of location. Interactive tools like simulations and games make learning engaging and effective, catering to diverse learning styles. Personalized learning, aided by adaptive software, tailors lessons to individual needs, fostering better understanding. Notably, the \"DepEd Commons\" in the Philippines offers free online resources, exemplifying how technology, like during the pandemic, ensures uninterrupted learning. Technology\'s continuous evolution promises to redefine education, making it accessible, engaging, and personalized for learners worldwide. - In the realm of private schools, technology has ushered in a transformative era of blended learning. This innovative approach harmonizes traditional classroom teaching with digital tools, enriching the learning journey. Learning Management Systems enable students to access resources and assignments online, while virtual classrooms facilitate real-time interactions between educators and learners, fostering engagement even in remote setups. - An exemplary application is the \"flipped classroom\" model, embraced by many private schools. Students prepare with online materials prior to class, allowing in-person sessions to center on active discussions, collaborative projects, and critical thinking exercises. - Moreover, technology aids assessment through instant feedback and personalized tracking of student progress. This dynamic synergy of technology and education not only cultivates flexible, interactive learning environments but also equips students with skills necessary for the digital era. 6\. Technology has Improved Business or Job Opportunities - Technology has broadened company horizons and job opportunities, fostering a vibrant and integrated global economy. The digital revolution has given birth to new businesses, altered established business methods, and increased demand for tech-savvy employees. It has lowered entrance barriers for organizations of all sizes, allowing them to reach new customers. Entrepreneurs can use online platforms to exhibit their products and services to a worldwide audience, leveling the playing field and stimulating innovation. E-commerce has grown in popularity, providing numerous chances for online retailers, digital marketers, and logistics professionals. - Furthermore, technological advancements have given rise to totally new fields such as app development, data analysis, and cybersecurity. The demand for qualified individuals in these sectors has skyrocketed, providing well-paying jobs and attractive career paths. The gig economy, in which platforms such as Uber, Upwork, and Airbnb connect freelancers and service providers with clients, is an example. Individuals can now use their abilities to generate revenue while maintaining flexibility and autonomy. - To summarize, the impact of technology on business and career possibilities is evident. It has democratized entrepreneurship, given birth to new industries, and made flexible work arrangements possible. As technology advances, its ability to build and reconfigure work markets remains a significant driver of economic growth and professional fulfillment. 7\. Technology has Improved Entertainment - Technology has reshaped entertainment by increasing access to a diverse range of content via digital channels. Streaming services provide on-demand access to movies and music, while virtual and augmented reality provide immersive experiences. Social media connects fans and artists, and platforms such as YouTube have given rise to online content makers who transform their interests into profitable businesses. As technology advances, entertainment continues to grow, providing audiences throughout the world with more personalized and engaging experiences. - Technology-driven entertainment has shifted from passive consumption to active engagement, allowing users to participate in narratives through interactive storytelling. Online gaming, for instance, fosters collaboration and competition on a global scale, creating vibrant virtual communities. As artificial intelligence advances, personalized recommendations and content curation are becoming more sophisticated, tailoring entertainment experiences to individual preferences. Negative Impacts of Technology on Society 1\. Resource Depletion - Resource depletion is one of the negative effects of technology on civilization, as excessive technological growth can strain natural resources and harm the environment. Increased demand for energy, for example, to power technological devices and industries, can contribute to the depletion of fossil fuels and worsen climate change. - A recent example is the rising demand for rare earth minerals, which are critical components in a variety of high-tech devices such as cellphones and renewable energy technology. The exploitation of these minerals has the potential to degrade the environment and alter local ecosystems. 2\. Increased Pollution - Increased pollution is a prominent negative impact of rapid technological advancement on civilization. The development of industrial operations, as well as the widespread use of vehicles, electronics, and fossil-fuel-powered energy sources, have all led to increased levels of air, water, and soil pollution. These pollutants can harm human health, ecosystems, and the environment as a whole. - For example, the car industry\'s reliance on internal combustion engines has resulted in increasing levels of air pollution, with pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and particulate matter being emitted. Similarly, the creation and disposal of electronic gadgets generates electronic trash (e-waste), which contains dangerous compounds that, if not managed properly, can leak into the land and water. - The reliance on non-renewable energy sources like coal and oil has exacerbated pollution through the emission of greenhouse gases, contributing to climate change. Carbon dioxide, along with other pollutants, accumulates in the atmosphere, trapping heat and leading to shifts in global weather patterns, melting ice caps, and rising sea levels. 3\. Cyber-Sickness - Cyber-sickness, or digital motion sickness, is the discomfort experienced when using digital devices, especially during virtual reality or prolonged screen exposure. For instance, using VR headsets that simulate movement can lead to feelings of nausea due to conflicts between visual cues and the body\'s sense of balance. Motion-heavy video games and applications can trigger similar symptoms. To tackle this, technology companies are improving virtual experiences by enhancing factors like display quality and motion tracking to minimize discomfort and improve user well-being. 4\. Unemployment - Unemployment is a concerning outcome of technological advancements, where automation and artificial intelligence can replace human jobs. For instance, in manufacturing, robots are increasingly taking over tasks that were once performed by human workers. In the retail sector, self-checkout systems reduce the need for cashier positions. These examples illustrate how technology\'s rapid progress can lead to job displacement, highlighting the importance of upskilling and adapting to emerging industries to combat unemployment challenges. *\"Science and technology revolutionize our lives, but memory, tradition, and myth frame our response.\"* --- **Arthur M. Schlesinger** **From:** Rheim **AB PSYCH 1-1** GOOD LUCK!!