Year 10 Mocks PDF

### Biology Notes: #### B2 - Organisation: 1. **Levels of Organisation**: - Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ systems → Organism. - Example: Stomach (organ) is part of the digestive system. 2. **Enzymes**: - Biological catalysts that speed up reactions. - Work best at specific temperatures and...

### Biology Notes: #### B2 - Organisation: 1. **Levels of Organisation**: - Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ systems → Organism. - Example: Stomach (organ) is part of the digestive system. 2. **Enzymes**: - Biological catalysts that speed up reactions. - Work best at specific temperatures and pH (optimum conditions). - Examples: Amylase (starch → sugars), Protease (proteins → amino acids), Lipase (lipids → glycerol + fatty acids). 3. **Heart and Blood Vessels**: - Heart pumps blood through arteries (away from heart), veins (toward heart), and capillaries (exchange substances). - Double circulatory system: one loop to lungs, one loop to body. - Blood components: red blood cells (carry oxygen), white blood cells (immune system), platelets (clotting), plasma (transports substances). 4. **Plant Transport Systems**: - Xylem transports water and minerals (one-way). - Phloem transports sugars (both directions). - Transpiration: water loss from leaves, regulated by stomata. #### B3 - Infection and Response: 1. **Pathogens**: - Microorganisms that cause disease: bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists. - Spread via air, water, direct contact. 2. **Immune System**: - White blood cells: phagocytes (engulf pathogens), lymphocytes (produce antibodies and antitoxins). - Vaccines stimulate production of antibodies for future immunity. 3. **Drugs**: - Antibiotics: treat bacterial infections, ineffective against viruses. - Painkillers relieve symptoms but do not cure diseases. 4. **Monoclonal Antibodies**: - Identical antibodies made from a single white blood cell. - Used in pregnancy tests, cancer treatments, and detecting diseases. --- ### Chemistry Notes: #### C1 - Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table: 1. **Atomic Structure**: - Atoms: protons (+), neutrons (0), electrons (-). - Mass number = protons + neutrons. - Atomic number = number of protons. 2. **Periodic Table**: - Groups: vertical columns, elements have similar properties. - Periods: horizontal rows, show increasing atomic number. - Group 1: Alkali metals (reactive, react with water to form hydrogen and hydroxide). - Group 7: Halogens (reactivity decreases down the group). 3. **Isotopes**: - Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. 4. **Electron Configuration**: - Electrons arranged in shells: 2, 8, 8, etc. - Example: Sodium (Na) = 2, 8, 1. #### C2 - Bonding: 1. **Ionic Bonding**: - Transfer of electrons between metals and non-metals. - Forms positive and negative ions (e.g., NaCl). 2. **Covalent Bonding**: - Sharing of electrons between non-metals. - Forms molecules (e.g., H2O, CO2). 3. **Metallic Bonding**: - Sea of delocalized electrons in metals. - Explains conductivity and malleability. 4. **Properties of Substances**: - Ionic compounds: high melting points, conduct when molten or dissolved. - Simple molecules: low melting points, do not conduct electricity. --- ### Physics Notes: #### P2 - Electricity: 1. **Circuit Components**: - Series: single loop, current same throughout. - Parallel: multiple loops, current splits. 2. **Formulas**: - Voltage = Current x Resistance (V = I x R). - Power = Voltage x Current (P = V x I). - Energy Transferred = Power x Time (E = P x t). 3. **Resistance**: - Depends on material, length, and thickness of wire. - Measured in ohms (Ω). 4. **Charge and Current**: - Charge (Q) = Current (I) x Time (t). - Measured in coulombs (C). #### P4 - Atomic Structure: 1. **Structure of the Atom**: - Nucleus: protons and neutrons. - Electrons in energy levels around nucleus. 2. **Radioactivity**: - Types of radiation: alpha (2 protons + 2 neutrons), beta (high-speed electron), gamma (electromagnetic wave). - Penetration: alpha (least), gamma (most). 3. **Half-life**: - Time it takes for half the radioactive atoms to decay. 4. **Nuclear Equations**: - Alpha decay: decreases mass number by 4, atomic number by 2. - Beta decay: increases atomic number by 1. --- ### Questions: 1. Biology B2: What is the role of xylem in plants? 2. Biology B3: How do vaccines help the immune system? 3. Chemistry C1: What is an isotope? 4. Chemistry C2: Why do ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten? 5. Physics P2: Calculate the resistance if the voltage is 12V and the current is 3A. 6. Physics P4: What happens to the mass number during alpha decay?