Year 1 Gastrointestinal Introduction to Macro and Micronutrients Handout PDF 2024.11 2

Animal Nutrition: Introduction Dr. Jackie Parr, BScH, DVM, MSc, DACVIM (Nutrition) Pronouns: she/her What do I need to know as a general practitioner when it comes to nutrition? Dr. Jackie Parr, BScH, DVM, MSc, DACVIM (Nutrition) P...

Animal Nutrition: Introduction Dr. Jackie Parr, BScH, DVM, MSc, DACVIM (Nutrition) Pronouns: she/her What do I need to know as a general practitioner when it comes to nutrition? Dr. Jackie Parr, BScH, DVM, MSc, DACVIM (Nutrition) Pronouns: she/her  Contact Information Dr. Jackie Parr (she/her) Board-Certified Veterinary Nutritionist® Nestlé Purina Petcare Clinical Assistant Professor of Nutrition Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605 Email: [email protected] Service: [email protected] Mobile: +1-762-234-0074 Ideally, we will focus on answering questions during our scheduled laboratory sessions  Schedule Friday 11/15/2024 11:00AM-12:00PM: Introduction to nutrition lecture Friday 11/15/2024 3:00PM-5:00PM: Macronutrients laboratory Monday 11/18/2024 11:00AM-12:00PM: Vitamins lecture Monday 11/18/2024 3:00PM-5:00PM: Vitamins laboratory Monday 12/2/2024 3:00PM-4:00PM: Minerals lecture Tuesday 12/3/2024 3:00PM-5:00PM: Minerals laboratory 4 Nutrition Schedule  eLC Quiz Opens today on eLC (11/15/2024) Due on Tuesday (11/19/2024) at 10:00AM NOTE: 2 points on nutrition from this lecture 5 Checking Your Knowledge How much animal/human nutrition training have you had prior to veterinary school? Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide. Classes of Nutrients Overview of the six classes of nutrients What are the six classes of nutrients? Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  Six Major Classes of Nutrients Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Vitamins Minerals Water Water Macro- Sugars Amino Acids Fatty Acids Soluble minerals Vitamins Fat Soluble Micro- Starches Vitamins minerals Vitamin-Like Fibers Compounds Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010); A Guide to the Principles of Animal Nutrition (2020) 9 Classes of Nutrients  Macro-Nutrients (provide energy) Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Vitamins Minerals Water Water Macro- Sugars Amino Acids Fatty Acids Soluble minerals Vitamins Fat Soluble Micro- Starches Vitamins minerals Vitamin-Like Fibers Compounds Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010); A Guide to the Principles of Animal Nutrition (2020) 10 Macro-Nutrients  Macro-Nutrients (provide energy) Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Vitamins Minerals Water Water Soluble Macro- Sugars Amino Acids Fatty Acids Vitamins minerals Fat Soluble Micro- Starches Vitamins minerals Vitamin-Like Fibers Compounds Figure developed by J Parr (2020) 11 Macro-Nutrients  Macro-Nutrients (provide energy) Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Vitamins Minerals Water Water Soluble Macro- Sugars Amino Acids Fatty Acids Vitamins minerals Fat Soluble Micro- Starches Vitamins minerals iii EE Vitamin-Like Fibers Compounds Figure from Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010) 12 Macro-Nutrients  Figure from Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010) 13 Classes of Nutrients Name a water-soluble vitamin Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  Vitamins = Organic molecules needed in minute quantities Water-Soluble Fat-Soluble Vitamin-Like Vitamins Vitamins Compounds Thiamine (B1) Vitamin A Choline Riboflavin (B2) Vitamin D Niacin (B3) Vitamin E Pantothenic acid Vitamin K (B5) Pyridoxine (B6) Biotin (B7) Folic acid (B9) Cobalamin (B12) Vitamin C Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010); A Guide to the Principles of Animal Nutrition (2020) 15 Classes of Nutrients Name a fat-soluble vitamin Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  Vitamins = Organic molecules needed in minute quantities Water-Soluble Fat-Soluble Vitamin-Like Vitamins Vitamins Compounds Thiamine (B1) Vitamin A Choline Riboflavin (B2) Vitamin D Niacin (B3) Vitamin E Pantothenic acid Vitamin K (B5) Pyridoxine (B6) Biotin (B7) Folic acid (B9) Cobalamin (B12) Vitamin C Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010); A Guide to the Principles of Animal Nutrition (2020) 17 Classes of Nutrients  organisid Vitamins = Organic molecules needed in minute quantities Water-Soluble Fat-Soluble Vitamin-Like Vitamins Vitamins Compounds Thiamine (B1) Vitamin A Choline Riboflavin (B2) Vitamin D Niacin (B3) Vitamin E EILEE Pantothenic acid Vitamin K (B5) Pyridoxine (B6) Biotin (B7) Folic acid (B9) Cobalamin (B12) Vitamin C Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010); A Guide to the Principles of Animal Nutrition (2020) 18 Classes of Nutrients  Minerals = Inorganic elements needed in minute quantities Micro-Minerals Macro-Minerals Electrolytes (Trace Minerals) Calcium Sodium Manganese Phosphorus Potassium Zinc Magnesium Chloride Iron Sulfur Copper Including the Selenium electrolytes Iodine Cobalt Molybdenum Chromium Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010); A Guide to the Principles of Animal Nutrition (2020) 19 Classes of Nutrients  Minerals = Inorganic elements needed in minute quantities Micro-Minerals Macro-Minerals Electrolytes (Trace Minerals) Calcium Sodium Manganese Phosphorus Potassium Zinc Magnesium Chloride Iron Sulfur Copper Including the Selenium electrolytes Iodine Cobalt Molybdenum Chromium Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010); A Guide to the Principles of Animal Nutrition (2020) 20 Classes of Nutrients  “Everything in moderation... is not bad advice when it comes to nutrients!” More is not better!  Figure from Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010) 22 Deficiency vs. Toxicity  National Research Council (2006) Minimum Requirement (MR) or Life Stage: DOGS Safe Upper Limit (SUL) Adequate Intake (AI) Calcium Puppies All essential minerals and vitamins Vitamin A (after weaning) Vitamin D Sodium Chloride Adult dogs All essential minerals and vitamins Iodine (maintenance) Vitamin A Vitamin D Bitches Vitamin A All essential minerals and vitamins (late gestation + peak lactation) Vitamin D National Research Council (NRC) Nutrient Requirements for Dogs & Cats (2006) 23 Deficiency vs. Toxicity  National Research Council (2006) Minimum Requirement (MR) or Life Stage: CATS Safe Upper Limit (SUL) Adequate Intake (AI) Sodium Kittens All essential minerals and vitamins Vitamin A (after weaning) Vitamin D Sodium Adult cats Zinc All essential minerals and vitamins (maintenance) Vitamin A Vitamin D Queens Vitamin A All essential minerals and vitamins (lactation) Vitamin D National Research Council (NRC) Nutrient Requirements for Dogs & Cats (2006) 24 Deficiency vs. Toxicity  Association of American Feed Control Officials Life Stage: DOGS Minimum Maximum Calcium* Gestation, Lactation, Growth Phosphorus Calcium:Phosphorus Ratio *Lower calcium maximum for large size All essential minerals and vitamins Iodine puppies weighing 70 lbs (31.8 kg) or greater Selenium as mature lean (BCS 4-5/9) adults Vitamin A Vitamin D Calcium Phosphorus Calcium:Phosphorus Ratio Adult Maintenance All essential minerals and vitamins Iodine Selenium Vitamin A Vitamin D National Research Council (NRC) Nutrient Requirements for Dogs & Cats (2006) 26 Deficiency vs. Toxicity  Association of American Feed Control Officials Life Stage: CATS Minimum Maximum Iodine Gestation, Lactation, Growth All essential minerals and vitamins Vitamin A Vitamin D Iodine Adult Maintenance All essential minerals and vitamins Vitamin A Vitamin D National Research Council (NRC) Nutrient Requirements for Dogs & Cats (2006) 27 Deficiency vs. Toxicity  Examples: Dog and Cat Nutrition How do we ensure dogs and cats receive all essential nutrients?  Association of American Feed Control Officials “Complete” means the product contains all the nutrients required “Balanced” means the nutrients are present in the correct ratios Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) Official Publication (2024); AAFCO website: https://www.aafco.org/ (2024) 29 Nutritional Adequacy Statements  Nutritional adequacy statements Options for nutritional adequacy: Nutritional Substantiation of nutrient Adequacy content by: 1) Computer analysis Formulation 2) Testing finished product Feeding Trial Formulation + Analysis 3) Through a feeding trial Growth Gestation-Lactation NOTE: May be called the “AAFCO Adult Maintenance Gestation-Lactation-Growth statement” by some publications All Life Stages Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) Official Publication (2024); AAFCO website: https://www.aafco.org/ (2024) 30 Nutritional Adequacy Statements American Association of Feed Control Officials Official Publication (2020)  “How do we ensure dogs and cats receive all essential nutrients?” Let’s go over some examples...  Commercial products 1 Corn, Chicken By-Product Meal, Brewers Rice, Brown Rice, Corn Gluten Meal, Chicken Fat, Natural Flavors, Dried Plain Beet Pulp, Wheat Gluten, Fish Oil, Vegetable Oil, Potassium Chloride, Calcium Carbonate, Salt, Fructooligosaccharides, Sodium Tripolyphosphate, L-Lysine, Choline Chloride, Dl-Methionine, Monocalcium Phosphate, Vitamins [Dl-Alpha Tocopherol Acetate (Source Of Vitamin E), L-Ascorbyl-2-Polyphosphate (Source Of Vitamin C), Biotin, D-Calcium Pantothenate, Vitamin A Acetate, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (Vitamin B6), Niacin Supplement, Folic Acid, Thiamine Mononitrate (Vitamin B1), Vitamin B12 Supplement, Riboflavin Supplement, Vitamin D3 Supplement], Trace Minerals [Zinc Proteinate, Zinc Oxide, Ferrous Sulfate, Manganese Proteinate, Manganous Oxide, Copper Sulfate, Calcium Iodate, Sodium Selenite, Copper Proteinate], Magnesium Oxide, L-Carnitine, Rosemary Extract, Preserved With Mixed Tocopherols And Citric Acid. Image and ingredient list from Royal Canin website (2023) 34 Commercial Product Examples What are the sources of protein in commercial product 1? Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide. What are the sources of fat in commercial product 1? Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide. What are the starch and fiber sources in commercial product 1? Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  Commercial products 2 Chicken, Chicken By-Product Meal, Ground Whole Grain Corn, Corn Grits, Corn Gluten Meal, Dried Plain Beet Pulp, Chicken Fat (preserved with Mixed Tocopherols), Natural Flavor, Dried Egg Product, Sodium Bisulfate, Potassium Chloride, Brewers Dried Yeast, Fish Oil (preserved with Mixed Tocopherols), Calcium Carbonate, Choline Chloride, DL-Methionine, Fructooligosaccharides, Vitamins (Vitamin E Supplement, Niacin, Ascorbic Acid, Vitamin A Acetate, Calcium Pantothenate, Biotin, Thiamine Mononitrate (source of Vitamin B1), Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (Source of Vitamin B6), Vitamin B12 Supplement, Riboflavin Supplement (source of Vitamin B2), Inositol, Vitamin D3 Supplement, Folic Acid), Taurine, Minerals (Zinc Oxide, Manganese Sulfate, Copper Sulfate, Potassium Iodide), L-Carnitine, Rosemary Extract. Image and ingredient list from IAMS website (2023) 38 Commercial Product Examples  Commercial products 3 Chicken, Water, Soy Oil, Tapioca Starch, Powdered Cellulose, Dried Plain Beet Fiber, Calcium Carbonate, Soy Lecithin, Choline Chloride, Salt, Ascorbic Acid, Minerals [Magnesium Sulfate, Zinc Sulfate, Manganese Sulfate], Xanthan Gum, Vitamins [Alpha-Tocopherol Acetate (Vitamin E), Niacin Supplement, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (Vitamin B6), Thiamine Mononitrate (Vitamin B1), D-Calcium Pantothenate (Vitamin B5), Riboflavin Supplement (Vitamin B2), Vitamin B12 Supplement, Biotin, Folic Acid], Ferrous Sulfate, Vitamin A Supplement, Beta Carotene, Copper Sulfate, Vitamin D3 Supplement, Potassium Iodide, Sodium Selenite. Image and ingredient list from Cesar website (2023) 39 Commercial Product Examples What are the sources of protein in commercial product 3? Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide. What are the sources of fat in commercial product 3? Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  nogained Commercial products 4 and 5 Rabbit, Water Sufficient for Processing, Liver, Guar Gum. Peanut Butter, Rice, Water for processing, Oats, Potatoes, Cane Sugar, Vegetable Glycerin, Malted Barley, Potato Protein, Salt, Dried Cultured Whey Product, Citric Acid for freshness, Cherries, Natural Flavor, Vinegar, Turmeric Spice, Vitamin E Supplement, Zinc Proteinate, Mixed Tocopherols for freshness Images and ingredient lists from Evanger’s and Zuke’s websites (2023) 42 Commercial Product Examples  balanced Commercial product 6 Chicken By-Product Meal, Ground Corn, Animal Fat (preserved with Mixed Tocopherols), Brewers Rice, Wheat Flour, Dried Meat By-Products, Natural Flavors, Brewers Dried Yeast, Potassium Chloride, Choline Chloride, Salt, Taurine, DL-Methionine, Calcium Carbonate, DL-Alpha Tocopherol Acetate (source of Vitamin E), Zinc Sulfate, Natural Salmon Flavor, Natural Shrimp Flavor, Mixed Tocopherols (preservative), Red #40, Dried Cheese, Copper Sulfate, Vitamin A Acetate, Niacin Supplement, Vitamin B12 Supplement, Riboflavin Supplement, Manganese Sulfate, Thiamine Mononitrate, D-Calcium Pantothenate, Biotin, Vitamin D3 Supplement, Potassium Iodide, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (Vitamin B6), Folic Acid. Image and ingredient list from Temptations website (2023) 43 Commercial Product Examples  “How do we ensure dogs and cats receive all essential nutrients if being fed a cooked homemade diet?” Year 1 Professional Skills lecture: Focused on client conversations and basics of homemade diet formulations Let’s look at an example!  Homemade diet recipe Nutrient profile created by J Parr using Balance IT (2023) 45 Homemade Diet Examples  cooking moreexpensive 4,1114k after rEtbrmouuiation Amino Acids useannobif.IE 200 1,000 Fatty Acids send to lab Omega-6 addedaftercooking G Fatty Acids Starches Sodium, Cooked Chloride, Iodine Calcium homemade (NO Vitamin D) diet recipe Vitamins, Minerals, Choline Fiber Recipe created by J Parr using Balance IT (2023) 46 Homemade Diet Examples  Example: Large Animal Rations How do we ensure large animals receive all essential nutrients?  Large animal rations Figure created by C Ryan (2023) 48 Large Animal Rations  extruded kibble pellet Complete feed example Nutrient profile and images from Purina Mills website (2023) 49 Large Animal Diet Examples Nutrient Metabolism Overview of the metabolic pathways  Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010) 51 Nutrient Metabolism  Water Soluble B Vitamins: Required for proper function of all metabolic DNA and RNA: pathways Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) carries the genetic code (in nucleotides) for specific Phospholipids: proteins Cell membrane structure (e.g., lipid bilayer) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) consists of nucleotides codes that are translated into amino acid sequences Amino acid metabolism: Production of non- essential amino acids, cellular proteins, and urea (from ammonia) Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010) 52 Nutrient Metabolism  Glycolysis: Converts glucose to pyruvate and produces energy (ATP) Gluconeogenesis: Formation of new glucose from non-glucose sources The Citric Acid Cycle (TCA)/Krebs Cycle: Connects glucose, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism through acetyl-CoA Produces energy (ATP) Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010) 53 Nutrient Metabolism  Glycogenesis: Formation of glycogen (storage form) from glucose Glycogenolysis: Breakdown of glycogen (storage form) into glucose Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010) 54 Nutrient Metabolism  Figure from Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010) 55 Nutrient Metabolism  Electron transport chain: Group of proteins and organic molecules found in the inner membrane of mitochondria Chain members transfer electrons in a series of oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions to form a proton gradient that drives energy (ATP) production Primary source of energy (ATP) production Figure from Science Facts website: https://www.sciencefacts.net/electron-transport-chain.html (2024) 56 Nutrient Metabolism  Contact Information Dr. Jackie Parr (she/her) Board-Certified Veterinary Nutritionist® Nestlé Purina Petcare Clinical Assistant Professor of Nutrition Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605 Email: [email protected] Service: [email protected] Mobile: +1-762-234-0074 Ideally, we will focus on answering questions during our scheduled laboratory sessions