2024 Nutritional advice for Dogs and Cats PDF

04/11/2024 Providing nutritional advice for dogs and cats – differences in nutritional requirements Dr Teresa Hollands #universityofsurrey...

04/11/2024 Providing nutritional advice for dogs and cats – differences in nutritional requirements Dr Teresa Hollands #universityofsurrey 1 1 Learning outcome Describe how to advise suitable food for companion animals Learning objectives:- 1. Describe the different nutrient requirements for dogs & cats Give examples of specific micronutrients (vitamins or minerals) that are essential for cats as an obligate carnivore List micronutrients that are essential for dogs 2. Explain the animal details needed to prepare a nutritional prescription already covered but 3. Describe the details you need to collect on the pet’s diet to have put some advise a ration as part of a nutritional prescription Use the information on the label slides in here for Explain the pros and cons of wet vs extruded context List advantages and disadvantages of raw food Advise a ration 4. List the steps need to provide robust, evidence based nutritional advice Identify reliable sources of nutritional information Use captured data Outline what might be needed in a diet report for the client and steps that might be taken to support that client if diet changes are required 2 2 1  04/11/2024 Nutritional requirements- Pets 1. Similarities &differences Digestive system differences and similarities- already covered Directly effects 1. Feeding behaviour 2. Differences in nutritional requirements 3 3 Natural eating behaviours Relate to digestive system What are the clues? Cats Obligate (strict) carnivores eat 12-20 meals/day (8-12 mice/24hrs) 2ml water/g dry food, Dog Facilitative carnivores/ voluntary omnivores anatomical carnivores/physiological omnivores Berries, fruit, plants large & small prey Daily energy needs in a few minutes in 1 meal Can eat 10-17% of BW as meat http://frontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1742-9994-11-30 4 2  04/11/2024 Remember the specialisation Requirements relate to digestive system ‘Capture of food’ Mouth and teeth Stomach Small intestine Large Intestine Specific breed differences 5 5 Differences in carbohydrate digestion & absorption in the dog and cat - Small intestine The evidence Dog Cat Pancreatic amylase three times higher Cats exhibit lower activity of the compared to cats brush border enzymes Dogs adapt to high levels of dietary starch lower amounts of pancreatic better than cats amylase compared with dogs, Dogs able to consume up to 10g/kgBW Cats tolerate starch levels up to 4 without side-effects g/kg BW before diarrhoea results Dogs regulate the rate at which their small Cats = relatively unresponsive to intestines absorb monosaccharides varying levels of carbohydrate intake The genomic signature of dog domestication reveals adaptation to a starch-rich diet genomic adaptation to starch in the domesticated dog 6 3  04/11/2024 Practical feeding cats Advising CHOs Small frequent feedings over 1 or 2 large meals, results in a lower intake of carbohydrates per meal don’t eat much starch/meal even if % is high Carbohydrates in commercial feline foods provide 20%–40% of calories Protein = advise 2.3 to 5.2 g protein/ kg body weight. Vet Clin Small Anim 44 (2014) 699–717 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.03.007 7 7 Vitamins (small intestine) A&D Strong clues Cat doesn’t have β- carotenase Needs dietary preformed Vit A Preformed Vit A only found in meat products:- obligate carnivore Vit D Dogs need dietary source as get rickets when kept on deficient diets but under UV light Emerson et al., (2014) , American Journal of Veterinary Research; 75 (4): 8 4  04/11/2024 Protein Taurine (amino-sulphonic acid) and cats Clue Cats cannot synthesise taurine from sulphur containing aa (dogs can) needed as intermediary step in formation of bile: cannot derive bile salts in absence of taurine Is not found in plants(except some algae) therefore needs meat obligate carnivore McCusker, S et al., (2014). Amino acid content of selected plant, algae and insect species: a search for alternative protein sources for use in pet foods. Journal of nutritional science, 3, e39. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2014.33 9 Care advising cheap food for cats Using the evidence Taurine deficiency Check ingredients Low energy feeds, mainly cereals – poor quality protein Cats on diets with high % of poor- quality protein in diets increases gastrointestinal loss of taurine, Dogs on poor quality diets = reduced sulfur amino acid bioavailability in dietary ingredients that are heat processed, e.g. rendered meat meal J. Nutr. 136: 2525–2533, 2006. 10 10 5  04/11/2024 Fats S&F 1 Essential fatty acids- 0.2 g AA/kg diet Arachidonic Acid (AA) Cats – Fish oils Cannot make their own arachidonic acid even in the presence clue of adequate linoleic AA is a 20-carbon polyunsaturated acid fatty acid derived from linoleic acid. Part of glycerophospholipids in No delta-6- the lipid bilayer of the plasma desaturase enzyme membrane especially in nervous to convert linoleic to system, skeletal muscle, and immune Arachidonic. system Found in poultry, animal organs and Dogs – meat, fish, seafood, and eggs Can convert linoleic acid. https://www.ukpetfood.org/resource/vegetarian-and-vegan-diets-factsheet.html 11 Large intestine Dog Fibre fermentation is between 7-35% Starch digestion varies from 15-100%. 10% water absorbed from large bowel Cat Cat smaller caecum compared to dog Limits the cat’s ability to use poorly digestible starches 12 6  04/11/2024 Large intestine/vitamins/ fermentation Niacin part of cell respiration Cats do not convert tryptophan to niacin (B3) Niacin is found in large quantities in yeast, animal/fish by-products, All animals can develop B vit deficiencies if hind gut health cereals, legumes and oil compromised – be aware of seeds diarrhoea B vits produced by microorganisms as by- The niacin requirements of product of fermentation cats is 4X > than dogs Deficiencies = anorexia, diarrhoea, ulcers, poor coat, respiratory distress 13 Not all fibre is equal Remember that fibre is a carbohydrate Soluble and insoluble. Using the evidence A balanced canine diet should include both types of fibre. Common sources of fibre in dog food Soya grain hulls, grains, beet pulp, and chicory. Bosch et al., (2009), The effects of dietary fibre type on satiety-related hormones and voluntary food intake in dogs. British Journal of Nutrition, 102, 318–325 14 7  04/11/2024 Insoluble dietary fibre Plays a critical role in maintaining GIT health is not fermentable nor digestible (cellulose) provides bulk and helps waste products move through the large intestine to be excreted,(plant fibre) stimulates gut motility 15 15 Soluble fibre Cereal grain cell walls fermented to polysaccharides = VFAs/ SCFAs by bacteria in the large heteroxylans/ arabinoxylans intestine SCFAs stimulate production / secretion of hormones related to satiety in GIT Improves intestinal immune function 80 % of the antibody production of the body takes place locally in the gut lamina Maintains gut barrier integrity. Nutrients for mucosal cells of gut Create unfavourable conditions for pathogens Bosch et al., (2009), The effects of dietary fibre type on satiety-related hormones and voluntary food intake in dogs. British Journal of Nutrition, 102, 318–325 16 16 8  04/11/2024 Why is fibre included in a dog’s diet? Using the evidence Weight management. Foods that are higher in fibre can decrease the calorie density of the diet, but maintain intake /reduces hunger Improved stool quality. well-formed and solid (but not too hard) Help with anal sac glands. Insoluble fibre promotes bulkier stool formation, puts pressure on the sacs, helps express/ empty the sacs naturally 17 17 Summary of clues Nutrient Dog Cat Vit A /retinol Convert plant carotenoids to Require preformed active active Vit A Vit A Vit B3, niacin Convert from tryptophan Can’t convert from tryptophan, needs dietary source Arginine Synthesis from citrulline, not V sensitive to low levels of Source of nitric oxide, sensitive to low levels in dietary arginine removes urea and effects diet (hyperammonaemia) blood flow Taurine Can manufacture if fed Need dietary source Lowers blood pressure, sulphur containing amino Critical for retinal and calms sympathetic nervous acids cardiac muscle system development in cats Reduces incidence of congestive heart failure Fatty acids Known requirement for Needs arachidonic acid linoleic acid from animal fat i.e. obligate carnivore Glucose/fat/protein handling Tolerate fasting Can’t tolerate fasting= hepatic lipidosis, can’t mobilise fat 18 18 9  04/11/2024 Dogs – omnivores or carnivores? Omnivore Carnivore 19 19 Cats– omnivores or carnivores? Omnivore Carnivore 20 20 10  04/11/2024 LO 2 Explain the animal details needed to prepare a nutritional prescription Slides 25-31 hidden in lecture Some covered in 1st 2 lectures of term #universityofsurrey 21 21 Animal details- common to all species 1.Fat/condition score check slide 4 lecture 3a; how/when to weigh a pet What clues do you need? 2.Bodyweight 3.Exercise levels 4.(Age ) 22 22 11  04/11/2024 Diet Assessment Apply what you have learnt Common steps Common problems Common solutions Differences Slides 26-32 will be hidden A basic nutritional consult in a small animal practice setting 23 Age – part of signalment Different requirements according to age & lifestage Puppies In reproduction Lactation module Growth Old Later Working Different products to meet the different requirements 24 24 12  04/11/2024 Use the evidence required to provide nutritional advice Demonstrate knowledge of BCS/BFS as a measure of calorie intake by explaining technique to client Identify typical weights of breeds (or show resources, you would use) Establish age of animal 25 25 Body fat (condition ) scoring Engage client in first appraisal Teach client how to body fat score Encourage client to record fortnightly Provide record card 26 26 13  04/11/2024 Body Fat Scoring Semi objective method of assessing an animalʼs fat stores PALPATION IS KEY! EMACIATED THIN IDEAL OVERWEIGHT OBESE 1 2 3 4 5 http://www.pfma.org.uk/_assets/docs/weigh-in-wednesday/pet-size-o-meter-dog.pdf 27 Body fat scoring Palpating fat over the skeleton Fat cover is evaluated over the ribs, down the topline around the tail base along the abdomen Look for waist and tuck Evidence based https://www.ukpetfood.org/spotlight-on-obesity/tools-fact-sheets-for-weight-management.html 28 28 14  04/11/2024 Bodyweight Step 1 or 2 depends on weighbridge position Often situated between waiting & consult rooms Remember note weight on dog’s records Are there any historical weights to compare? Can you plot a graph? How does it compare to average weights for that breed? (how different in %) Is weight loss, weight gain required? 29 29 LO for Typical breed weight charts AHEMS? Use resources – but become familiar with common breeds Will be hidden 30 30 15  04/11/2024 Ask questions to determine if eating too many calories © Hillʼs Pet Nutrition, Inc. 31 Exercise? ( workload) The evidence Dog owners walk their dogs daily To a total of around 3.5hrs/ week Dog walkers = 2000 more steps 13 mins more of moderate-to- vigorous physical activity /day 4 X more likely to meet current physical activity guidelines compared to non-owners Good for dogs, good for owners J Westgarth, C., Christley, R.M., Jewell, C. et al. Dog owners are more likely to meet physical activity guidelines than people without a dog: An investigation of the association between dog ownership and physical activity levels in a UK community. Sci Rep 9, 5704 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41254-6 32 32 16  04/11/2024 Ask questions – be aware of context How long are dogs walked for? Gundog, pastoral and working groups more likely to be exercised for ≥ ½ hr compared to toy, utility, terrier and hound groups. Difference in time dependant on size Almost half of the dogs exercised for < ½ hr were small dogs 33 Pickup E, German AJ, Blackwell E, Evans M, Westgarth C. Variation in activity levels amongst dogs of different breeds: results of a large online survey of dog owners from the UK. J Nutr Sci. 2017 Apr 17;6:e10. doi: 10.1017/jns.2017.7. Erratum in: J Nutr Sci. 2021 Oct 21;10:e93. PMID: 28620485; PMCID: PMC5465859. 33 Record the details Does the practice software allow this? https://wsava.org/wp- content/uploads/2020/01/Diet-History-Form.pdf 34 17  04/11/2024 Learning outcome 3. Describe the details you need to collect on the pet’s diet to advise a ration as part of a nutritional prescription Use the information on the label Explain the pros and cons of wet vs extruded List advantages and disadvantages of raw food Advise a ration Just covered or these clues were used in reading labels lecture Slides 39-42 will be hidden #universityofsurrey 35 35 Remember to use the labeling on petfood You can already…. Explain the meaning of the different terms used on a label List how to obtain recommended feed quantities State the meaning of the ingredients list. Work out the recommended quantity of food from the feed guide - List the info from the label to justify your advice 36 36 18  04/11/2024 Explain the meaning of the different terms used on a label Go to pet shops– read labels become familiar with the terms (works for your own food and across all species) Ingredients list/ composition Analytical constituents Feed guide Manufacturer’s contact details Manufacturer’s number 37 37 Dietary History What else do you need to find out? Feeding Method & Frequency Treats? What TableDo You Need to Know About the food?… Animal’s Dietary History? 38 19  04/11/2024 Work out recommended quantities from feed label Weight gain/loss , fat/ thin? Are they feeding more/less than recommended- implication Do they need a metabolic product? Is the dog on the most http://www.zooplus.co.uk/shop/brand/hill appropriate product- s_science_plan/hills_prescription_diet/hil implication? ls_prescription_diet_metabolic/462472 http://www.zooplus.co.uk/shop/brand/hill Advise change s_science_plan/hills_prescription_diet/hil ls_prescription_diet_metabolic/496377 quantities providing too many Or a lo-cal product? calories at http://www.hillspet.com/products/sd- recommended intakes canine-adult-light-dry.html – advise change product 39 39 Some advisors talk about wet vs dry declarations Does it matter? Depends….. On what you are trying to work out ! https://www.pinterest.com/pin/12961929 5497020320/ 40 40 20  04/11/2024 Which provides more Protein? Moist Product intake Dry Product -intake 350g 1.2kg (1200g) 10% moisture 75% moisture 18% protein 10% protein 12% fat 8% fat 32% CHO 9% CHO 41 How much protein is the dog eating? Wet Food Dry food 10% of 1200g 18% of 350g = 63g = 120g protein Remember animals do not eat % Most pet foods are complete and are thus the analysis is provided on an as fed basis 42 42 21  04/11/2024 Feeding dogs and cats – providing advice LO 4 List the steps need to provide robust, evidence based nutritional advice #universityofsurrey 43 43 Product- which one what might be needed in Think a diet report for the client about steps that might be taken to support that client if diet changes are required 44 44 22  04/11/2024 Product or brand? Base your choice of product/manufacturer on evidence not adjectives Does the front of bag reflect the ingredient list Do they provide a helpline call with a standard question and rate answers Are they a member of a recognised association? 45 45 Choosing a brand Do they employ nutritionists (qualified, not sales/customer reps) Are their claims based on research Don’t be too sucked in with ratings websites; check the credentials of the product Is the product labelled legally? 46 46 23  04/11/2024 Choosing a brand Does their advice complement the basic anatomical/physiological facts, you learnt your anatomy module? Are they happy to discuss /find out extra info for you? Do they have a range of foods that are suitable for the type of pets you see puppy, adult, lite, old 47 47 Choosing a product Owner-related:- Type of diet they prefer Humanisation of animal Management of animal General level of understanding of diet and health links Communication 48 24  04/11/2024 Clinical / preventative nutrition = continuous process Iterative Process ASSESSMENT Assess the patient, Animal food and feeding Food method Feeding Method Develop feeding plan including food choice and feeding method Food Follow up and monitor Feeding Method Preventative health FEEDING PLAN 49 Client compliance Make them part of your team Engage the client in decision making define expectations Provide recommendations may be modified by the client’s time lifestyle financial limitations. Use communication techniques based on client preferences. Journal of Small Animal Practice Vol 00 June 2011 © 2011 WSAVA 50 50 25  04/11/2024 Client care Keep them on side Inform clients about specific foods, potential advantages, risks and concerns. Recommendations on amount and frequency of diet fed, Account for snacks, treats, table food, foods used for medication administration, and dietary supplements. 51 51 Client care Keep them on side – not just about ration Discuss enriching their pet’s nutritional experience interacting with them at feeding providing food toys Qualify exercise playing and exercising with their pet 52 52 26  04/11/2024 Client compliance Make them part of your team Use a variety of educational approaches and tools engage the client in their pet’s care Expectations and goals specific, achievable Specific follow-up monitor progress and compliance adjust recommendations. Use evidence based approach 53 53 In summary Know the differences between cats’ and dogs’ nutrient requirements Obtain an accurate diet history Recognise physical signs of under and over nutrition Obtain a body fat score https://youtu.be/Zih1jT_pUgQ INVOLVE THE OWNER Obtain bodyweight Determine workload/exercise level Explain your advice using label info and your knowledge of dog and cat requirements 54 27  04/11/2024 Extra reading – preventative medicine Subclinical cecal impaction in a dog ultrasonography-of-the-canine-and-feline- caecum-or-cecum Clinical findings in cats with dilated cardiomyopathy and relationship of findings to taurine deficiency Anal sac disease in dogs #universityofsurrey 55 55 28