Biology Reviewer PDF

BIOLOGY REVIEWER COMPLETE FLOWER - has all main parts; spelas, petlas, stamens, and ★ PLANT REPRODUCTION pistils 1. Flowers - reproductive shoots of the BISEXUAL...

BIOLOGY REVIEWER COMPLETE FLOWER - has all main parts; spelas, petlas, stamens, and ★ PLANT REPRODUCTION pistils 1. Flowers - reproductive shoots of the BISEXUAL AND UNISEXUAL FLOWERS angiospern 2. Receptacle - where floral organs Bisexual - have both male and are attached female reproductive parts in the 3. Reproductive Organs - stamens same flower and carpels 4. Sterile- sepals and petal Unisexual - have either only male or 5. Sepals - enclose and protect the only female reproductive parts, not floral bud before it opens (green both and leaflike in appearance) 6. Petals- brightly colored than sepals Other types of plant reproduction: and attract the flower to insects 1. Vegetative Reproduction and other pollinators - Part of the plant 7. Filament - stalk grows into a new 8. Anther- contains pollen sacks plant 9. Style- long slender neck - Chrysanthemum is 10. Stigma -sticky landing platfom of propagated by stem pollen cutting 11. Ovary - contains one or - Sweet potato’s roots more ovules, depending on are used for the species vegetative 12. Pistil - refer to a single carpel reproduction or to a group of fused 2. Spore Formation carpels. - Asexual form of reproduction - Surrounded by a thick cell wall for protection - Once spores are formed, organisms release them to grow and thrive ★ ANIMAL REPRODUCTION INCOMPLETE FLOWER - is missing one or more of these parts; it might ASEXUAL lack petals or stamens - Enables animals living in isolation to produce offspring without locating  mates and create numerous into the water offspring in a short amount of time simultaneously - Fish, amphibians, sexual SEXUAL aquating animals (except - Increases genetic variability by for aquatic mammals. generating unique combinations of Sharks, other types of fish) genes inherited from two parents ★ REPRODUCTIVE VARIATIONS ➔ ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 1. Fission A. Metagenesis - Separation of a parent into - “Transformation and two or more indiciduals of development” approximately equal size - Alternation of asexual and - Sea Anemone sexual variations - hydrozoan Obelia, a polyp 2. Budding generation gives - New individuals arise from rise by budding to a outgrowths of existing ones generation of medusas - Cnidarians and tunicates then produce gametes and 3. Fragmentation reproduce - Breaking of the body into sexually, giving rise to new several pieces (some generations of develops into adults) polyps - Flatworms B. Parthenogenesis 4. Regeneration - “Virgin development - Regrowth of lost body parts; - Unfertilized egg develops usually accompanied with into an adult animal fragmentation - Used to maintain social - Sea Stars order - Adaptation for the means of ➔ SEXUAL REPRODUCTION survival 1. Internal Fertilization - Example : Honey Bees - Male delivers sperm cells direcetly into the body of the C. Hermaphroditism female - Single organism produces - Terrestrial animals, few fish , both egg and sperm and some aquatic animals - Do not reproduct by self-fertilization 2. External fertilization - Example: earth worms - Mating partners usually release eggs and sperms ➔ HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS  the basis of their seed structure. 1. Monocot - Single leaf - Absorbs digested food from endosperm - Seeds surrounded with a protective seed coat 2. Dicot - Two cotyledons - Beans, peas, maple seeds - Food storage organs Primary Meristems - Controls the growth of the plant - Give rise to tissues such as xylem ★ PLANT DEVELOPMENT and phloem Gymnosperms - BOTH male and female They are a group of Abscission seed-producing plants - Plants shed one of their parts Includes conifers, cycads, (weakness) Ginkgo, and gnetophytes. Gymnosperm means “naked ★ ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT seeds” that is based on the unenclosed condition of 1. Yolk - food for developing embryo their seeds. 2. Cleavage- zygote undergoes rapid Angiosperms - plant that has flowers and mitosis produces seeds enclosed within carpel. 3. Morula - tiny cluster of cells in the large group and include embryo after 16 cell stage herbaceous plants, shrubs, 4. Blastocyst- hollow bills that grasses, and most trees eventually becomes nutritive divided into the monocots membranes and the dicots, mostly on  5. Implantation - occurs in the - Example : dodder endometrium that starts on the 7th - Holoparasite : dependent on its day to 9th day host (completely) - Hemiparasites : fully photosynthetic and only use the host for water and minerals ★ ANIMAL NUTRITION NUTRIENT PURPOSE CARBOHYDRATE Major energy source PROTEIN Major energy source for building enzymes, hormones, bones and muscles ★ PLANT NUTRITION 1. Autotrophs FATS For building cell - Obtain energy from membrane and serve sunlight and as energy source chemicals to produce their own TYPES OF ANIMALS BASED ON FEEDING food MECHANISMS a. Photoautotrophic Organisms - Energy from the sun and inorganic substances 1. Substrate Feeders (water, co2) to produce food - Animals that live in or on their food source (caterpillars live on leaves) b. Chemoautotropic organisms 2. Filter Feeders - Energy from chemicals - Aquatic animals which draw in (hydrogen, sulfide, sulfure, water and strain small organisms ammonia) to create simple and food particles present in the organic substances medium - Whales and coelenterates 2. Heterotrophs 3. Fluid Feeders - Cannot make their own food and - Suck fluids containing liquid from a obtain energy from other living organism orn host organisms (mosquitoes suck blood from humans) ➔ PLANT PARASITE 4. Bulk Feeders - Depends on host for survival  - Eat relatively large chunks of food Herbivorous - organisms that take and have adaptations like only plants as source of their jaws,teeth, tentacles, claws to energy. secure food Carnivorous - organisms that eat meat from other animals. Omnivorous - organisms that take OTHER MODES OF NUTRITION both plants and animals. 1. Photoautotrophic - organisms that directly use the energy from the sun and other inorganic substances, such as water and carbon dioxide, to form food. 2. Chemoautotrophic - organisms usually living in extreme environments that use chemicals to create simpler organic substances. 3. Saprophytic - organisms obtain their nutrients from dead organic matter. They secrete digestive juices to the surroundings, which will be later absorbed through their body surfaces. 4. Parasitic - organisms take food from another organism. It is exhibited by some plants and animals. Parasite: organism that takes the food Host: organism where food is taken. Ectoparasitism - parasite is outside the body of the host. Endoparasitism - parasite is inside the body of the host. 5. Holozoic - organisms ingest solid or liquid food. The food is then digested and absorbed by the body.