Current Affairs August 2024 PDF

Live - online / Offline Classes Building Mental Resilience for UPSC CSE with VisionIAS Student Wellness Cell The UPSC Civil Services Examination is one of the most prestigious exams in the country, bringing immense professional and personal satisfaction. However, the journey often involves overcoming loneliness, intense competition pressure, anxiety, and other psychological challenges. These issues can impact both your preparation and overall well-being. At VisionIAS, we recognize the multifaceted nature of this journey. To support our students comprehensively, we have established a dedicated Student Wellness Cell. Since April 2024, our highly professional psychologists and experienced professionals have provided confidential and mindful support as per student needs. From Stress Management to Academic Excellence Enhancing Academic Professional Mental Well-Supported Performance: Health Support: Mind for Excellence: Effective stress Seeking professional help Mental well-being is management contributes is crucial for success in essential for achieving to better academic UPSC preparation. success in UPSC exams. outcomes. Comprehensive Safe and Non-Judgmental Confidential and Wellness Cell: Environment: Structured Support: Addressing various issues A space for students to Multiple, structured impacting mental health discuss issues and receive sessions based on the and academic personalized support. severity of the issues. performance. Common Issues and Our Approach Our counseling services have addressed a variety of issues, including: Anxiety and Hopelessness: Using Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) to promote positive thinking. Lack of Motivation and Focus: Introducing time management strategies and SMART goal-setting. Emotional Struggles: Providing a safe space for expression and techniques such as journaling and progressive muscle relaxation. Social Isolation and Loneliness: Encouraging healthy social interactions and setting personal boundaries. Family and Personal Issues: Offering advice on coping with family dynamics, Scan the QR code personal loss, and significant life stressors. for more details To support the larger student community, VisionIAS is now extending our counseling and wellness support to all students preparing for UPSC CSE, regardless of their coaching institute affiliation. Schedule a session by visiting our office at Apsara Arcade near Karol Bagh Metro Station or emailing [email protected]. Remember, seeking help is a sign of strength, not weakness. AHMEDABAD BENGALURU BHOPAL CHANDIGARH DELHI GUWAHATI HYDERABAD JAIPUR JODHPUR LUCKNOW PRAYAGRAJ PUNE RANCHI Table of Contents 1. POLITY AND GOVERNANCE ________________4 3.8.6. Banking Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2024 introduced 1.1. Sub-classification of Schedules Castes________ 4 in Lok Sabha _________________________________ 62 1.2. Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) __________ 6 3.8.7. RBI revised NPAs Provision Norms for Co-operative Banks _______________________________________ 63 1.3. Citizen Participation towards Good Governance 3.8.8. Front Running ___________________________ 63 __________________________________________ 8 3.8.9. White Category Sectors ___________________ 63 1.4. Lateral Entry in Civil Services ______________ 10 3.8.10. Climate Resilient and Biofortified Varieties of 1.5. Surrogate Advertisements ________________ 12 Crops Released _______________________________ 64 1.6. Uniform Civil Code (UCC) _________________ 14 3.8.11. Open Market Sale Scheme (OMSS) (Domestic) 64 1.7. Legislative Impact Assessment ____________ 16 3.8.12. NITI Aayog’s Report on Seaweed Value Chain 64 1.8. News in Shorts _________________________ 18 3.8.13. Grain ATM _____________________________ 65 1.8.1. State of Infrastructure in District Courts ______ 18 3.8.14. Jan Poshan Kendras _____________________ 66 1.8.2. Anticipatory Bail under SC/ST Act____________ 18 3.8.15. Bharatiya Vayuyan Vidheyak 2024 Introduced in 1.8.3. Delimitation Commission __________________ 19 the Lok Sabha ________________________________ 66 1.8.4. Boilers Bill, 2024 introduced in Rajya Sabha ___ 19 3.8.16. QCI Surajya Recognition & Ranking Framework 66 2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ______________21 3.8.17. Lithium Reserves in India _________________ 67 2.1. India and Global South ___________________ 21 3.8.18. Tantalum ______________________________ 68 2.1.1. Global Development Compact ______________ 23 4. SECURITY _____________________________ 69 2.2. 10 Years of India’s Act East Policy __________ 24 4.1. 25 years of India’s Nuclear doctrine ________ 69 2.2.1. India Vietnam Relations ___________________ 26 4.2. News in Shorts _________________________ 71 2.2.2. India Malaysia Relations ___________________ 27 4.2.1. India’s First Reusable Hybrid Rocket Named 2.3. India-Central And Eastern Europe Relations __ 29 RHUMI-1 Launched ____________________________ 71 2.3.1. India-Poland Relationship __________________ 31 4.2.2. Astra Mark 1 Missiles _____________________ 71 2.4. India-Ukraine Relationship _______________ 31 4.2.3. Man Portable Anti-tank Guided Missile_______ 71 2.5. Para-Diplomacy ________________________ 33 4.2.4. GAURAV _______________________________ 72 4.2.5. Exercises in News ________________________ 72 2.6. South China Sea Tensions & International Trade _________________________________________ 35 5. ENVIRONMENT ________________________ 73 2.7. News in Shorts _________________________ 37 5.1. The Disaster Management (Amendment) Bill, 2.7.1. Indian American Diaspora __________________ 37 2024 _____________________________________ 73 2.7.2. India elected as Vice-Chair of IPEF’s Supply Chain 5.1.1. Technology in Disaster Management & Risk Council ______________________________________ 38 Reduction (DMRR) ____________________________ 74 2.7.3. Saint Martin’s Island ______________________ 38 5.2. Renewable Energy (RE) in India ____________ 76 2.7.4. Kursk Region ____________________________ 39 5.3. Sea Level Rise __________________________ 78 2.7.5. Errata __________________________________ 39 5.4. River Linking Project _____________________ 80 3. ECONOMY _____________________________40 5.5. News in Shorts _________________________ 83 3.1. New Schemes for Agriculture Sector ________ 40 5.5.1. State Action Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC) _ 83 3.1.1. Digital Agriculture Mission _________________ 42 5.5.2. Gross Environment Product Index ___________ 83 3.1.2. Livestock Sector in India ___________________ 44 5.5.3. World Bank released “The Impact of Climate 3.1.3. Horticulture Sector in India _________________ 45 Change on Education” Report ___________________ 84 3.2. National Pest Surveillance System (NPSS)____ 48 5.5.4. Climate Finance Action Fund (CFAF) _________ 84 3.3. Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana ____________ 50 5.5.5. EU Nature Restoration Law ________________ 84 5.5.6. Aquatic Deoxygenation ___________________ 85 3.4. Creative Economy _______________________ 52 5.5.7. India’s Three More Wetlands Added to Ramsar 3.5. Model Skill Loan Scheme _________________ 54 Sites List ____________________________________ 85 3.6. Transit Oriented Development ____________ 56 5.5.8. “The State of the World’s Mangroves 2024” Report 3.7. Long-Term Capital Gains (LTCG) & Indexation ____________________________________________ 86 Benefit ___________________________________ 59 5.5.9. Methanotrophs__________________________ 86 3.8. News in Shorts _________________________ 60 5.5.10. Ceropegia Shivrayiana ___________________ 86 3.8.1. UN Global Tax Treaty _____________________ 60 5.5.11. Neelakurinji____________________________ 87 3.8.2. Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) _______________ 61 5.5.12. Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC) __ 87 3.8.3. Debt-for-Development Swaps (Debt Swaps) ___ 61 5.5.13. Integrated Fire Management (IFM) Voluntary 3.8.4. World Trade Statistical Review (WTSR) 2023 ___ 61 Guidelines Updates ____________________________ 87 3.8.5. Global Employment Trends (GET) for Youth 2024 5.5.14. SOP for Green Tug Transition Program (GTTP) Report ______________________________________ 62 launched ____________________________________ 88 1 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 5.5.15. Polar Coupled Analysis and Prediction for Services 7.6.2. Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4) ___________________ 108 (PCAPS) _____________________________________ 89 7.6.3. Ladakh as Martian/Lunar Analogue _________ 108 5.5.16. Atmospheric Rivers ______________________ 89 7.6.4. Technological Doping ____________________ 109 5.5.17. Indian Ocean Structures Named Ashok, 7.6.5. Antimatter ____________________________ 109 Chandragupt and Kalpataru _____________________ 89 7.6.6. Thorium Molten Salt Nuclear Plant _________ 109 5.5.18. Deepest Rock Sample from Earth’s Mantle 7.6.7. Plant Genome Editing Tool ‘ISDra2TnpB’ ____ 110 Obtained ____________________________________ 90 7.6.8. WHO declared Mpox PHEIC _______________ 110 6. SOCIAL ISSUES _________________________92 7.6.9. Dengue _______________________________ 111 6.1. Safety of Healthcare Professional __________ 92 7.9.10. Serosurvey ___________________________ 111 6.2. Mental Health of Students ________________ 93 7.6.11. Hayflick Limit _________________________ 111 7.6.12. Biosurfactants _________________________ 112 6.3. News in Shorts _________________________ 95 6.3.1. UNESCO released ‘Sport and Gender Equality Game 8. CULTURE ____________________________ 113 Plan’ ________________________________________ 95 8.1. Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) ___ 113 6.3.2. NIRF Ranking 2024 _______________________ 96 8.2. News in Shorts ________________________ 114 6.3.3. Adolescents in India ______________________ 96 8.2.1. Gallantry Awards _______________________ 114 6.3.4. Model Foster Care Guidelines, 2024 _________ 97 8.2.2. National Film Awards ____________________ 115 6.3.5. Bagless Days ____________________________ 97 8.2.3. Errata_________________________________ 115 6.3.6. Habitat Rights for Juanga Tribe______________ 97 9. ETHICS ______________________________ 116 7. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ______________99 9.1. Emotional Intelligence __________________ 116 7.1. BioE3 Policy (Biotechnology for Economy, 9.2. Social Influence and Persuasion in times of Social Environment and Employment) _______________ 99 Media and Influencers______________________ 118 7.2. National Space Day ____________________ 101 10. SCHEMES IN NEWS ___________________ 121 7.3. Fixed Dose Combination Drugs ___________ 103 10.1. AgriSURE (Agri Fund for Start-ups & Rural 7.4. A1 and A2 Milk ________________________ 105 Enterprises) Scheme _______________________ 121 7.5. Directed Energy Weapons _______________ 106 10.2. PM KUSUM __________________________ 122 7.6. News in Shorts ________________________ 107 11. PLACES IN NEWS _____________________ 124 7.6.1. ISRO launches Earth Observation Satellite EOS-08 12. PERSONALITIES IN NEWS ______________ 125 ___________________________________________ 107 2 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Copyright © by Vision IAS All rights are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of Vision IAS. 3 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 1. POLITY AND GOVERNANCE 1.1. SUB-CLASSIFICATION OF SCHEDULES CASTES Why in the News? Recently, a 7-Judge Constitutional Bench of the Supreme Court, in State of Punjab & Others v Davinder Singh & Others case, held that sub-classification of Scheduled Castes (SCs) is permissible to grant separate quotas for more backwards within the SC categories. More on the News 7-judge Constitution Bench was essentially considering two aspects: o whether sub-classification within reserved castes be allowed, and o correctness of the decision in E. V. Chinnaiah v. State of Andhra Pradesh (2005), which held that SCs notified under Article 341 formed one homogenous group and could not be sub-categorized further. Previously, in 2014, the Supreme Court in Davinder Singh v. State of Punjab referred the appeal to reconsider the judgment in E.V. Chinnaiah Case (2004) to a 5-judge Constitution Bench. o In 2020, a 5-Judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court ruled that the E.V. Chinnaiah judgement, which prohibited sub-categorization of SCs, requires reconsideration. Key highlights of the Judgment Sub-classification within the SCs does not violate Article 341(2) because the castes are not per se included in or excluded from the List. Scope of sub-classification of SCs: o Objective of any form of affirmative action including sub-classification is to provide substantive equality of opportunity for the backward classes. ✓ Substantive equality refers to the principle that the law must account for the different backgrounds and historical injustices faced by persons or groups. o State can sub-classify based on inadequate representation of certain castes. However, the State must establish that the inadequacy of representation of a caste/group is because of its backwardness. o State must collect data on the inadequacy of representation in the “services of the State”. State cannot act on its whims or political expediency and its decision is amenable to judicial review. 4 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS State is not entitled to reserve 100% of the seats available for SCs in favour of a group to the exclusion of other castes in the President’s List. SCs notified under Article 341(1) of the Constitution are heterogeneous groups of castes, races or tribes with varying degrees of backwardness. Four of the seven judges on the Bench separately opined that the government should extend the “creamy layer principle” to SCs and STs. o However, the opinions do not constitute a direction to the government to implement the creamy layer concept, as the issue did not directly arise in this case. Arguments for sub-classification Arguments against sub-classification Substantive equality: Weakest first approach Unity and solidarity: Could divide the SC community, to empower the most marginalised among the weakening their collective voice and bargaining power. SCs and the STs. Purpose of reservation for SCs: Reservation as Governance: Sub-classification would ensure a reparation for historical injustice and not for economic diverse and efficient governance welfare. Heterogeneous groups: Prevalence of diverse Stigma of caste discrimination might not fade away groups and their varied struggles and degrees of with economic mobility: e.g., Oxfam’s India discrimination within the category of SCs. Discrimination Report 2022 highlights caste-based Legislative competence of Legislatures: Article discrimination in access to credit. 341 empowers the President to designate Data limitations: Absence of credible and communities as SCs, but after designation, state comprehensive caste census data of various caste legislative competence is activated under groups. Articles 246 in light of the Fundamental Rights o Socio Economic and Caste Census (SECC) 2011 enshrined under Articles 15(4) and 16(4). was refused to be made public citing entire dataset is o Article 246 deals with subject-matter of laws flawed and census unreliable. made by Parliament and Legislatures of Potential for misuse: Apprehensions of “potential States. political tinkering” by parties in power in States to expand vote banks. 5 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Conclusion In the wake of the recent Supreme Court judgment, it is crucial for policymakers to engage in comprehensive dialogue with all stakeholders, including SC community representatives, legal experts, and social scientists. In this regard, Government may constitute a commission on the lines of G. Rohini Commission (constituted for sub-categorization OBCs) with an aim to find a solution that addresses disparities within the SC category while preserving the unity and collective progress of the community as a whole. 1.2. CENTRALLY SPONSORED SCHEME (CSS) Why in the News? As part of the expenditure reforms, the NITI Aayog has initiated a process for revamping of Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSSs). More on the News Development Monitoring and Evaluation Office (DMEO) of the NITI Aayog has invited proposals to engage consultancy firms to support the evaluation of CSSs in nine broad sectors. These 9 sectors are: Agriculture and Allied Sector; Women and Child Development; Education, Urban Transformation & Skill Development; Rural Development Sector; Drinking water and sanitation; Health Sector; Water Resources, Environment and Forest Sector; and Social Inclusion, Law & Order and Justice Delivery. About Centrally Sponsored Schemes Definition: CSSs are Schemes that are funded jointly by centre and state and implemented through the State in sectors falling in the State and Concurrent Lists of the Constitution. Features: Current framework of the CSSs is based on the report by Sub-Group of Chief Minsters on Rationalisation of CSSs (2015). o Focus: The focus of CSSs should be on Schemes that comprise the National Development Agenda for realizing Vision 2022, where the Centre and States need to work together. o Current Status: Currently there are 75 CSSs in 3 categories and they constitute around 10.4% of the Centre’s budget expenditure. 6 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS o Funding: All transfers to States for CSSs are being routed through the Consolidated Fund of the State. ✓ Following the recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission (FC) and the abolition of Plan-Non Plan distinction from 2017, Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSSs) and Central Sector schemes (CSs) have become the primary mode of specific purpose transfers made by the Union to the States. o Funding pattern for Core Schemes: ✓ 8 North Eastern States and 3 Himalayan States: Centre: State is 90:10 ✓ Other States: Centre: State is 60:40 ✓ Union Territories: without Legislature, Centre 100%. o Monitoring: NITI to have concurrent jurisdiction in the monitoring of CSSs and also oversee Third-Party Evaluation. Rational of CSSs Principle of Subsidiarity: A central authority should have a subsidiary function, performing only those tasks which cannot be performed effectively at a more immediate or local level. Equalization of basic services across states: For example, Health Schemes ensure equalization of health services across states. Prioritising Merit Goods: Goods such as subsidised housing or social services, which predominantly help the poor, or health care services, have a strong claim on government resources. Directive Principles of State Policy: These should guide governments at all levels and provides the constitutional basis for national efforts in some areas, like removal of inequality (Article 38), education (Article 45), the welfare of weaker sections (Article 46) public health (Article 47). Issues associated with current framework of CSSs Resource distribution issues: The Budget Estimate for FY 2021-22 shows that 15 schemes account for 91.14% of total expenditure. Even within an ‘umbrella’ schemes, there are many sub-schemes that receive minuscule amounts. o Green Revolution CSS has 18 different sub-schemes. The Rainfed Area Development and Climate Change Sub-scheme has an allocation of ₹ 180 cr. whereas National project on Agro-Forestry has an allocation of ₹ 34 cr. Large number of Schemes: Existence of Large number of small schemes or multiple small sub-components of a scheme leads to duplication of efforts and a thin spreading of resources. Less fiscal space for items in Union List: Union’s expenditure on state items has gone up considerably, hence constrained fiscal space for the items in the Union list. o Example, Defence expenditure has reduced from 2% of the GDP in 2011-12 to 1.5% in 2019-20 RE (National Institute of Public Finance and Policy). ‘One size fits all’ approach: Contours of the CSSs are defined by the Union Ministry making it difficult to accommodate inter and intra state differences. Lower absorption capacity in some states: CSSs requires matching contributions from states, leading to lower investment in states where it is needed most. o Further, states with lower GSDP are also unable to absorb the released funds on time due to inadequate capacity in terms of manpower, skills, technical expertise and weak governance. Suboptimal monitoring: Currently, the CSSs focus more on processes (what and how to do) rather than outcomes, so monitoring is based on inputs, not actual results. Way forward Prioritising funding: Gradually stop the funding for the CSSs and their subcomponents that have either outlived their utility or have insignificant budgetary outlays not commensurate to a national programme (15 th FC) A threshold level of fundings: According to the Arvind Varma Committee in 2005, a new CSS should be introduced only if the annual outlay is greater than ₹ 300 crores. o For the existing smaller schemes, the amount should be transferred to states as Normal Central Assistance. Inflation indexed Funding: Financial norms of certain components of schemes like cooking cost of midday meal or PM-POSHAN Scheme should be linked to the wholesale price index and should be revised every 2 years. Improved Governance: According to the 15th Finance Commission: o The funding pattern of the CSSs should be fixed upfront in a transparent manner and should be kept stable. 7 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS o Financing can be provided based on bilaterally agreed 'compacts' related to specific objectives (for example, service delivery outputs or specific outcomes) instead of exhaustively discussed implementation plans. ✓ To support this approach, the Union Government can support initiatives to enhance data systems, monitoring and evaluation and transparency. o The flow of monitoring information should be regular and should include, apart from routine statements of financial and physical progress, credible information on output and outcome indicators. 1.3. CITIZEN PARTICIPATION TOWARDS GOOD GOVERNANCE Why in the news? Recently, MyGov platform completed 10 years. About MyGov Platform Launched by Prime Minister, MyGov is a Citizen Engagement Platform which collaborates with multiple Government bodies/ Ministries to engage with citizens for policy formulation and seeks opinion of people on issues of public interest and welfare. In short, it empowers people to connect with Government and contribute towards good governance. Since 2014, it has evolved into a robust platform with over 4.72 crore registered users, known as MyGov Saathis. Major MyGov Campaigns o LiFE Campaign: To engage individuals in addressing environmental degradation and climate change, emphasizing impact of individual and community actions on global challenge. o Stay Safe Online: Launched by MeitY during India’s G20 presidency to educate citizens, including specially- abled individuals, about online risks, safety measures, and cyber hygiene to enhance overall cyber safety. o Swachh Bharat Survekshan: Through interactive activities and social media engagement, it fosters active public participation in creating a cleaner and healthier India. o Millet-SuperFood: To highlight nutritional advantages of millets and understand their role in preventing lifestyle diseases. How Citizen Participation helps in Good Governance? Accountability and Transparency: Citizens hold government officials accountable by providing feedback, reporting issues, and demanding action, which encourages transparency and openness in government decisions. o For instance, RTI empowers citizens by providing them information to hold government officials and agencies accountable for their actions. Service delivery: Through active participation in policymaking, citizens ensure their needs and interests are considered in decision-making process, enhancing delivery of public services and policy outcomes. o For instance, community participation in evaluation of Delhi government's Mohalla Clinics improved access to quality healthcare. 8 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Fosters Inclusivity: Engaging citizens in governance develops a sense of belongingness and ensures that diverse voices, including marginalized groups are heard, promoting equity and social justice. o For instance, MGNREGA Social audit helps in prioritisation of voices of the poor and marginalised. Trust-building: Active citizen participation programs foster trust in government institutions, reinforcing democratic principles and promote cooperative relationship between state and society. o Example, Gram Sabhas fosters community trust at the grassroot level. Innovation: Citizen participation can bring new perspectives, innovative ideas and solutions to address issues strengthening governance structure. o For instance, Mysuru- based firm has been granted a patent for their innovative solution to use plastic waste to make environment friendly interlock tiles or pavers that are stronger than cement. Challenges associated with Citizen Participation in Good Governance Lack of Commitment: Engagement in policymaking requires time and resources, which are often limited, restricting the continuous participation of citizens. Limited engagement: Many citizens lack required knowledge and understanding of government processes, laws, and their rights, hindering their effective participation. o Further, complex procedures and red tape can make it difficult for citizens to participate. Administrative challenges: Governments may lack capacity to manage large-scale participation, including processing feedback, organizing events etc. further hampering active participation. Limited trust in government: Public trust in government is often low due to unfulfilled promises, perceived corruption and nepotism, and failure to consider community input on development priorities, impeding their participation. Social factors: Lack of equal access, ability to participate, due to socio-economic conditions, cultural norms and traditions such as patriarchy, may limit participation of women and other marginalized groups in governance. 9 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Way ahead Accessibility: Release government data in a structured and accessible format and ensure that citizens have easy access to government information e.g. strengthening RTI Act to enhance transparency. Awareness: Incorporate governance and civic education into school curriculum, organizing workshops to educate citizens on their rights, importance of their participation, and how they can effectively engage in governance processes. Digital Platforms: Strengthening digital infrastructure, creating user-friendly e-governance platforms where citizens can access information, and provide feedback to facilitate citizen’s participation. Inclusive Policy-Making: Organize regular public consultations, hearings on key policy decisions, ensuring representation from diverse communities to strengthen governance processes. E.g. strengthening public hearing component of Environmental Impact Assessment. Grievance Redressal: Strengthen and streamline grievance redressal mechanisms, ensuring that citizen complaints are addressed promptly to build trust in governance system. Further, strengthening feedback systems to enhance policy implementation. 1.4. LATERAL ENTRY IN CIVIL SERVICES Why in the News? A recent UPSC advertisement for recruitment to 45 lateral entry posts of Secretary and Joint Secretary at the Centre was withdrawn. More on the News The advertisement for lateral entries was withdrawn due to criticism as there are no quotas for SC, ST and OBC candidates in such recruitment. According to a letter by DoPT to the UPSC (in November 2018) o The present arrangement of filling up these posts may be deemed as a close approximation of deputation, where mandatory reservation for SC/ST/OBC is not necessary. o However, if duly eligible SC/ST/OBC candidates are eligible, they should be considered and priority may be given to such candidates in similarly situated cases for ensuring holistic representation. How have lateral entries been kept out of the ambit of reservation? Reservation in public jobs and universities is implemented via what is known as the “13-point roster”. According to this formula, there is no reservation for up to three vacancies. In the current round of recruitment, the UPSC has advertised 45 openings. o If these were to be considered as a single group, according to the 13-point roster, six vacancies would be reserved for SC candidates, three for ST candidates, 12 for OBC candidates, and four for the EWS category. o But since these vacancies have been advertised separately for each department, all of them are effectively single-post vacancies, and hence bypass the policy of reservations. ✓ In a single post cadre, the reservation does not apply. Since each post to be filled under lateral entry is a Single Post, reservation is not applicable”. ✓ Supreme Court in Akhilesh Kumar Singh Vs Ram Dawan & Others (2015) held that reservations to single post cadre amounts to 100% reservation and violates Article 16(1) and 16(4). About Lateral Entry Lateral Entry offers recruitment to persons from outside the usual bureaucratic setup for certain posts in government departments at mid or senior-level positions. It is unlike the traditional hiring system where posts are filed based on merit through an exam conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC). It is different from the appointment of private sector employees for advisory roles. o Example: Appointment of Chief Economic Advisor of India, usually a prominent economist. It is contractual employment for 3 to 5 years (extension of tenure based on performance). Countries like Australia, USA, and the UK follow both the direct entry (via exam) and lateral entry. 10 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Advantages of lateral entry system Addressing Shortfall of Officers: Only 442 IAS officers are working with the Centre, against the required strength of 1,469 officers (2023-24 Demands for Grants report of DOPT). o Baswan Committee (2016) had also supported lateral entry considering the shortage of officers. Increase in efficiency and governance: Lateral entry “brings competition to the established career bureaucracy” (NITI Aayog). Inclusion of Domain Experts: Hiring individuals with experience in economics, finance, and technology like robotics, Artificial Intelligence, Cryptocurrency, etc. could bring a fresh perspective to public policy. Dealing with Departmental Necessities: Certain ministries/departments are required to work in tandem with the private sector like civil aviation, environment, climate change, etc. Issues associated with Lateral Entry Short-Term Focus: Appointments for 3 to 5 years may lead to short-term policy goals, lacking long-term vision and impact. Conflict with Constitutional mandate: Recruitment being outside the purview of India’s reservation policy affects the larger goal of social justice and equity. Conflict of Interest: Private sector individuals may influence government decisions for profit, risking "revolving door" governance. o Revolving door governance refers to public officers switching between public service and lobbying roles witnessed in USA. Accountability issues: Holding private sector appointees accountable is difficult due to their short tenure. Lack of grassroots-level experience: Administrative rules require diverse experiences, not just specialized skills, and understanding local dynamics is crucial. Political interference: Political interference in the Selection process may promote nepotism and favouritism. 11 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Way forward Reforms in the process of lateral entry complemented by the following steps would facilitate resolving the issues of vacancies and ensuring competency and merit in the system. Establishing Public Administration University: It can create a large pool of aspiring civil servants and enable serving bureaucrats to attain deep knowledge of the country’s economy, increased domain expertise and improved managerial skills. Deputation to Private Sector: Deputation of IAS and IPS officers in private sector will bring in domain expertise and competition. Institutionalize goal setting and tracking for each department: Each Ministry and government agency should set outcome-based goals with a clear timeline. o Utilization of Capacity Building Commission and Mission Karmayogi to impart mid-career training aligning with the role of officers. Fostering Career Management in Civil Services: Civil Servants should be allowed for acquiring knowledge across sectors in initial years followed by specialised knowledge in specific domains matching their interests. o Offering study breaks to acquire greater specialisation in the field of interest. Two-Tier entry system: D. Subbarao (former RBI Governor) recommended a two-tier entry into IAS, first usual at 25- 30 years followed by 37-42 years via lateral entry. o Such mid-level hiring can bring in expertise from diverse fields into civil services. 1.5. SURROGATE ADVERTISEMENTS Why in the News? Ministry of Health and Family Welfare recently asked Sports Authority of India and BCCI to take measures to prevent surrogate advertisement of tobacco/alcohol by sportspersons. More on the News The Ministry had listed out measures including: o signing an anti-tobacco declaration of interest form, o not promoting/advertising in stadiums or events hosted or partnered by BCCI, o issuing directives to sportspersons under BCCI’s ambit to refrain from surrogate promotion/advertisement of tobacco and related products. It also requested not to allow such surrogate advertisements by other celebrities in sporting events of the BCCI, such as the IPL. About Surrogate advertisements They are essentially a substitute advertisement for the goods which cannot be directly advertised due to the prohibition of law. o E.g. Tobacco products, alcohol etc. It includes false description, guarantees, misleading implied representation, deliberately concealing essential information leading to unfair trade practices. These advertisements in popular sporting events help the brands gain recall value, which increases the sales of prohibited products. o E.g. Pan masala products contributed 16% of ad volumes during IPL 2024. Brands use methods like roping in celebrities, aspirational locations and visuals to attract customers. o E.g. Liquor companies advertising Music CDs or surrogate promotion of pan masalas by promoting silver-coated cardamom, areca nut. Legal framework related to Surrogate advertisements Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995 with Cable Television Rules, 1994, and the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), 2003 banned direct or indirect promotion, sale or consumption of liquor, tobacco and cigarette advertisements. 12 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) Guidelines for Prevention of Misleading Advertisements and Endorsements for Misleading Advertisements, 2022 defined surrogate advertisement for the first time. Consumer Protection Act, 2019 defines ‘misleading advertisements’ as an advertisement which falsely describes; or mislead the consumers of such product or service. Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI) Code allows use of a brand associated with a restricted good to be used for advertising unrestricted goods in case it is a ‘genuine brand extension’. o Genuine brand extension is determined by gauging the proportionality of the scale of advertisement with the production and sale of the unrestricted good. Implications of Surrogate Advertising Consumers o Undermine Consumer rights: Surrogate advertising results in unfair trade practices and violates consumers’ right to information and choice. o Undermine conscious decision-making: The ads are formulated to sell dreams through aspirational content linking it with the product. This misleads the vulnerable sections like youth and the poor. Public Health: o Public health hazards: negative impact on health by making tobacco and alcohol products attractive to consumers which may cause addiction especially in the youth. o An ICMR study found that surrogate Smokeless Tobacco brands dominated 41.3% of total advertisements in the ICC Men's Cricket World Cup 2023. Companies o Profitability vs. efficacy: Surrogate ads improve brand visibility and sales of prohibited products, encouraging further use of unfair trade practices. ✓ A 2019 survey claimed that over 70% consumers were influence by surrogate ads. o Digital streaming platforms, BCCI, and State Associations see significant revenue boosts from surrogate advertisements during sports tournaments. E.g. Brands pay ₹ 60 lakh for a 10-second ad spot. Ethical implications o Lack of transparency and accountability: This encourages brands to exploit the legal loopholes to promote prohibited products through advertisements. o Social influence and nudge theory: The use of ‘out of sight- out of mind’ marketing strategy nudges consumers to consume tobacco or alcohol products. E.g. Celebrity endorsements. Issues in regulation of surrogate advertisements Loopholes in legislations: Weak legislations with vague definitions and conditions make them open to interpretation. 13 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS o Ineffective implementation of laws and lack of actionable accountability, giving a free pass to brands. Unethical practices: Concerns over potential use of unethical practices or price reduction by companies to gain market share, creating risk of even greater consumption from people. Lack of stringent punishment: Punishments are usually publishing corrective advertisements and lack proportionate penalties. Loss of Jobs and Revenue: As the production and high taxes/cess on sin goods (e.g. liquor and tobacco) contribute significantly to job creation and state revenue. Way forward The Stakeholder Consultation meeting between Government stakeholders and ASCI highlighted the steps to be taken: o Ensure clear distinction between the brand extension and the restricted product or service being advertised o The ad should not make any direct or indirect reference to the prohibited product. o The ad must not have resemblance in presentation with the prohibited product. o The ad must not use situations typical for promotion of prohibited products when advertising the other products. Enhancing current regulations and closing loopholes: o COTPA and ASCI clarifications: Define the ban on surrogate advertising explicitly and extend the same to all media, events and sports sponsorships. o Digital media regulations: Digital platforms can come under the purview of regular regulations-the initial focus could be on sports betting, health-centric supplements, and gym-related products. Ensuring accountability: Increase penalties and make media corporations liable through fines and promote responsible advertising practices. Regulatory insight: Ensure periodic audits, real-time vigilance and strengthening enforcement mechanisms. Boost public awareness and education through Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) campaigns etc. Conclusion Advertisements have a strong influence in the minds of consumers especially in this era of new age technology. It is vital to ensure legitimacy of their claims to ensure a healthy society. 1.6. UNIFORM CIVIL CODE (UCC) Why in the News? In his Independence Day speech, the Prime Minister advocated in favour of Uniform Civil Code by calling for a Secular Civil Code in place of the current religion-based (communal) Civil Code. About Uniform Civil Code (UCC) Definition: A Uniform Civil Code refers to a unitary system of personal laws applicable to all irrespective of religion. 14 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS o Matters under the scope of personal laws include marriage, divorce, maintenance, inheritance, adoption, and succession of the property. Current Status: o At present, most Indians are governed in such matters by their respective religious laws. o In Goa, a form of common civil code is in practice under the Portuguese Civil Code of 1867. (Uttarakhand adopted UCC in 2024). o 21st Law Commission of India (2018) said that the formulation of UCC is neither necessary nor desirable at this stage, rather reforms must be undertaken on family laws of every religion to make them gender-just. Need for UCC in India Fulfilling Constitutional Duty: Article 44 of the Constitution mandates that the state shall endeavour to secure a Uniform Civil Code for all citizens. o It would also advance gender justice, national integration, and equality before the law enshrined in Article 14. o Implementing a UCC would uphold the principles of a secular state, where religious beliefs do not dictate civil matters. Realising the needs of Contemporary Society: Laws/Practices dividing the nation based on religion or hindering societal progress must be abolished. o Eg. polygamy is legal as per Muslim Personal Law (Shariat Application Act), 1937, but it is against women and hence must be discarded. Fulfilling International Obligations: Justifying India’s membership at various Human Rights conventions and protocols, including United Nations Human Rights Convention. Simplification of Laws: A standardised procedure in personal matter irrespective of religious background would ensure faster and more efficient resolution of disputes. Adapting to Modern Times: Implementing a UCC ensure that laws align with the evolving social landscape, promoting inclusivity and individual freedoms. Supreme Court Judgements on UCC Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum (1985): Gender justice and the need for uniformity in personal laws. Sarla Mudgal and others v. Union of India and others (1995): reforming personal laws to prevent misuse. Similar view reflected in the Lily Thomas case (2000). Shayra Bano v. Union of India (2017): Setting aside talaq-e-biddat (instant and irrevocable talaq under Shariat Act of 1937) as an arbitrary practice. Issues associated with implementing UCC Against Diversity: Personal laws have been deeply ingrained as a way of life, and imposing a UCC could undermine cultural and religious identities and could violate religious freedom (Article 25 of the Constitution). Lack of Consensus: Implementing a UCC without the consent and agreement of all communities could lead to social unrest. Against Cooperative Federalism: Several experts argued that UCC could encroach upon states’ legislative competence, thereby infringing on principles of cooperative federalism. Way forward on implementing UCC in India Consensus building: Involving various stakeholders including inter-faith dialogues to prevent social discord. Socio-economic impact analysis: By taking into consideration the potential impact on the marginalised and vulnerable communities along with incorporating provisions for them. Education and awareness: Building progressive and broadminded outlook among the people helping them understand the spirit of UCC. Codification of all personal laws: By codifying laws, one can establish universal principles that promote fairness. 15 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 1.7. LEGISLATIVE IMPACT ASSESSMENT Why in the News? Recently, a 2-Judge bench of the Supreme Court suggested a comprehensive statutory audit of the Maharashtra Slum Areas Act and emphasized that reviewing and assessing implementation of a statute is an integral part of Rule of Law. More on the News Court directive came in response to several systemic issues in implementation of the Act including problematic processes of land identification as slum areas, provision of accommodation for displaced slum dwellers, etc. It further emphasized that the executive branch has a constitutional duty to not just implement laws but also monitor it. Court's call for a comprehensive statutory audit highlights need for Legislative Impact Assessment as a systematic approach to evaluate the effectiveness and consequences of enacted laws What is Legislative Impact Assessment (LIA)? LIA, also called Regulatory Impact Assessment, is a systematic method used to analyze the multidimensional impact of proposed and existing legislation, focusing on both positive and negative effects. Some of the essential components of LIA include problem identification, exploring choices, comparative analysis, stakeholder consultations, selection of preferred choice, socio economic analysis, post-enactment appraisal, etc. What are the significances of LIA in India? Evidence-based Policymaking: Thorough assessments of legislations before and after enactment can allow policymakers to base their decisions on empirical evidence rather than assumptions or political pressures. o LIA can help in optimizing resource allocation through effective cost-benefit analysis. Legislative quality: LIA can help prevent legal conflicts, ambiguities and enactment of cross-purpose and overlapping laws. o e.g., overlap in jurisdictions of sectoral regulators (such as TRAI, SEBI, etc.) and Competition Commission of India (CCI) regarding anti-trust provisions. o LIA can also help reduce burden on judiciary by reducing ambiguities in legislations, making stakeholder consultations and feedback mechanisms as alternative channels for resolving conflicts, anticipating legal challenges, etc. Scrutiny of delegated legislations: LIA can help assess whether the powers delegated to executive authorities are appropriate, well-defined, and being used as intended, given the reduced parliamentary scrutiny of delegated legislation. o It can help reduce instances of malfeasance (intentional act of wrongdoing), misfeasance (commission of a lawful act in an improper manner), and nonfeasance (non-conformity to the law) by delegated authorities. Responsive and responsible Governance: LIA can provide scope for mid-term course correction and policy revisions to address implementation gaps effectively making the administration more responsive. o Periodic assessments of legislative impact can increase transparency and hold lawmakers and implementing agencies accountable for the outcomes of their policies. Compliance with International Obligations: LIA helps ensure that new legislations/ policies align with India’s obligations under various international agreements, including those related to human rights, trade, etc. o e.g., in 2021, Merchandise Exports from India (MEIS) scheme was replaced by Remission of Duties or Taxes on Export Products (RoDTEP) scheme due to its non-compliance with WTO norms. What are the challenges in ensuring effective LIA in India? Legal and institutional: There is an absence of formal and legally binding mandate for conducting LIA in India. o Lack of effective inter-ministerial coordination and working in silos of government departments results in fragmented and incomplete assessments. 16 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS o Absence of dedicated institutions (like the UK’s Better Regulation Executive) to ensure that every law undergoes impact analysis. Data limitations: Absence of comprehensive, reliable, and interoperable data on performance of statutes/ policies/ schemes make it difficult to conduct thorough assessments. o Further, the concept of ‘Bounded Rationality’ can result in suboptimal analyses and flawed predictions about real-life performance of laws/ policies. ✓ Bounded rationality involves the idea that human decisions are not fully rational and bound by limitations of information failure, time taken for decision making, etc. Bureaucratic inertia: Procedure-oriented administrative culture designed on Weberian bureaucratic principles prioritizes following established procedures over introducing new, analytical practices. o Further, closed bureaucratic system hinders effective coordination with stakeholders including civil society, policy think-tanks, etc. What can be done to ensure effective LIA in India? Institutional: A dedicated agency or committee (on lines of UK’s Better Regulation Executive) under the Ministry of Law and Justice or NITI Aayog could be set up to oversee and review the LIA process. o Each statute creating a regulator should include a provision for an impact assessment periodically by an external agency. (ARC-II) o Regulation Review Authority can be established for every regulatory authority, ministry or department to undertake the regulatory impact assessment, which should be a pre-condition to the writing of regulations. (Damodaran Committee, 2013) Legislative process reforms: Mandatory referral of bills to Departmentally Related Parliamentary Standing Committees for consideration and scrutiny. (NCRWC) Technology and Data-driven analysis: Leverage emerging technologies and tools such as data analytics, machine learning, and AI to significantly improve the accuracy and depth of LIAs. o Strengthen government data collection system through digitization and democratize access to government data by ensuring effective implementation of initiatives such as National Data and Analytics Platform (NDAP). Capacity building and training: Collaboration with academic institutions, think tanks, and civil society in supplementing government’s capacity by providing expertise and conducting independent assessments. o e.g., Institutions like National Institute of Public Finance and Policy (NIPFP) can partner with government ministries to conduct specialized LIAs. 17 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 1.8. NEWS IN SHORTS 1.8.1. STATE OF INFRASTRUCTURE IN DISTRICT COURTS Union Ministry of Law & Justice published a report titled ‘Empirical Study to Evaluate the Delivery of Justice through Improved Infrastructure’. The report focused on various aspects of Infrastructural issues faced by Chief Administrators, Judicial Officers, Advocates, and Support Staff. Key Findings of the Report Basic infrastructure: ~37.7% of Judicial Officers (JOs) have reported lack of adequate space in courtrooms. Human resource: Shortage of JOs with lack of adequate training and skill development to effectively manage workload and maintain a timely disposition of cases. Digital infrastructure: Lack of computerisation of the Offices of District Legal Services Authority (DLSA) and Taluk Legal Services Committee (TLSC). o Inability of advocates to cope up with technicality of digitization process, increased burden on support staff due to E-Court missions, etc. Other issues with district courts: Lack of cooperation and coordination among all departments of District Court, temporary or casual employment of support staff leads to lack of support within the court system, etc. Key Recommendations Establish an independent IT department equipped with the latest hardware and software with sufficiently trained manpower to manage and service, at District and Taluka courts. More emphasis should be laid on sustaining the filed cases in electronic form till the end to increase efficiency. Creation of separate Civil and Criminal Courts headed by separate JOs. 1.8.2. ANTICIPATORY BAIL UNDER SC/ST ACT Recently, a 2-Judge bench of the Supreme Court held that bar on anticipatory bail under Section 18 of the SC and ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 is not applicable unless a prima facie case under the Act is made out against the accused. Section 18 of the Act states that Section 438 of the CrPC, which provides for anticipatory bail, shall not apply in relation to cases involving offence under the Act. Other Key Highlights of the judgement Court observed that mere insult of a member of SC or ST is not an offence under the SC/ ST Act unless the accused had the intention to humiliate based on caste identity. Only intentional insult or intimidation caused by entrenched social norms like untouchability or caste superiority, qualifies as the type of insult or intimidation envisioned by the Act. 18 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Anticipatory bail It is a direction by High Court or the Court of Session to release a person on bail, apprehending arrest on accusation of having committed a non-bailable offence. Section 438 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) contained provisions related to anticipatory bail. Under reformed criminal laws, Section 482 of Bhartiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (2023) contains relevant provisions for anticipatory bail. SC and ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 Objective: To prevent commission of offences against the members of SCs/STs, Special Courts for trial of such offences, and provision for relief and rehabilitation of victims. Salient Features o The accused must not be a member of the SC/ST. o Offenses include employing members of SC/ ST for Manual Scavenging, dedicating SC/ ST women to deity, temple, etc., as devadasi, denial of customary right of passage to places of public resort, among others. o It also provides for punishment for neglect of duties under the Act by public servants not being a member of SC/ ST. 1.8.3. DELIMITATION COMMISSION SC in Kishorchandra Chhanganlal Rathod case held that constitutional courts have the power to review orders of the Delimitation Commission if an order is manifestly arbitrary and irreconcilable to constitutional values. Earlier Gujarat HC had dismissed petition challenging delimitation exercise, taking note of Article 329(a) of Constitution, which bars interference by Court in electoral matters. About Delimitation Delimitation is the process of fixing the number of seats and boundaries of territorial constituencies in each State for the Lok Sabha and Legislative assemblies. Responsibility of delimitation is assigned to a high-power body known as Delimitation Commission (Boundary Commission) o Under Article 82, Delimitation is done by such authority and in such manner as Parliament may by law determine. o In India, such Delimitation Commissions have been constituted 4 times – in 1952, 1963, 1973 and 2002. 1.8.4. BOILERS BILL, 2024 INTRODUCED IN RAJYA SABHA It will repeal Boilers Act, 1923 which was enacted with to ensure uniformity throughout India in all technical aspects pertaining to regulation of boiler. Earlier, act was amended by Indian Boilers (Amendment) Act, 2007 which introduced inspection and certification by independent third party inspecting authorities. Act was further reviewed to incorporate decriminalised provisions in consonance with Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023. Key features of Bill Define competent authority as an institution recognised in such manner as may be specified by regulations, for grant of certificate to the welders for welding of boiler and boiler component. Any person who makes any structural alteration, addition or renewal in or to a boiler without obtaining authorisation of Chief Inspector shall be punishable. 19 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS o With imprisonment which may extend to two years or with fine which may extend to one lakh rupees, or with both. Central Government has power to remove any difficulty in giving effect to provisions of Boilers Act, 2024 within a period of three years from date of commencement of this Act. Central Government constitute Central Boilers Board to regulate design, manufacture, erection and use of boiler and boiler components. Objective of Bill Regulation of manufacture and use of boilers, ensuring safety of life and property of persons from danger of explosions of boilers. Prohibits the use of unregistered and uncertified boilers, mandates reporting of accidents and promotes uniformity in registration and inspection processes throughout manufacturing, erection and use of boilers. Importance of Industrial Boiler: Boiler deals with burning of fuel in large quantities, attainment of high temperature & pressure zones, handling of high energy steam etc. 20 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS 2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 2.1. INDIA AND GLOBAL SOUTH Why in the News? India hosted the third Voice of Global South Summit in virtual format. More on the News India hosted the 1st Voice of Global South Summit in January 2023 and the 2nd edition was held in November 2023, both in virtual format. The Voice of Global South Summit is an extension of India’s philosophy of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, or "One Earth, One Family, One Future” to the international arena. Key Highlights of the 3rd VOGSS Participation: 123 countries (China & Pakistan not invited) Theme: An Empowered Global South for a Sustainable Future. India has proposed a comprehensive and human-centric "Global Development Compact" to address the rising debt of the developing countries for the Global South Note: Global Development Compact is discussed in detail in the subsequent article. India will work to provide affordable generic medicines, share experiences in natural farming with Global South countries. India will also launch a special fund of $2.5 million to boost trade promotion activities, and $ 1 million fund for capacity building in in trade policy and trade negotiation. What is Global South? It refers to technically and socially less developed countries which are located in Southern Hemisphere, primarily in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Brandt Report proposed a division between North and South countries based on various parameters such as technological advancement, GDP etc. Challenges faced by Global South Underrepresentation in global forums: E.g. Exclusion of African and Latin America from the UN Security Council’s permanent membership. High Public Debt: E.g. As per UNCTAD’s ‘A world of debt Report 2024’, public debt in developing countries is rising at twice the rate of that in developed countries. Obsolete global governance and financial institutions: E.g. dysfunctional WTO’s appellate dispute settlement mechanism, under-representation in Bretton Woods Institutions such as World Bank and IMF. 21 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Disproportionate vulnerability to climate change. E.g. As per WMO’s ‘State of the Climate in the South-West Pacific 2023 Report’ Pacific Islands are at higher risk due to the increasing sea level despite accounting for merely 0.02% of global emissions. Divergence from Global North: E.g. lack of consensus over interpretation of democracy, human rights, and agenda for climate governance etc. o Moreover, geopolitical conflicts of Global North impacts the Global South. E.g. Russia-Ukraine conflict has led to inflation in food and oil prices Significance of Global South for India International influence: The Global South is an important support for India’s international influence and its economic transformation and development. Strategic consideration: Relations with the Global South is an important part of India’s “multidirectional alignment” strategy. o It also helps to offset China’s influence. Economic development: Global South can provide abundant resources and provide a vast market for the export of Indian products. How is India positioning itself as a voice for Global South? Enhancing connectivity and economic inter-linkages: By undertaking projects ranging from large scale infrastructure development to community related projects in various sectors, including health, housing, environment and education. o Extending financial, budgetary and humanitarian assistance to partner countries to aid them in mitigating economic challenges and overcome crises. Capacity building and emerging as 1st responder of the Global South. E.g. India-UN Capacity Building Initiative, Vaccine Maitri initiative during Covid-19. Leading the Global Climate Agenda: E.g. championing International Solar Alliance (ISA) & Coalition for Disaster Resilience (CDRI), supporting Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) Advocacy of issues relevant for Global South: E.g. The induction of the African Union into the G20. Reforming multilateral institutions: E.g. demand for broadening of the UNSC’s permanent membership. Alternative Mechanisms on issues like democracy and human rights: E.g. based on Panchsheel, Gujral Doctrine and Principle of Non- Aligned Movement. India’s Initiatives showcasing advocacy for Global South Challenges for India in leading the Global South Social Impact Fund: India will contribute $25 million for accelerating Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) in Global Diverse Interests: Global South is a diverse region South. with varying economic, political, and social Global South Young Diplomat Forum: Launched to interests which makes it difficult to align into a promote education and capacity building. unified stance. Induction of African Union into G20: As a permanent Competition with China: China's competition and member during India’s G20 Presidency. interference in development finance, Vision of Aarogya Maitri: One World-One Health is infrastructure, trade, delivery of projects etc. E.g. India’s mission for health security. E.g. Recently, India's BRI, cheque book diplomacy. first overseas Jan Aushadi Kendra was opened in Diplomatic Challenge: Balancing strategic Mauritius partnerships with powers such as USA, Russia while trying to represent Global South can be diplomatically challenging. o Moreover, it may undermine its credibility as it might be seen as a tilt away from traditional Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) principles. Limited Comprehensive National Strength: India's limited national strength and poor manufacturing industry, coupled with low S&T innovation and labour quality, pose challenges in addressing the complexities of the Global South. Issue with energy transition: India faces criticism for its reliance on fossil fuels and challenges in meeting its own climate commitments. E.g. Western Countries criticized India after it opposed a commitment to "phase out" coal at COP 26 22 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Conclusion As India transitions from a balancing to a leading power, it should leverage its rich cultural ethos like “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” to unite Global South countries. By bridging the digital divide, supporting disaster-resilient infrastructure, and advocating for an inclusive, equitable international order, India can amplify their collective voice on global platforms.2 2.1.1. GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT COMPACT Why in the News? India proposed Global Development Compact for the Global South to address the rising debt of the developing countries and the Global South. What is Global Development Compact (GDC)? India proposed a comprehensive and human-centric "Global Development Compact" for the Global South during third Voice of Global South Summit Key features of GDC Comprises of four elements: Trade for development, Capacity building for sustainable growth, Technology sharing, Project specific concessional finance and grants. No Debt Burden: Ensure that development and infrastructure financing do not impose a debt burden on developing countries. o It is also expected to address the concerns of countries falling into the Chinese 'debt trap'. Alternate development path: Help in exploring alternative pathways for economic growth, social inclusion and environmental sustenance. Reasons for rising debts of developing countries High borrowing costs: Developing regions borrow at rates that are 2 to 4 times higher than those of the United States and 6 to 12 times higher than those of Germany. High Public Debt: Developing countries' public debt in 2023 was $29 trillion. Public debt in developing countries is rising at twice the rate of that in developed countries. Limited domestic resources: Developing nations often struggle with limited domestic resources, poor debt management, and low government revenues due to inefficient tax policies and weak rule of law. Political Instability: It results in policy uncertainty, eroding investor confidence. This accompanied with downgrading of sovereign credit rating translates to higher interest and increased borrowing costs. High reliance on private creditors (including bondholders, banks, and other lenders): Since 2010, the portion of external public debt owed to private creditors has risen across all regions, accounting for 61% of developing countries total external public debt in 2022. New global challenges: COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, and geopolitical uncertainties, US-China trade war have exacerbated global economic pressures, disrupting energy supply chains exacerbating financial vulnerabilities in developing nations. 23 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Impacts of high debt burden Issue of debt sustainability: Presently, ~60% of low-income countries are at high risk of debt distress or already in it. Allocation of more resources to pay interest: 54 developing countries spend more than 10 per cent of their revenues on net interest payments. o This restricts a government's ability to increase public spending on welfare schemes. In Africa, the average person's spending on interest ($70) surpasses that of education ($60) and health ($39) per capita. Hamper's Climate Change Outcomes: E.g. developing countries are currently allocating a larger proportion of their GDP to interest payments (2.4%), than to climate initiatives (2.1%). Challenges of over reliance on private creditors: It leads to challenges of debt restructuring, high volatility especially during crises. Moreover, they are more expensive than concessional financing from multilateral and bilateral sources. Sovereign debt crisis and global financial instability: High debt levels in developing countries can contribute to global financial instability as it leads to a vicious cycle of borrowing and repayment, risking defaults and economic crises. o E.g. In past three years alone, there have been 18 sovereign defaults in 10 developing countries which is greater than the number recorded in all of the previous two decades. Recommendations by UNCTAD for sustainable and inclusive debt solutions Global Financial Reform: Comprehensive reform of the global financial architecture and establishment of a global debt authority to coordinate and guide sovereign debt restructuring. Concessional Loans: Expand multilateral and regional banks' lending capacity by increasing their base capital. Transparency in Financing: Reduce resource and information asymmetry to improve transparency in financing terms. Discourage predatory lending: Introduce legislative measures to discourage predatory lending practices. Crisis Resilience: Implement standstill rules to halt debt repayments during external crises. Automatic Restructuring: Develop automatic restructuring rules and strengthen the global financial safety net. Conclusion Addressing rising public debt of developing countries requires a comprehensive strategy combining domestic initiatives and international cooperation including debt restructuring, fiscal consolidation, and growth-stimulating policies for sustainable long-term solutions. 2.2. 10 YEARS OF INDIA’S ACT EAST POLICY Why in the News? Experts have pointed out that the recent Indian PM’s visit to Singapore is about giving a fresh impetus to India’s engagement with South East Asia and more broadly the vast Pacific region. More on the News The visit is of particular significance as 2024 marks a decade of India's Act East Policy which was announced by Prime Minister at the 9th East Asia Summit in 2014. India and East Asia: From Look East to Act East Policy Genesis of Look East Policy (LEP): Post-Cold War, India lost USSR as strategic partner. Therefore LEP, initiated in the early 90s, was aimed to forge ties with US and its Southeast Asian allies, countering China's influence. The Look East Policy and ASEAN: As a forward step in the direction of operationalising the ‘Look East’ policy, India joined ASEAN in 1992 as a sectoral dialogue partner. o India became a Dialogue Partner in 1996 and a Summit-level Partner in 2002; forged a strategic partnership in 2012. India’s Act East Policy (AEP): India launched India’s ‘Act East’ policy in 2014. The policy which was originally conceived as an economic initiative, has gained political, strategic and cultural dimensions. 24 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Act East policy (AEP) in Action Expansion of AEP from East Asia to the Indo-Pacific: Look East Policy solely focused on ASEAN; AEP expanded strategic scope, emphasizing on Indo-Pacific region with ASEAN as core in extended neighbourhood. o E.g., The Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative launched in 2019. Strengthening of Multilateral and Regional engagement: India continues to forge closer partnership with ASEAN, BIMSTEC, Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD), Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA), etc. E.g., Recent adoption of BIMSTEC Charter. Growing institutional collaboration: With the United States (US) and its allies – Japan, Australia, and South Korea. E.g. India had joined US-led the Indo Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF), Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI), etc. o Japan has provided loans for connectivity projects in Northeast India. India’s proactive role in defence diplomacy and exports: o In 2022, Philippines became BrahMos' first export destination of shore-based anti-ship missiles from India. o India-Vietnam military logistics pact: Respective militaries to access each other’s bases and enhance the scale and scope of joint production respectively. Energised Connectivity Programmes: Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project connecting India's Mizoram state with Myanmar's Sittwe Port, India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway, Mekong-India Economic Corridor. India’s active Socio-cultural and developmental outreach: Evidenced by increasing people-to-people ties (2 million diaspora strength) and significant state visits like Prime Minister’s visit to Brunei and Singapore. o Developmental outreach towards Pacific Island countries: Establishment of Forum for India- Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC) and India’s Vaccine Maitri initiative, which provided vaccines to Papua New Guinea. Key Challenges to Act East Asia Policy Delay in Infrastructure Development: Kaladan Multi-modal Project’s delay have caused its budget to balloon six times to Rs 3,200 crore, from Rs 536 crore in 2008. Political turmoil and civil unrest in Bangladesh: Uncertainties over the future of India-Bangladesh connectivity projects under the new political situation. Influx of refugees into India's northeast: Led to destabilizing the borders and causing ethnic conflict in bordering states. E.g., Manipur unrest. China's expanding footprint in the Indian Ocean region: This could impact India's access to strategic maritime trade routes through the Mongla Port in Bangladesh. 25 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Competing with China: China's significant economic and political influence in East Asia can make it challenging for India to gain traction. E.g., In 2023, the trade between China and ASEAN reached USD 911.7 billion. Expanding India’s trade deficit with ASEAN: From US$ 7.5 billion annually when the agreement was enacted in 2011 to approximately US$ 44 billion in 2023. Way Forward Trade: Re-negotiation of ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement (ATIGA) at the earliest and address the issue of widening India’s trade deficit with ASEAN. Infrastructure: Enhanced connectivity through completion of pending infrastructural projects Security cooperation: Enhance maritime security cooperation in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea Cultural diplomacy: Leverage shared cultural heritage, especially with Buddhist-majority countries. Multilateral engagement: Strengthen ties with other regional powers like Japan, Australia and Taiwan. 2.2.1. INDIA VIETNAM RELATIONS Why in the News? The Prime Minister of Vietnam undertook a State visit to India. More on news Outcomes of the Visit include: Plan of Action (2024-2028): Plan of Action announced to implement the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. Line of Credit: India extended a US$ 300 million credit line to enhance Vietnam’s maritime security. Cultural Cooperation: A Letter of Intent was signed to conserve and restore the "My Son" World Heritage Site temples. MoUs Signed: Agreements on cooperation in radio and television, and the development of the National Maritime Heritage Complex in Lothal, Gujarat. Other Announcements: o Virtual inauguration of an Army Software Park in Nha Trang, Vietnam. o Vietnam will join the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI). India-Vietnam Relations Background: India supported Vietnam's independence from France, objected to the US involvement in Vietnam in the 1960s and was one of the first countries to recognise a united Vietnam in 1975 after the war with the US. Strategic Partnership: Bilateral relations between the two countries were elevated to a ‘Strategic Partnership’ in 2007 and a “Comprehensive Strategic Partnership” in 2016. o Their current cooperation is guided by the Joint Vision for Peace, Prosperity and People 2020. Economic Cooperation: Bilateral trade stood at US$ 14.82 billion in 2023-2024. o Vietnam is India’s 23rd-largest global trade partner and 5th largest among ASEAN countries. Defence Cooperation: Defence cooperation is multi-faceted and includes defence dialogues, training, exercises (PASSEX, VINBAX, and MILAN), collaboration in capacity building and Navy and Coast Guard ship visits. o In 2022, both countries signed a Joint Vision Statement on Defence Partnership towards 2030 and a Memorandum of Understanding on Mutual Logistics Support. Integration to supply chains: Partnership with Vietnam can help India participate in building reliable, efficient and resilient regional and global supply chains. o Vietnam’s Free trade agreement with European Union has further enhanced its role in the global trade regime. Cultural: India and Vietnam share over 2,000 years of cultural and civilizational ties, with a strong connection through their shared Buddhist heritage. 26 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Significance of Vietnam for India Geostrategic location: Vietnam’s position in the Indo-Pacific is crucial for maintaining secure and stable trade routes. Countering China: India opposes China’s claim in Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh while Vietnam has differences over Chinese claims over the Paracel and the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea (SCS). o Vietnam remains one of the most strident voices in Southeast Asia against China’s unilateral actions in the SCS. Energy security: Indian companies have invested in oil and gas exploration projects in the Vietnamese waters in the South China Sea which are extremely rich in hydrocarbon reserves. o A consistent supply of hydrocarbons from Vietnam can help ensure energy security in India. Act East Policy: Vietnam is a core partner of India in ASEAN and a critical partner in India’s Act East policy and the Indo-Pacific vision. Support for India on international platforms: Vietnam strongly supports India's permanent membership in an expanded UN Security Council. Challenges in India-Vietnam relations Balancing China: Vietnam, like other neighbors, is cautious of provoking of China, leading to reluctance in deepening military ties with India. o Chinese claims over the South China Sea can threaten India’s prospects of exploring hydrocarbons in the region. Modest trade: Despite growth in trade with India, overall it remains modest compared to Vietnam's trade with China (around $100 billion); and the U.S. ($142 billion). Trade routing from China: Economic Survey 2023-24 noted that the rise in trade through countries such as Mexico and Vietnam are a result of Chinese firms re-routing their supply through these countries. Reluctance in Military Deals: Despite India's line of credit for military purchases, Vietnam has been hesitant to use it fully, and has resisted buying the Akash surface-to-air missile. Cultural gap: There is a significant cultural, custom and language gap between people from both countries. Initiatives taken by India to strengthen relations with Vietnam Mekong-Ganga Cooperation (MGC): An initiative by India and five ASEAN countries, (Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam) for cooperation in tourism, culture, education, as well as transport and communications. Quick Impact Projects: It is being undertaken by India in various provinces of Vietnam under MGC framework India provides training, capacity building and educational courses in Indian for Vietnamese nationals. India handed over an indigenously built missile corvette INS KIRPAN to Vietnam in 2023. Way ahead Enhancing economic cooperation: Promoting joint ventures, enhancing physical and digital connectivity, encouraging e-commerce, upgrading regional trading architecture and mutually providing greater market access etc. Bridging Connectivity Gap: The India-Myanmar-Thailand trilateral highway could link up with already existing roads like the one linking Thailand with the Vietnamese port of Da Nang. Deepening Cultural cooperation: People-to-people exchanges need to be further strengthened, as there is significant goodwill that the two states can leverage. Realising converging interests: India and Vietnam geographically lie at the centre of the Indo-Pacific region. o Both countries would play a major role in this strategic space which is becoming a core theatre of competition for power and influence amongst the major powers. 2.2.2. INDIA MALAYSIA RELATIONS Why in the News? The Prime Minister of Malaysia paid a State visit to India. Key Outcomes of the visit Comprehensive Strategic Partnership: Enhanced Strategic Partnership established in 2015 was elevated to Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. 27 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Malaysia joining IBCA: Malaysia decided to join the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) as its founding member. o IBCA launched in 2023 to mark the 50th anniversary of Project Tiger aims to reach out to 97 range countries covering the natural habitats of seven big cats (Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Cheetah, Jaguar and Puma). Digital technology Cooperation: MoU on Digital Technologies was signed and endorsement of early convening of Malaysia-India Digital Council. o The Council will guide engagement in areas like Digital Public Infrastructure, digital B2B partnership, digital capacity building, cyber security, emerging technologies such as 5G, quantum computing, India-Malaysia Startup Alliance: To strengthen startup ecosystems in both nations. Support for review of AITIGA: Both countries agreed to support and expedite the review process of the ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITIGA) to make it more trade-facilitative and beneficial for businesses. Importance of Malaysia for India Geopolitical Alignment: Malaysia's stance against Chinese demands for withdrawal of its plan for oil and gas exploration in an oil-rich maritime area off Sarawak state on Borneo Island in the South China Sea demonstrates its commitment to maintaining sovereignty. o This aligns with India's vision for a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific region. India’s Act East Policy: Malaysia holds a crucial position in expanding India’s trade with ASEAN, aligning with India’s Act East Policy, and supporting ASEAN’s Indo-Pacific Perspective (AOIP) and the Indo-Pacific Initiative (IPOI). Securing Sea Lines of Communication (SLOC): Malaysia's proximity to the crucial Strait of Malacca enhances its importance in securing strategic SLOC for securing vital trade and strategic routes in the Indian Ocean Region. o Also, as Strait of Malacca is closer to Andaman Sea it is vital for internal security of India. Cooperation on international platforms: India sees Malaysia as a strong Global South partner. Malaysia’s has participated in all three editions of the Voice of the Global South Summit (VOGSS) led by India. o Recently, India also agreed to work with Malaysia on its request to join the BRICS grouping. About India-Malaysia Relations Background: India established diplomatic relations with the Federation of Malaya (predecessor state of Malaysia) in 1957. Economic: Bilateral trade reached $20.01 billion in FY 2023-24, making Malaysia India's 16th largest trading partner. Malaysia is India's 3rd largest trading partner in ASEAN. o Key initiatives include the Joint Committee Meeting of the Malaysia-India Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (MICECA), efforts to promote trade in local currencies, and central bank cooperation. Oil palm diplomacy: Malaysia contributes three million metric tonnes of palm oil out of the 9.7 million tonnes India imports every year. o Malaysia has expressed its willingness for providing services like research and development, seed supply and partnership management experience to India’s National Mission on Edible Oils. Defence Cooperation: Scope of existing bilateral cooperation includes joint ventures, joint development projects, procurement, logistic and maintenance support and training. o Malaysia-India Defence Cooperation Committee (MIDCOM) meets regularly to review the progress in defence cooperation on an annual basis. o First regional office of HAL was also inaugurated in Kuala Lumpur 2023. People-to-people connect: Malaysia houses over two million people of Indian origin, the third-largest diaspora after the United States and the United Arab Emirates. Challenges in India-Malaysia Relations: Weak Economic Cooperation: India-Malaysia trade is much smaller compared to Malaysia-China trade, which exceeds $100 billion. India's export restrictions on rice, sugar, and onions have affected Malaysia’s food security. Defense Geopolitics: India struggles to secure defense deals with Malaysia. In 2023, Malaysia chose South Korea's FA-50 jets over India's Tejas, despite it being cheaper and adaptable to both Russian and Western weapons. Political Tensions: Malaysia's criticism of India's actions in Kashmir and the Citizenship Amendment Act strained relations. 28 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Extradition Issues: Malaysia has repeatedly denied India's extradition requests (for of Zakir Naik) since 2017, causing friction. China Relations: Malaysia prefers quiet diplomacy with China, avoiding public confrontations and focusing on discreet negotiations, particularly over the South China Sea. o China is also involved in developing Malaysia's Melaka deep-sea port project to undermine Singapore or cutting a canal through the Isthmus of Kra to bypass the Malacca Strait. Labour Exploitation: Indian migrant workers face harassment and exploitation in Malaysian farms, raising concerns about bonded labour. India’s Initiatives to strengthen relations with Malaysia Special allocation of 100 seats under India’s Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) Programme for Malaysian nationals. Joint Committee Meeting of Malaysia-India Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (MICECA) for deepening economic partnership Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Indian Cultural Centre in Kuala Lumpur promotes Indian languages, dance, and yoga. Malaysia is one of the Overseas markets accepting UPI payments Way ahead for improving India Malaysia relations Deepening economic cooperation: Initiatives like avoiding double taxation, customs cooperation, better air connectivity, and airline collaborations can boost trade and tourism. o Early conclusion of review of AITIGA, a strong diaspora, younger population compared to China, and rapid digitization bode well for enhancing mutual trade prospects in the future. ✓ ASEAN is one of the major trade partners of India with a share of 11% in India’s global trade. The upgradation of AITIGA will further boost bilateral trade. Strengthening Defense Cooperation: Geopolitics play a key role in such defence contacts. Therefore, India’s foreign policies and outreach should also deepen defence cooperation in line with South Korea’s New Southern Policy (NSP). o During the recent meeting both countries agreed to sharing of information and best practices to counter terrorism and other traditional and non-traditional threats to address the linkages between terrorism and transnational organized crime. Collaborating on India-led Initiatives: Malaysia can be brought into India’s global initiatives like International Solar Alliance to strengthen ties. Soft power o Traditional Medicines: They have agreed for establishment of the Ayurveda Chair by India’s Institute for Training & Research in Ayurveda (ITRA) Malaysia and also agreed to conclude the MoU on Pharmacopoeia cooperation at an early date. o Cultural Diplomacy: Malaysia, with its large Buddhist population, can play a key role in India's tourism efforts, like the ‘Buddhist Circuit’ initiative, which connects heritage sites for Buddhist tourists. ✓ Discussions for establishment of Tiruvalluvar Chair of Indian Studies in Malaysia have started. 2.3. INDIA-CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE RELATIONS Why in the News? Recent visit by India’s PM to Poland showcases strategic shift towards raising Central and Eastern Europe’s importance in India’s foreign policy. Significance of India’s-Central and Eastern Europe Relations Strategic Location: Central and Eastern Europe stands at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, a strategic location between Russia and the Middle East. o Moreover, these countries can act as the main gateway for Indian exports to Europe. 29 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS To manage China’s influence in the region: 16+1 initiative and Chinese investments through Belt and Road (BRI) initiative has not gone down very well with the EU which perceives China’s outreach as an attempt to create differences within the bloc. o 16+1 is an initiative by China to promote business and investment relations with 16 countries of Central and Eastern Europe. o EU sees India as an economic counterweight to China. Reformed Multilateralism: Various Eastern European countries have shown unequivocal support for India’s bid for a permanent seat on the UNSC. o For instance, Visegrád Group (V4 countries) i.e. Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia has also shown support for India’s Nuclear Supplier Group (NSG) membership. Global Power Projection: India positioning itself as a leading global power with influence well beyond its South Asian neighbourhood. India’ Outreach to Central and Eastern Europe Strategic engagement: India has increased its diplomatic and economic engagements with Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. Economic & commercial Relations: Poland is India’s largest trading & investment partner in Central & Eastern Europe (Bilateral trade worth US$6 billion in 2023). India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC): Announced on the side- lines of the G20 summit, it aims to integrate Asia, Europe and the Middle East. Cultural and Educational Relations: India is leveraging its cultural heritage to strengthen ties with CEE countries. o Strong tradition of Indology studies in Poland, Yoga, Good Maharaja Connection (Maharaja Jam Saheb Digvijaysinhji) etc. Strengthening of India-EU strategic partnership: India is deepening its diplomatic engagements with regional member states like Poland, bolstering the India-EU partnership. Strategic Autonomy at display: E.g. India’s PM visit of Ukraine shows India's view of Ukraine is independent from that of Russia. Concerns in India’s Reorientation toward Eastern Europe India-Russia relations: Traditional Soviet relations perspective of India with respect to Eastern Europe undermines current geopolitical opportunities. Changing geopolitics of the Eurasian region: E.g. Russia Ukraine War Growing Chinese influence: China’s rising economic and political footprint in the region with initiatives such as Belt and Road Initiative Delayed implementation of Projects: E.g. India-EU Connectivity Partnership,

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