Industrial Revolution in Europe PDF

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1710’S-1920’S  AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION The Industrial Revolution, a period of increased output of goods made by machines, began as an Agricultural Revolution in the fields of England in the early 1700’s. The Enclosure Movement...

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1710’S-1920’S  AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION The Industrial Revolution, a period of increased output of goods made by machines, began as an Agricultural Revolution in the fields of England in the early 1700’s. The Enclosure Movement The English tenant farms of controlled by Feudal lords were gone and new wealthy landowners rented their fields to free farmers. Landlords would fence off their leased property to maintain boundaries with neighbors.  THREE FIELD SYSTEM Originally to keep a field’s soil fertile farmers would rotate portions of the their fields and allow portions to go fallow (empty) for several years =3 field system. CROP ROTATION !?! Charles Townshend found that rather than allowing a field to be unused for long periods of time a farmer could plant different types of crops each year allowing the soil to retain nutrients with certain crops. (Ex. Wheat 🡪 Clover 🡪 Turnips 🡪 Wheat)  SELECTIVE BREEDING Farmers began selective breeding programs to produce larger livestock based on Mendelian genetics. (Large Bull + Large Cow = Large Calf)  POPULATION BOOM These innovations led to a large rise in population doubled in less than a century. better nutrition = increase in calcium and protein better sanitation = regular bathing/ indoor plumbing [for wealthy] better medical care = innovations in medicine ex. small pox vaccine (No antibiotics yet).  INDUSTRIALIZATION BEGINS IN BRITAIN Late 1700’s Britain’s Advantages: 1. Natural resources – waterpower (moving water), coal and iron ore (later replaced by steel). 2. Favorable geography- large coastline led to large naval fleet = more markets and more access to raw materials. 3. Progressive ideas due to influence of scientific revolution and enlightenment. 4. Highly developed banking system = low interest rate loans to entrepreneurs. Ready supply of money. 5. Political stability- no war on their soil during this time period (engaged in multiple wars off soil (American Revolution / Napoleonic Wars).  FIRST INDUSTRY: TEXTILES By 1800 The cottage industries of England were not producing textiles fast enough to keep up with the demand of a larger population. Cottage industry = individually made textiles in women’s homes. Factories became more prevalent in British cities with the thread production and weaving inventions of the flying shuttle, water frame, power loom, spinning jenny, spinning mule, and cotton gin. INDUSTRIALIZING TRANSPORTATION Even as production increased British transportation systems dated back to the middle ages = horse drawn carriages on dirt roads and shipping via natural waterways. A major limitation to shipping was the availability of waterways and conditions of roadways. Early solution: Canal system: man-made waterways to connect existing rivers. Results: cheaper shipping, greater availability of goods and expansion of factories.  STEAM REVOLUTION Steam power led to the two greatest transportation innovations of the Industrial Revolution (and to a massive expansion of industry in the factory system). Steamships Railways (Trains) To create the steam-powered locomotive engineers would need a smaller more portable steam engine than that created by James Watt. George Stephenson – would create the first working railroad engine by refining Trevithick’s engine (which was highly combustible) for coal transport.  CONSEQUENCES OF STEAM TRAVEL Positive Negative Greater Availability of Goods due cheaper Substantial Air Pollution shipping Cuts out wagons (Jobs) Lower prices due to increased supply Breakdowns / Accidents Further industrial growth Increased Exploitation of Labor in Factory Opened new markets - farmers/fishing System More personal travel for enjoyment  SPREAD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION Technological innovations were initially limited to Britain because the government maintained secrecy. The British government made it illegal for engineers, mechanics, and toolmakers to leave the country until 1825. This “monopoly” on industrial technology ended in 1789 when Samuel Slater, a British mill worker, disguised himself and sailed to the United States built the machines he saw in the mills from memory. By 1850 The US would join Britain as an industrial leader with Germany (steel) and Italy (navy) also expanding. Industry would not spread as quickly in central and eastern Europe due to the upheaval caused by the Napoleonic Wars.  URBANIZATION By the 1850’s workers began to leave family farms in the countryside and move to large urban centers due to the promise of jobs and steady pay(urbanization). In farming they were not guaranteed profit if crops failed due to weather conditions and they very rarely had the financial ability to work their own land. Population boom in urban areas 🡪 need for cheap, efficient housing. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SrrXUN7S_Ys  TENEMENT LIFE Large 3-5 story apartment complexes that housed multiple residents per unit (4-12 per room on average) shared bathrooms (generally outdoor plumbing) no electricity. PROBLEMS OF CITY LIFE: DISEASE Many cities did not have public garbage collection-individuals transport to dump. Often alleyways would accumulate trash and bring disease and vermin problems. Rats, maggots/flies, cockroaches Water would often become polluted with human waste from lack of indoor plumbing and lack of sanitation: Cholera=Can kill in 1-3 days due to fever, dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea Typhoid= 30% fatal- lasts 2-4 weeks high fever, intense sweating, diarrhea Amoebic Dysentery= severe vomiting, diarrhea PROBLEMS OF CITY LIFE: CRIME AND FIRE A high rate of poverty and overcrowded conditions led to an increase in crime and many municipalities lacked proper police protection. Firefighters were hired by private households (no public service). The cheap building materials of the tenements as well as open flames for lighting and cooking led to quick spreading fires (fire escapes rare).  WORKING CONDITIONS: On a farm: families worked as a unit (multigenerational) their day was regulated by the sun and weather conditions the amount of work changed by the season (spring and fall). In the city: families also worked together in the factories (due to low wages) the day was regulated by a whistle 12-14 hours days/ 6-7 days a week [80-90 hours/ week] pace of work was determined by the speed of the machine.  EXPLOITATION OF WORKERS Most Workers were paid by their output = PIECEWORK Zero tolerance policy of discipline often used corporal punishment (If you were late or refused to do a task = fined or fired) Results: Cheaper product for consumer More profit for producer Less worker satisfaction Lesser quality of goods FACTORY CONDITIONS Often windows would not open to allow for air ventilation- natural lighting only on upper floors (many lower floors had no windows). No heating systems during the winter or fans during summer. Deafening noise from machines. Fatigue due to lack of breaks/ physically demanding labor. Faulty Equipment with open panels of moving parts. Poor Training ACCIDENTS AND DISEASE Machines: crushed workers hands and arms Pulled loose clothing\hair into moving machinery = degloving Textile workers got lung disease from dust and fibers = Brown Lung Miners got Lung disease from coal dust (black lung), Cave-ins Suffocated due to toxic gases (“canary in coal mine”) If you were hurt at work : no workers compensation no pension you were fired and family was expected to pay damages No health insurance  WOMEN IN THE WORKPLACE Were often excluded from any high paying or managerial positions and paid less than male counterparts. They often lost jobs to married men- only poor married women would work outside of the home. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= pOIvdhmMaOE CHILD LABOR Due to financial need many children left school after primary school for the factories. Repetitive labor caused many children to be physically stunted and malformed. Hunchbacked and bowlegged Girls would often join the work force at younger ages - brothers could remain in school. Mining – 5-6 year olds in small mine shafts. Scrappers and Doffers (young as 5) in textile mills Orphaned children were forced by the workhouses to work in factories. Although children had been servants and apprentices throughout most of human history, child labor reached new extremes during the Industrial Revolution. They could be paid lower wages, were more tractable and easily managed than adults, and were very difficult for unions to organize. Child laborers often worked to help support their families, but were forced to forgo an education.