World War II Causes & Events - PDF

Causes of WWII Background -Was built upon one of the points in the Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points -Wilson’s 14 point speech was about how to never have another war -Speech was ignored except for one that developed the League of Nations -Capital of League of Nations was Geneva, Switzerland as it was a ne...

Causes of WWII Background -Was built upon one of the points in the Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points -Wilson’s 14 point speech was about how to never have another war -Speech was ignored except for one that developed the League of Nations -Capital of League of Nations was Geneva, Switzerland as it was a neutral country -Opened on 1919 based on Wilson’s idea -Meant to improve living conditions and provide countries a way to solve their problems to avoid a war -Collective security is a massive alliance where a lot of countries will support a country when threatened -Successful during the 1920’s when they first opened -This was by providing social welfare support to countries -Helped refugees and improved medical research -Sweden and Finland had a border dispute and both countries accepted a ruling Weaknesses of the League of Nations was shown during the 1930’s -The League was organized with 4 permanent members including France, Britain, Italy and Japan - other countries rotate throughout -Article X, incase of being threatened, council will agree on what will happen and the members will agree to the council’s ruling -Trade boycotts, refusing a specific trade to a country between all the members of the League -Embargos, refusing all trade/sell to a country between all the members of the League -The country that didn’t agree to this was America due to their Isolationism -America’s isolationism started in 1820 after the War of 1812 with America not wanting to be involved with Europe’s business -Members that were excluded from the League were Germany, US and the USSR -Their members were weak against the global superpowers -Total # of members are approx. 63 members Manchurian Crisis -China and Japan had already fought a war in 1894-1985 called the First Sino-Japanese War -Japan won and annexed Korea from China -Japan was threatened by the Western powers, Germany, Britain, Belgium and Russia to stop invading China, they stop but the Western powers took advantage of this and kept the land for themselves -Japan fights Russia in the Russo-Japanese war and surprisingly wins -Japan asks the League of Nations that all nations have racial equality, the League refused -Japan’s biggest industries are rice and silk, during the Great Depression no countries were willing to buy their rice and silk as trade is halted -China is Japan’s lifeline as they have a lot of crops and land to feed their population -Japan’s nationalism fuels the invasion of China -In 1931, Japan blew up their own railway, known as the Mukden Incident and blames it on China -The League of Nations investigated the incident and releases the findings known as the Lytton Report and Japan is found guilty of blowing up their own railway -Japan was forced to remove their troops from Manchuria, however it refused and the league did nothing as a result -Japan leaves the League of Nations -The league did nothing due to not wanting to start another war and it was in the middle of the Great Depression -Japan escalates the situation and invades Manchuria, known as the Second Sino-Japanese War Italy’s Invasion of Abyssinia -During WWI, Italy changed sides midway through and were promised 5 areas, 3 areas they got but Fiume and Dalmatia were the areas they didn’t get -Mussolini replaces Victor Emmanuel III as king during his March on Rome, making himself dictator of Italy, Il Duce -In 1935, Musolini invaded Abyssinia, Italy had tanks and planes while the Abbyssinians were defending themselves with sticks and spears -Haile Salessie is the leader of the Abyssinians, goes to the League of Nations as Italy is invading their country, the League helps by creating a boycott on Italy where all members of the League prevent Italy from getting oil -Italy says that they will invade the countries who refused to sell them oil -The League backed down and stopped the boycott -After the League did nothing to help Abyssinia, 8 countries left the League in 1939 including Germany -Invasion of Abyssinia is significant as it resulted in a Germany and Italian alliance -Hitler considered invading/annex Austria -In 1934, The July Putsch was where Mussolini put 4 divisions in Austria to defend Austria’s borders and prevent Germany from taking Austria -After the July Putsch, The Stresa Front occurred, which is an agreement between Italy, France and Britain against Germany to keep Austria independent What are the Weaknesses of the League of Nation? -Does not include strong and powerful members which includes Germany, USSR and the US -Racism was a problem as they wanted the US to join as they were a segregated country -Does not have a military and don’t have access to force -All bark no bite, meaning that they will say all these things but will not impose anything against a country and will only threaten them with embargos -They just went through the Great Depression -They will force you to follow through with what they want, when you refuse all they can do is kick you out the league -All are scared of another war and scared of losing a war German Aggression Background Information -When Hitler was young he wanted to be an artist -He joined the National Socialist German Workers Party and wore Brown Shirts, Nazi for short -He staged the Beer Hall Putsch in Munich 1923, Hitler was arrested and spent 9 months in prison where he took that time to write Mein Kampf (My Struggle) and his message and ideas were spread throughout Germany -Beer Hall Putsch was where Hitler tried to overthrow the government and thought that the German police would join their side as what happened to Tsar Nicholas II -The Weimar Republic was the first time Germany had a democratic government, lasted from (1919-1933) -The German Parliament is the Reichstag Economic Problems -1920’s, Weimar Republic and War Reparations -1923-1925, the Occupation of the Ruhr was where French and Belgian soldiers occupy the Ruhr region in Germany and the Weimar Republic did nothing to prevent the occupation and resulted in over 100 German civilian deaths in the Ruhr -1930’s, The Great Depression which led to German businesses had to do without American loans -The Weimar Republic printed more and more money, which didn’t increase the value but decrease the value of each -From 1922-1923, hyperinflation occurred in Germany as a result of the Weimar Republic printing a ton of money -1922 bread was 163 deutschmarks, 1923 bread was 1,500,000 deutschmarks, November 1923 bread was 200 billion deutschmarks, 1924 bread was 9 skibidillion deutschmarks -Another mistake the Weimar Republic made was they let French and Belgian troops occupy the Ruhr region of Germany which led to over 100 German civilians were killed -The US helped Germany by creating the Dawes Plan which helped stabilize the German economy by giving them loans -Once the loans had stopped due to the Great Depression, US wanted their money back -Hitler won the most seats in 1932 with 37% of the seats in the Reichstag -Hitler lost the presidential election to Paul von Hindenburg -Hitler promised to end unemployment, ignore the Treaty of Versailles, stopping war and economic reparations, and to deal with the Jewish population in Germany -Hitler scapegoated the Jewish population saying that they are the problem in Germany -After Hitler was appointed Chancellor of the german people by Hindenburg, he passed an Enabling Law/Act when the Reichstag burns down, which gave him the right to make laws without asking the Parliament and banned all other political parties in Germany -Paul von Hindenburg dies, giving Hitler total control over the country eventually making himself a dictator Domestic Reforms -Improved the Autobahn, autarky, credit, UEI (Unemployment Insurance), military, protected industry from foreign camp -1935 Nuremberg Laws took away the citizenship and civil rights of all Jews in Germany and their jobs= which leaves space for more jobs for the Arya=n Germans -Hitler invested a lot in radios to make it mandatory for families to have a radio for them to hear his messages, ie. propaganda and brainwashing Anti-Semitism -Hitler persecuted the Jewish people while creating national unity among the Aryans -Jews were banned from all government buildings, teaching, banking, broadcasting, media and entertainment, many shops and public buildings -The idea of thinking that other races are superior than others come from Social Darwinism, where it is believed that a race is better than others Foreign Policies -1935, Hitler announced that military service would become compulsory for men/ conscription -Hitler said that Germany would rearm -Lebensraum/Living Space, enough space for the German population and land for food -Autarky, being a self sufficient country -All these policies was forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles Road to War -Started by the Occupation of the Rhineland which was a demilitarized which was a break of the Treaty of Versailles -The Rhineland was a buffer zone between Germany and France where France did not want to have a dangerous border with Germany -In March 1936, German troops marched into the Rhineland which was the first break of the Treaty of Versailles -Biggest example of nationalism in Germany Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis -October 1936, Hitler and Mussolini made an Agreement -Pact of Steel, 3 countries carve out their area of interest, all want to expand territory and will cooperate with each other to fight against the rise of communism Anschluss -Hitler wanted a union of Germany and Austria -March 1938, German soldiers marched into Vienna -Ended in a quiet/silent surrender as not a single shot was fired (Flower War) -The Nazi’s justification the invasion as the reunion of peoples unhappily kept apart the Treaty of Versailles Czechoslovakia and the Munich Agreement/Munich Pact -September 1938, the leaders of France, Italy and Britain met with Hitler in Munich to decide Czechoslovakia’s fate -The men bargain and agree that Hitler can have the Sudetenland but must stop making further demands for more territory -October 1, 1938, German troops enter the Sudetenland -Czechoslovakia was forced to accept Hitler’s demands to give up the territory to the Nazis or fight it out alone -Neville Chamberlain declared, “there will be peace for our time” -In Canada, the Munich Pact was greeted with relief because Canadians believed that the threat of war had passed -March 1939, all of Czechoslovakia is taken over, the world now knows Hitler can’t be trusted to keep his promises -This a big example of Appeasement -Britain and France followed a policy called appeasement -Appeasement was to avoid another war -Felt sorry for Germany -Hitler appeared respectful/reasonable in his demands -Italy and Japan were greater threats -Believed that communism was worse than fascism Nazi-Soviet Pact/Molotov-Ribbentrop pact -August 23, 1939, Germany and the USSR signed a pact -When war came they would not fight each other, non-intervention/aggression for 10 years -Secretly agreed to split Poland up in half between them -The Non-Aggression Pact was suppose to be for 10 years Invasion of Poland -September 1st, 1939 Hitler invaded Poland using a military strategy known as Blitzkrieg, lightning war -September 3rd, Britain and France declares war on Germany -September 10th, Canada declares war for itself, first time that has happened -Blitzkrieg is a fast paced, multi pronged attack -Soviets invade on the 17th to take their half -Germans used an excuse that the Polish attacked a German radio station to invade them, that wasn’t true The Locarno Pact/Rhine Pact -locarno is where the pact was formed -A meeting in Switzerland where Germany, France, Belgium, Britain and Italy to guarantee peace in western Europe -A mutual guarantee that fixes the Treaty of Versailles and will remain intact -An agreement where they will not attack each other and if they do there will be mutual support WWII Battles Phoney War (Sitzkrieg) -From Sept 1939-April 1940 -Allies used the period to mobilize and arm themselves while Germany occupying countries -April-May Germany occupies countries including Denmark, Norway, Belgium and the Netherlands Dunkirk Was a Miracle!!! -France was invaded May 1940 and they surrendered on June 25 -BEF troops were trapped on the coast of France on May 26 -300k British and Canadian troops evacuated against all odds while civilian fishing boats helped bring their young men back to Britain -Dunkirk was a mistake for Hitler as he didn’t take advantage -Miracle was due to the foggy weather, the calm waters, strange immunity when the men waited on the beaches not one bullet hit their men as stuka divers shot at them and Hitler halted and grounded their tanks -France’s Maginot Line had failed as Germany successfully invaded them -Maginot Line, a line of defense and fortifications between France and Germany -After France had fallen, Charles DeGaule took power in Vichy France, a German puppet state -338k out 400k men were successfully evacuated Battle of Britain -Occurred between July 10-Oct 31 1940 -Operation Sea Lion, a planned invasion of Britain that never occurred -Hitler used air strikes to destroy British planes, factories and morale -Thousands of people were killed and multiple properties destroyed -RAF vs Luftwaffe (Royal Air Force and Germany Air Force) -700 RAF vs 1100 Luftwaffe -British and Canadian fighter pilots counter attacked by bombing Berlin, Blitz on London -Blitz, a nightly bombing campaigns on London -A classic example of how Hitler wasn’t going to drown in a war of attrition -Considered a German loss Stalingrad/Operation Barbarossa -Started June 1941-1942 -Germans thought they can take the USSR in 6 weeks until they can mobilize -Lebensraum and Autarky, living space to become self sufficient -Jewish and Slavic population in USSR -Stalingrad is the turning point of the war and the bloodiest battle in history -Stalin stopped the Scorched Earth policy at Stalingrad and encircled the Germany army -Caused the Germans to retreat and the Russians starts pushing back through the Eastern European countries and will be the first country to reach Berlin Pearl Harbor -The US remained isolated and neutral from WWII -The US feared Japanese expansion in the Pacific so they helped China and aided Allies with Lend Lease Act -Dec 7,1941, Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, a US navy base in Hawaii that was Japan’s only threat in controlling the Asian sphere of influence -360 planes destroyed 19 warships and 349 aircraft -Over 3k soldiers and civilians were killed -All of this happened in under 2 hours -The same day Japan invaded the Philippines, Hong Kong, Guam and the Wake Islands -A day later the US declared war on Japan, then Germany and Italy -This made WWII a full world scale war -FDR, the American President, was in a wheelchair for the three terms he served, the most of any American President -His VP, Harry Truman will be sworn in after FDR dies, and he makes the decision of dropping the atom bomb on Japan Canadians at Hong Kong -C-Force Canadians were sent to protect the British colony Hong Kong from the Japanese -C-Force meant that they were inexperienced and needed training -Japan attacked Hong Kong on Dec 7, same day as Pearl Harbor with airplanes, artillery and a force 10 times the size of the Canadian force -Canadian troops surrendered on Christmas 1941 -Resulted in 800 casualties and the survivors will be sent to POW camps -POWs were used as slave laborers and experienced harsh treatment Dieppe Disaster/Operation Jubilee (On Test) -Also known as the Nautical Disaster -A military blunder for the Canadians where 5k Canadians tried to invade the heavily defended coast of France at Dieppe -The invasion was due to trying to relieve pressure off Russia, practice amphibious tactics and to try to crack the enigma -The mission was to seize the town of Dieppe, destroy the port facilities, take prisoners, weaken coastal defenses, finding Enigma and to return to England -They needed a surprise attack but were already spotted by enemy ships who alerted the Germans -Canadians landed on the beach in broad daylight under heavy attack and few made it to the town -Ended in a disaster of 3367 casualties and made possible due to poor planning -Dress Rehearsal (Test), lessons learned from this disaster would be valuable for a future invasion of Europe with few casualties, D-Day Italian Campaign/ Operation Husky -Canadian, British and American troops invaded Italy on two fronts -Italian troops were defeated in a month -Loyal Eddies, from Edmonton, fought in Ortona where they displayed their courage, skill, and effectiveness and used mouseholding and street fighting -Canadians had captured and defeated the German military in Italy by June 1944 D-Day/ Operation Overlord -June 6, 1944 -First major invasion on the French coast since Dieppe -Attack was kept a secret and was carefully planned -Invasion used a massive air raid and beach landing -Americans landed on Omaha and Utah, British on Gold and Sword and the Canadians at Juno -Canadians were the only ones to meet their objectives -After the landings the Allies began pushing the Axis back from the west coast Liberation of Europe -Fighting continued for 11 months after D-Day -Canadians liberated the Netherlands on May 1945 and fed the Dutch people -The Royal Family from the Netherlands were kept in Ottawa to protect them from the Nazis -April 1945, Russians entered Berlin, Hitler heard that a day earlier Mussolini was captured and killed, he did not want the same thing to happen to him so he shot himself -May 7, 1945, Victory in Europe -May 8, 1945 all fighting stopped but the US still had war with Japan in Asia Holocaust Stages of the Holocaust Discrimination -600k Germans were Jewish -Germans were ordered to boycott all Jewish business, shops were looted and beaten by Nazi supporters -They were encouraged to immigrate to other countries but were refused entry Canada -1939, a passenger liner called the St.Louis left Germany with 907 Jews looking to escape Nazi persecution -Canada turned these Jews away due to the PM Mackenzie King had anti-semetic attitudes -The St.Louis returned to Europe and were eventually killed in death camps Nuremberg Laws -Jews were legally forbidden to marry non-jews, denied the right to vote, doctors and lawyers were not allowed to practice, their citizenship was revoked, and they were segregated Kristallnacht (The Nights of Broken Glass) -Nov 7, 1938, after a Jewish student shot a German diplomat, Hitler ordered his stormtroopers to wreak havoc on Jewish communities -Synagogues were burned to the ground and businesses destroyed -91 Jews were killed, with hundred wounded and terrorized -The Gestapo, or German Secret Police, arrested 30k wealthy Jews and confiscated all their assets -All Jews were forced to wear the Star of David Re-settlement -Jews were forced out of their homes into Ghettos, formally a section of a city set apart as a legally enforced residence, usually enclosed within walls, locked at night but freedom to move around within -They could only take what they could carry with them, everything else was confiscated by the Nazis, also taken to Concentration Camps to fulfill slave labour, many died on route due to the lack of air, food and water on the trains Systematic Executed -Between 1941-1945, German policy to exterminate all Jews in Germany and occupied areas, including Poles, Russians, Hungarians, Slavs, Dutch -First they were shot by firing squad but were too expensive and didn’t have space to bury them -Final Solution, massive extermination in gas chambers, where Zyklon B disguised as showers, and their bodies were disposed in crematoriums -Medical experimentation was conducted on many resulting in death -The largest death camps were in Dachau, Auschwitz and Treblinka were 6 million Jews died were murdered by the Nazis -Poland had and lost the most amount of Jews in Europe -Holocaust means, “sacrifice by fire” Aftermath -Jews were liberated from the camps however, many would stay in Displacement Camps until they found surviving family members and were able to start over -Many wanted to start over out of Europe and in their ancestral homeland in Palestine -1948, The State of Israel was created for the Jews, however, this offended the people who already lived there and so began a conflict that is still going on today -For the first time the perpetrators were punished after the war, where they were taken to court, found guilty and executed (the Nuremberg Trials), some escaped and lived under new identities, some famously escaped to Argentina Homefront -William Lyon Mackenzie was the PM of Canada during WWII -First time that Canada declared war for itself with the House of Commons voting to declare war on Germany after the Polish invasion -2nd time Canada invoked the War Measures Act -Total war with all Canadians participating on the war in the Homefront Conscription -King promised no conscription at the beginning of the war and only volunteers would be sent overseas -National Resources Mobilization Act (NRMA), a law that authorized limited conscription of men who would be trained to defend Canada which required all males to register for national service -French resisted but happy Canadians will not be forced to fight overseas -As Hitler gains more power and territory King is pressured by Allies to send more troops over -The US and British had full conscription when they declared war -Many English Canadians began pushing for conscription due to their lack of involvement in the war -The Plebiscite, or a referendum, 1942 King asked Canadians if they would release their promise about not installing conscription to fight overseas -9/10 provinces voted yes, 72% of Quebec’s population voted no -Division between the French and English Canadians, King’s solution, Not necessarily conscription but conscription if necessary -1944 Allies were desperate, King passed a motion to send 16k soldiers overseas and 12k NRMA conscripts -French started rioting in Montreal and Quebec City, however most French Canadians acknowledged King’s efforts to avoid conscription Roles for Women -WWI, women filed labour shortages in factories and served as nurses -WWII, The Canadian Women’s Army Corps, Canadian Women’s Auxiliary Air Force, Women’s Royal Canadian Naval Service -Although they weren’t allowed into front line combat, women acted as radio operators, guided airplanes on ships back from battle missions on site welders and mechanics -Also played a vital role in war industries -Rosie the Riveter, wore overalls and bandanas as a symbol of their commitment -Rosie was used as part of the propaganda to get women both married and single -Government even instituted daycares for married women’s babies Japanese Internment -Vancouver, British Columbia had a high Asian population -Asian Canadians suffered immigration limits such as head taxes and were denied the right to vote until the 1960’s -22k Japanese lived in BC before WWII, 14k of which were born in Canada and spoke English as their first language -A week after Pearl Harbour under the War Measures Act, Canadian government seized fishing boats, homes, properties and were eventually detained and relocated them to camps in Alberta and Manitoba -10k were deported to Japan after the end of WWII when 2 atomic bombs were dropped -MP Ian Mackenzie, “Let our slogan be no Japs from the Rockies to the Seas” -Reasons for Japanese Internment: -National Defense -Racism -Resentment (HK and Pearl Harbour) -Money and Resources -1988, Brian Mulroney and the government formally apologized to Japanese Canadians and were given compensation, 40 years after Pearl Harbor and the Japanese Internment Camps Japan 💣💣 -Japan were still fighting the US in the Pacific -Island Hopping/Leapfrogging, the US tactic -Kamikaze/Divine Wind Pilot, the Japanese tactic -During the war very few Japanese soldiers surrendered -Harry Truman became president after FDR died in April 1945 -Truman wanted to shorten the war by using the Atom Bomb under the Manhattan Project -Uranium in the bomb was mined in Great Bear Lake, NWT and refined in Port Hope, ON -Plutonium in the bomb was developed in Montreal Laboratories -Warning Truman sent Japan to surrender or face prompt and utter destruction, warning was ignored -August 6, 1945, US Enola Gay dropped Little Boy on Hiroshima due to being a major port and army headquarters -All buildings in a one kilometer radius was flattened by the blast -Japan still refused to surrender, 3 days later second bomb, Fat Man, was dropped on Nagasaki -Japan finally surrendered on August 15,1945 with the treaty signed on the USS MIssouri in Tokyo Bay -Resulted in WWII ending -Effects after the bomb included radiation poisoning, cancer, PTSD, birth defects, slow babies, 135k dead in Hiroshima and 64k dead in Nagasaki -The USS Arizona becomes the Pearl Harbour Memorial Reasons of Dropping the Bomb -Japan would never surrender, thousands of American lives would have been lost in an invasion of Japan -Bomb costed 2 billion, it would’ve been a waste if they didn’t use it after the vast financial investing -Japan treated POWs harshly, Americans thought that they deserved to be taught a lesson -The US wanted to show how much stronger they were than the USSR End of the War -Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam Conferences -Tehran, create a major offensive on Germany’s Eastern Front (Operation Bagration to divert German force from Northern France -Yalta, gives the USSR a sphere of influence in Manchuria -Potsdam, Stalin, Attlee and Truman met up to negotiate the terms at the end of the war which split up Germany into four occupied zones The Big Three during WWII: Churchill, Stalin and Roosevelt Tehran (1943) Yalta (Before End of Potsdam (After End of WWII) WWII) -Located in Iran -Located in the USSR -Located in Germany -First time the big three meet -USSR wanted to declare war on -Truman replaced FDR -Argued Germany’s Japan -Atlee replaced Churchill unconditional surrender -In 1945, the first meeting of the -Charles DeGaule wasn’t invited -Splits Germany UN was agreed to the conference -International Body for the UN -Four D’s, Disarm, Divide, -Germany was split but -Open up a second front Denazify/Dtemocrify, economy was whole -Poland to receive land Demilitarize -Denazified Germany -To split Germany into 4 zones -Berlin, USSR held territory, for France, Britain, US and split into 4 zones USSR -Take reparations from it’s own -Weaken Germany by zone demilitarizing -A quarter of the economy from -Reparations for Germany up to the rest of Germany went to the 20 billion, mostly went to USSR USSR for devastation -Tension between East and West -De-nazification and have Europe, US democracy and German criminals tried in the USSR communism Nuremberg Trials -Discussed Japan in more detail -Eastern Europe to have free election -Didn’t know what to do with Poland -Discussed Germany in more detail WWII Test Questions? -How was conscription handled in WWII -NRMA in 1940 -Plebiscite/Referendum -Rosie the Riveter -How did king handle conscription in WWII differently than Borden in WWI? -Japanese Internment Camps Horse Shit Essay Test Intro -Background/Historical Context -Controversy, why there is disagreement on the topic -Thesis -Plan of Development, what the body paragraphs are about, needs to be able to have loads of information w-Eg: Political, Economic, Social, Ethical, Ideological, Military - Body -Starts with topic sentence -Knowledge, content terms taught, needs to be accurate -Historical significance, the perspective -Evidence, using an example -Historian and evaluate, use the historian to support your case -Critical analysis Culminating (Japanese, German, Italian Aggression leading to WWII, mostly German) (10% of final grade) Has IB conversion, eg: 50% is 84% z4 sources 3 written 1 image Question 1 (5) A) Knowledge (3) B) Image (2) Overall message, what you see and what it means Question 2 (4) OPCVL Question 3 (6 marks) Compare and Contrast Make point, pull words from Source A and Source B Question 4 (9 marks) Long Answer Question Compare and Contrast -Has to be content and what is being said -Don’t use the author, use where the text originated from -Citing the same source is allowed but it cannot be with the same source you already cited -Say Source A and Source B instead of the last names -Can use the tone -Eg: First Source A was calm and neutral while Source B was aggressive and nationalistic Practice: pg 125 Compare Contrast -Both agree that the Treaty of Versailles was a Source B is meant to rally the German people humiliation aggressively and Source A is meant to inform “These were alleged to have “stabbed Germany in the back” -Source B is biased “With the armistice begins the humiliation of -Source B talks about the goals for the Nazi party Germany” -The Treaty was meant to bring down the German people “By fermenting demonstrations and strikes in German industrial areas.” “Treaty stands there can be no resurrection of the German people” -The German people did not agree to the Treaty “Sections of post-war Germany did not accept that defeat and the peace settlement which followed it as a fair or final outcome” -Both sources blame the German republic for their problems, mainly for the signing of the Treaty of Versailles -The German people would rather have continued fighting than signing the treaty -Both discuss German nationalism First 5 minutes, read question before reading the source, know what to look for According to Hitler, how has France gone against the spirit of the Locarno Pact? According to Hitler, France had gone against the spirit of the Locarno Pact by heavily fortifying their frontier with steel and concrete and ornaments and garrisoning it heavily, which made Germany weak and vulnerable as France started militarizing their borders showing no peace and breaking the treaty. Secondly, France did not console another country with their militarizing act. Thirdly, France has a revolutionary philosophy of world revolution, spreading communism which makes Germany defenseless as communism spreads which doesn’t keep peace in Europe Not only had they fortified their border but had also garrisoned it heavily putting troops on their border According to Hitler, the reason why Britain and Italy wanted an alliance with Germany is because he believes that Britain cannot defeat Germany like they did previously in WWI. Secondly, According to Hitler the reason why Germany must expand to the East is because it has an increased population that they need to feed. Secondly, they also need space for the existence of their nation as a superior race. Finally, they need to expand to become a world power. Long Answer -Using the sources and your own knowledge