Unit 3 (WWII) Notes PDF

UNIT 3 (WWII) WORLD WAR ONE WAS A DECADE OF MANY COUNTRIES GETTING AWAY WITH MURDER Causes of WWII: Major Cause #1: Failure of the League of Nations Major Cause #2: German Aggression & Breaking the Treaty of Versailles Major Cause #3: All of this was made possible by the Allies foreign policy of...

UNIT 3 (WWII) WORLD WAR ONE WAS A DECADE OF MANY COUNTRIES GETTING AWAY WITH MURDER Causes of WWII: Major Cause #1: Failure of the League of Nations Major Cause #2: German Aggression & Breaking the Treaty of Versailles Major Cause #3: All of this was made possible by the Allies foreign policy of APPEASEMENT Spark: The immediate cause of war is Germany's invasion of Poland Key causes of WWII: -​ The destruction caused by WW1 -​ Failure of ww1 peace settlements (Treaty of Versailles) -​ Global economic depression -​ Weakness of the league of nations -​ Militaristic & nationalist leaders in Germany, Italy, and Japan -​ Acts of aggression by Axis powers -​ British and French appeasement ANIMAL causes from WWI are still relevant in WWII, but different In WWII the sides are Axis vs Allies (except Italy who switched sides from central powers to Allies, and Japan helped the Allies in WWI but switched to Axis in WWII to protect Germany) A map will be on the test (countries are labelled AC, ABD, etc) and provided with a scantron with a question to match them all. Know the information behind it, and where it is on the map! CAUSES OF WWII: Failure of the League of Nations (1931 – 1935) Question: Why didn’t anyone stop/punish aggressive nations before the war began? Could it have been prevented if someone put their foot down? Background ​ Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points (14 ways to ensure another world war would never happen again, and improve the lives of civilians)​  ​ Purpose & Functions - Collective security is when many countries (groups) support other countries if they feel threatened. The members are France, Germany, Italy, and Japan. The goal is to keep INTERNATIONAL PEACE! ​ ​ ​ Achievements - The League of Nations provided social welfare, helped refugees, helped sponsor medical research, solved the border dispute between Sweden and Finland (1920s)​ ​ ​ Weaknesses - Russia, the U.S, and Germany were not included in the League of Nations -​ Russia is underestimated at this time, making its non-inclusion a huge downside -​ Germany is a very militant, aggressive nation that could also have been an asset -​ The U.S is very wealthy, and militant, and was not destroyed after WWI Everything below are the failures that the League of Nations had: North America & Isolationism ​ Isolationism - The U.S was the only country involved in WWI that still had something when it was over due to isolationism (American foreign policy - they do not want to be involved with Europe’s conflicts/wars unless the U.S is being directly affected by it)​ ​ ​ Article X - when a country is a part of the LEAGUE OF NATIONS, they agree to the rules as stated in Article X: The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all Members of the League. In case of any such aggression or any threat or danger of such aggression, the Council shall advise upon how this obligation shall be fulfilled. When a country chooses to not play nice, the league can: -​ Not to buy or sell between a certain country (trade boycott, EMBARGO), no other country that is a part of the LON can buy/sell -​ Boycott from buying something they’re known for (hurt them economically) -​ Possibly invade the country Instances when the League of Nations was not successful: The Manchurian Crisis: This sets a precedent for how the League of Nations “works” Background: Japan vs China​ -​ First Sino - Japanese war was fought between Japan and China in 1894 - 1895  -​ Island nations tend to be nations that have a Navy and colonize countries with more resources (CHINA) -​ Japan won the war effortlessly and won a lot of territory -​ Germany, Belgium, and France said to Japan “Give the land back Japan! You took too much and its not right!” -​ Japan chose to give it back because they're too weak to fight those 3 nations -​ Germany, Belgium, and France kept that territory that Japan took! MORE BACKGROUND: When Japan was given a chair in the League of Nations, they wanted ONE THING: -​ They wanted equality across all nations, and the league said NO 1905 Russo - Japenese war: -​ Japan won! Huge humiliation for Russia, and a huge win for Japan. Will they finally gain respect? Rice and silk were Japan’s biggest exports to the world! China is their lifeline and only means of survival during the worst years of the Great Depression. THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS’ RESPONSE! How does this look to other countries? 1931 - Japan blew up their railway: -​ China and Japan are both members of the League of Nations -​ China goes to The League of Nations and says “They blew up the railway, and have now invaded our country!” -​ They investigate and use the (“Lytton Report”) to show their findings -​ The League investigated and the Lytton Report showed that Japan was at fault -​ The League ordered Japan to withdraw troops, and Japan said NO! -​ The League does NOTHING about it -​ Then Japan left the League -​ Nobody helps China because they don’t want another war, they’re in the middle of the Great Depression, they’re racist to China OUTCOME: HENCE THE START OF THE SECOND-SINO JAPANESE WAR (1945)! NOTE: If the League of Nations gives no consequences to Japan, what can other countries get away with? The Invasion of Abyssinia: ​ Italy v. Ethiopia -​ Scramble for Africa -​ Italy was promised 5 territories of Africa for switching sides in WWI (went from the Central Powers (Germany and Austria’s side) to the Triple Entente (France, Britain, and Russia’s side) , and were only given 3 out of 5 and they didn't get Fiume and Dalmatia ​ Communist to Facism -​ Benito Mussolini went from communism to facism and gave himself the name “Il Duce”, he was tired of being played around by countries -​ Italy invades Abyssinia in 1935 (Ethiopia today) with bombs and heavy machinery, while the Abyssinians have spears ​ Jamaicans have a huge religion (Rastifarian) where they believed their Emporer was a God (Haille Selassie)! They prayed to him, and believed he was the saviour that would save the african slaves in other countries. ​ They go to the League of Nations and ask for help -​ The League of Nations said to their members to not buy anything from Italy -​ Italy threatened to invade the countries that would not buy from them (OIL MEANS WAR) -​ The League backed down -​ 8 nations backed out of the League of Nations in 1935 (one being Germany) 1934: JULY PUSH Background: -​ Hitler was in power in 1933 -​ Mussolini did not like or respect Hitler -​ Hitler expresses interest in Austria (Hitler is Austrian, and there were many ethnic Germans in Austria) What happened/July push:  -​ MUSSOLINI PUTS 4 DIVISIONS OF HIS MEN INTO AUSTRIA TO DEFEND AUSTRIA’S BORDERS -​ Hitler backed down Stresa front: An agreement between Italy, France, and Britain against Germany to keep Austria independent in 1935 Outcome: -​ Britain and France held power in the League of Nations and gave Italy the cold shoulder, meaning Italy could turn to other Fascist countries not liked by Britain and France such as GERMANY -​ The invasion of Abyssinia made Italy not very popular with the League of Nations members -​ The black sheep of Europe are Italy and Germany, so they start to ally (anti-communist alliance) League of Nations weakness that led to their downfall: Why didn't anyone stop/punish aggressive nations before WWII began? -​ Membership (powerful countries left) -​ Racist ideology in decision-making -​ They don't have an army of their own -​ All bark, no bite -​ They’re in the middle of the Great Depression -​ Fear of another war & losing + the unknown with these very powerful countries -​ Fear of the PAST (WWI), especially how the Treaty of Versailles affected Germany German Aggression and Hitler: Background on Adolf Hitler & his Rise to Power ​ THE NAZI PARTY: Nationalist Socialist German Workers Party 1921-BROWN SHIRTS targeted younger people -​ THE BEER HALL PUTSCH- Munich 1923 - Hitler tries to take over the government (attempted armed revolution). He thought the police would side with him because of what happened in the Russian Revolution, but they didn’t so the mission failed. This caused  him to go to jail for treason for 9 months, (supposed to go for 5 years). In politics, any publicity is GOOD PUBLICITY! ​ Mein Kampf - “My Struggle” is a book written by Adolf Hitler while he was in jail ​ In 1932, Hitler won 37% of the seats, and even though it was not the majority the party still won ​ President Hindenberg won against Hitler in the 1933 election ​ Hitler was then appointed Chancellor by Hindenburg in January 1933 to keep an eye on him due to his radical views ​ HINDENBERG DIES in 1934 Hitler promised… -​ To find work for the unemployed -​ He would ignore the Treaty of Versailles: no more reparations/payments -​ To deal with the Jews = all Germany's problems (even though the Jew population in Germany was 3%) SCAPEGOATING ​ Enabling Law - Hitler passed this law which gave him the right to make laws without asking Parliament (after the REICHSTAG burned down) which Hitler blamed the Communists for and vice versa + all other political parties were banned (there were 14) ​ Anti-Semitism - Once in power, Hitler and the Nazi party persecuted the Jewish people while creating national unity among the ARYANS. Anti-semitism is popular in Europe, so many Jews stay in close-knit communities. -​ Jews were banned from: all government jobs, teaching, banking, broadcasting, media and entertainment, many shops, and public buildings -​ Why does Hitler hate Jewish people? - Many Jews were the “November criminals”, many Jews were very rich, SOCIAL DARWINISM (Hitler's belief) -​ Social Darwinism - Charles Darwin said you can classify species (some species are better than others, so some survive and others not as much - hierarchy). This was a scientific theory (quasi) presented in the 1800’s, leading to the idea that some races can be better than others -​ Hitler also believed that AYRANS who married other races would hurt Germany and if they had kids, it would weaken Germany. This was a HUGE ideology that a person's rights come second, and the state comes first! -​ Hitler completely controlled the media (newspapers, radios), and it was mandatory to have a radio. The only radio program that could be on air were the ones that had all the Nazi updates and push propaganda.  -​ Many Jew’s lost their jobs once the Nazis were in power. Even the self-employed found it hard to make money because Germans wouldn't buy from them (Nazi ideology and racism). WHY DID PEOPLE LIKE HITLER? He was seen as a leader and someone strong who took ACTION! The old democratic government (Weinmar) did nothing while the citizens struggled. They needed someone to lead them and take control. Germany's economic problems: ​ Weimar Republic, & the Enabling Act: 1920s – Weimar Republic (First democratic GOVERNMENT of Germany) & Reparations: ​ Money lost value because they were printing so much money to give to the U.S (Treaty of Versailles) HYPERINFLATION ​ In 1922, a loaf of bread was 163 marks, in early 1923, a loaf of bread went up to 1,500,000 marks, and in late 1923, a loaf of bread was 200,000,000,000 (200 billion) marks ​ 1923 - 1925 the French and Belgian troops took over the Ruhr (a territory in Germany) because Germany couldn’t pay other countries in reparations according to the Treaty of Versailles. The Ruhr was rich in factories and resources, so they stole things from the factories (130 Germans killed) ​ The Dawes plan - In the 1930’s the U.S. gave loans to a struggling Germany. Once the Great Depression hit, the U.S. wanted their money back! ​ Economic Problems + Political Instability + New Radical Ideas= Nazi Germany DOMESTIC REFORMS: -​ Autobahn (public works), autarky, credit, unemployment insurance, military, protected industry from foreign companies -​ Autarky is when Hitler wanted to be fully self-sufficient and not need anything from any other country -​ Hitler ended unemployment by creating the Volkswagen -​ 1935 NUREMBERG LAWS took away the citizenship and civil rights of all Jews in Germany and their jobs = jobs for Germans -​ Hitler from 1933 - 1935 focused on domestic and economic issues AVENGING THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES: THE ROAD TO WAR: In 1935 Hitler started ignoring the rules of the Treaty of Versailles: Hitler started to warm people up to his ideas:  -​ Hitler announced that military service would be compulsory for men (breaking the 100,000 men cap) -​ Germany would rearm its military in the air (Luftwaffe or aircraft) -​ LEBENSRAUM (taking back the land that was theirs from WWI, & living space) -​ Autarky (to be fully a self-sufficient country) -​ The TofV stopped Germany from having troops within 50km of the River Rhine. -​ RHINELAND demilitarized zone (a buffer zone so that France can feel safe being right next to Germany. NO TROOPS, NO MILITARY) -​ Germany was sick of other countries controlling them -​ In March 1936, German troops marched into the Rhineland -​ Poland was worried and started warning everyone else, but nobody listened -​ A huge source of national pride (a HUGE large nationalist display) -​ 2 conditions broken??? APPEASEMENT & CHAMBERLAIN Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis: -​ In Oct 1936 Hitler and Mussolini agreed on the Rome-Berlin Axis, and Japan would join afterwards -​ Remember: Mussolini got the cold shoulder from everyone else, so Hitler turned to him (even though they didn't like each other much) -​ PACT OF STEEL: -​ 3 counties carve out their areas of interest- all want to expand their territory -​ 3 countries will cooperate to fight against the rise of communism THE PATH TO WAR: -​ Hitler wanted an Anschluss (union) of Germany and Austria. -​ In March 1938 German soldiers marched into Austria (Vienna). -​ A quiet surrender -​ The Nazis justified the invasion as the reunion of people unhappily kept apart by the Treaty of Versailles. CZECHOSLOVAKIA AND THE MUNICH AGREEMENT: -​ Czechoslovakia does not want anything to do with Germany -​ Sudetenland is a region of Czechoslovakia that used to be part of Germany with German-speaking people -​ September 1938: Hitler had a party and invited the leaders of France, Italy, and Britain in Munich to decide Czechoslovakia’s fate -​ Czechoslovakia was not invited! -​ The four men struck a bargain Hitler could have the Sudetenland (1/3 of Czechoslovakia) but Hitler must stop making demands for more territory (MUNICH PACT) -​ Chamberlain asked Hitler to sign a paper saying that he wouldn't advance after the Sudetenland -​ Chamberlain declared, “There will be peace for our time” -​ 6 months later on October 1, 1938, German troops entered Sudetenland and took over all of Czechoslovakia -​ Czechoslovakia was forced to accept Hitler’s demands to give up territory to the Nazis or fight it out alone. -​ In Canada, the Munich Pact was greeted with relief because Canadians believed that the threat of war had passed. -​ March 1939: All of Czechoslovakia is taken over, the world now knows Hitler can’t be trusted to keep his promises! WHEN HITLER TOOK OVER AUSTRIA, WESTERN POLITICIANS DID NOTHING. WHEN HITLER DEMANDED THE SUDETENLAND, IT WAS GIVEN TO HIM. WHY? -​ Britain and France followed a policy called appeasement (Br PM Chamberlain’s idea). -​ Avoid another war -​ Feeling sorry for Germany from the Treaty of Versailles (“were we too harsh”?) -​ Hitler appeared respectful/reasonable in his demands -​ Italy & Japan were greater threats -​ Believed Communism was worse than fascism THE SOVIET UNION’S ROLE: The Nazi-Soviet Pact (more formally known as The Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact): ALWAYS ON EXAM -​ Hitler was not worried about France or Britain, but he was worried about the Soviet Union -​ On August 23, 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed a pact: Nazi-Soviet Pact. Even though Germany is fascist and Russia is communist they clash. -​ Hitler knew that Poland was a part of the Soviet Union, so they said they would give the bigger part to them -​ When war came they would not fight each other (non-intervention for 10 years) -​ Hitler does not want to have a war on 2 fronts -​ Secretly they agreed to split Poland up between them, WHY?: -​ Poland used to be a part of the soviet union and Germany was scared that Russia would want that part, so he agreed to split it beforehand HITLER ATTACKS POLAND! This is the immediate spark: -​ September 1rst 1939 -​ They used Blitzkrieg (lightning war) is fast paced and will create fear and panic (three-pronged attack on the North, South, and West of Poland) -​ On September 3rd Britain and France declared war against Germany -​ September 10th: Canada votes in the house of commons and declares war for the very first time on Germany -​ September 17th: The soviet union takes their half of Poland -​ October 6th: Poland surrenders  WWII BATTLES: THE SITZKRIEG (krieg means war): -​ Phoney war (or Sitzkrieg) from Sept 1939- April 1940 -​ Why? There was NO FIGHTING until April 1940 -​ April-May: Germany invades (using Blitzkrieg) and occupies: Denmark, Norway, Belgium, and The Netherlands (remember theres a difference between a RAID and OCCUPYING) DUNKIRK: -​ France was invaded in May 1940 & they surrendered on June 25 -​ 3-day evacuation effort -​ Charles DeGaulle - Vichy - was seen as a hero because he led a resistance movement and encouraged people to sabotage anything the Germans could use in war because when the Germans took over the people in France had to either comply or be killed -​ BEF troops were trapped on the coast of France (May 26th) -​ 300,000 British and Canadian troops were evacuated against all odds, civilians helped -​ All English citizens prayed for a whole day -​ MIRACLE #1: A 3-day fog showed up the morning of the evacuation and ended the second it was over -​ MIRACLE #2: The English Channel has rough weather and is almost impossible to swim in, but the soldiers had to cross it. Then the civilians were asked by the government to give the soldiers their small boats. For all 3 days of the evacuation, the English Channel water was like glass and the most calm it had ever been. -​ MIRACLE #3: While travelling on an open beach, gunfire came from above and thousands of shots were fired, yet not a single one hit any of the 300,000 soldiers -​ MIRACLE #4: Hitler grounded his tanks! His advisors did not agree with him, and nobody ever knew why he did it. This is MISTAKE #1 -​ 50,000 died, 338,000 lived! -​ Maginot line failed! BATTLE OF BRITAIN: Preparation for operation SEA LION -​ July 10th - October 31rst, 1940 -​ GERMANY NEVER INVADES BRITAIN -​ Britain was Hitler’s only threat: OPERATION SEA LION (planned invasion of Britain) – never happened -​ Hitler used massive air strikes to destroy British airplanes, factories, morale. -​ 1000’s of people were killed and property destroyed. -​ RAF v LUFTWAFFE  -​ British and Canadian fighter pilots and bombers counter attacked Berlin = the BLITZ ON LONDON -​ KEEP CALM AND CARRY ON: People in Britain still had to go to work! -​ Hitler didnt place radar stations, but women used physics and radars to pick up where and when German planes were attacking -​ Classic example on how Hiter will not get dragged into a war of attrition (starve out the enemy) -​ 1100 German planes VS 700 RAF planes HITLER INVADES RUSSIA: -​ Hitler turned his sights to Russia WHY: Not a two front war, thought Russia would take 6 weeks to mobilize, lebensraum, big Jewish/Slavic population seen as inferior (social darwinism) -​ Allied perspective: let Russia and Germany get weak & kill 2 birds with one stone -​ Russias strategy: Scorched-earth policy! Burning down food, houses, and get rid of anything to make the Germans freeze to death and slow down the German assault OPERATION BARBAROSSA -​ This was what Hitler feared from the start. PEARL HARBOUR: 1941 -​ The United States remained isolated and neutral from WWII -​ The US feared Japanese expansion in the Pacific so they helped China (2nd Sino-Jappanese War) and aided Allies with LEND LEASE ACT -​ Japans perspective: America is NOT NEUTRAL -​ The Americans were airdropping supplies to help the Chinese -​ America threatened to stop selling oil to Japaan if they didnt get out of China (90% of Japans oil is supplied by the USA) -​ Dec 7, 1941, Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbour, Hawaii (USA navy base was Japan’s only threat in controlling the Asian Pacific sphere) -​ Japan launched their attack in the Phillipenes and Hong Kong even when in peace talks about the threats in oil and high tariffs -​ Dec 8 1941, the US (FD Roosevelt) declared war with approval of congress on Japan, Germany, and Italy -​ WWII was a fully world scale war at this point -​ Over 3000 soldiers and civilians were killed, + 18 warships & 349 aircrafts destroyed -​ Americans got lucky because they were not in the harbour on Dec 7th -​ The memorial is the Arizona ship CANADIANS AT HONG KONG:​ -​ Canadians (C FORCE, not trained) were sent over to protect British colony of Hong Kong from the Japanese (possible racism by sending their worst soldiers) -​ Japanese attacked in Dec 7 with airplanes, artillery and a force 10 times the size of the Canadian force. -​ Canadian troops surrendered on Dec 25, 1941. -​ 800 casualties and the survivors were transferred to POW camps. -​ POW’s were used as slave labourers and experienced harsh treatment. Japan is noted for treating POWS worse than any other country- why? DISASTER AT DIEPPE: NAUTICAL DISASTER IN 1942 -​ COMMON ESSAY ARGUMENT: SENSELESS SLAUGHTER OR NECCESSARY FOR AN ALLIED VICTORY? -​ A military blunder for the Canadians -​ August 19th 1942, 5000 Canadian troops tried to invade the heavily defended coast of France at Dieppe -​ Knowingly un-prepared for a full scale invasion, the raid was intended to relieve pressure off of Russia & practices AMPHIBIOUS TACTICS -​ They were looking for enigma (to crack German coding) and do not find it The Dieppe Raid: -​ Mission: seize the town (occupied by Germans), destroy the port facilities, take prisoners, weaken costal defences, find ENIGMA, and return to England. -​ 3367 casulalites, 2000 prisoners of war, 1000 Canadian lives lost -​ Outcome: needed a surprise attack but were spotted by enemy ships who alerted the Germans. Canadians landed on the beach in broad daylight under heavy attack. Few even made it to the town – DUE TO POOR PLANNING! Significance of Dieppe: -​ Dress Rehearsal: lessons learned from this disaster would be valuable for a future invasion of Europe (D-Day) with few casualties -​ Lessons = pulverize defence positions in advance, stronger forces & forces on reserve until the progress of the assault is known. THE TIDE TURNS - STALINGRAD: -​ 1942 was the worst year for the Allies in the war. -​ By 1943, the situation changed – Russia stopped the Nazis at Stalingrad which crushed the German army (Stalin stopped scorched-earth policy) = clash of titans! -​ The Axis powers were on the retreat, & the largest & bloodiest battle in world history -​ 330 thousand German troops killed -​ STALIN STOPPED SCORCHED EARTH POLICY -​ Clash of titans: Hitler and Stalin (though neither fought in it themselves) -​ Soviets become successful and begin the push -​ Stalingrad onwards: Germans on retreat, out of russia -​ Russians will continue that push through eastern european countries and into Germany -​ RUSSIA: FIRST NATIONS THAT STEPS FOOT INTO GERMANY ITALIAN CAMPAIGN: 1943 -​ Operation Husky -​ July 10, 1943 – Canadian, British, and American troops invaded Italy via to create two fronts. -​ Invasion called Operation Husky -​ Italian troops were defeated in a month and German troops were sent to defend the territory. -​ Canadians (Loyal Eddies) fought a long, dangerous battle at Ortona which displayed their military courage, skill, and effectiveness – used MOUSEHOLING & STREETFIGHTING -​ Canadians had captured and defeated the German military in Italy by June 1944. D - DAY: DAY OF DELIVERANCE: Stalingrad is the D - Day of the East -​ 11 month campaign to push Germans out -​ First major invasion on French coast since Dieppe. -​ Attack kept a secret and was carefully planned. -​ Invasion of Normandy called Operation Overlord on June 6, 1944. -​ The invasion used a massive air raid and beach landing. -​ The invasion targeted 5 beaches – Canadians invaded Juno Beach -​ Canadians were the only group to meet their objectives -​ This landing began to push the Axis back from the West Coast LIBERATION OF EUROPE: -​ Fighting continued for 11 months after D-Day.  -​ Canadians pushed the Germans out of Italy & Holland * Tulip Festival & Royal Family -​ Germany was on the brink of defeat, & only unconditional surrender would be accepted by the Allies. -​ In April 1945, Russian troops entered Berlin, Germany -​ Hitler heard Mussolini was captured and killed, so he shot himself -​ May 7, 1945 – VE Day had arrived – Victory in Europe Day -​ On May 8, 1945, all fighting stopped, but still at war against Japan! THE HOLOCAUST - Roughly 600,000 Germans were Jewish - The top two countries that had the largest Jewish population were Russia and Poland - In his book Mein Kempf, Hitler made no secret of his hatred for Jews = ANTI-SEMITISM - When Hitler came to power in 1933 & instantly began discriminating against the Jews. WHY? - Ayrans believe that it was the Jews that killed Christ according to the Bible, Jews were kicked out of Italy during the Roman Empire, and Shakespeare made a large display of his anti-semitism with a character in one of his plays, showing his belief that Jews only cared about money (this ties to the fact that in Germany there were many rich Jewish people) 5 Stages of the Holocaust: 1. DISCRIMINATION: Germans were ordered to boycott all Jewish businesses, shops were looted, & Jews were beaten by Nazi supporters. They were encouraged to immigrate to other countries (not wanted in Germany) but were often refused entry. -​ CANADA: In 1939 (pre - war) a passenger liner, St. Louis, left Germany with 907 Jews looking to escape Nazi persecution. Canada turned them away. Mackenzie King (PM) had anti-Semitic attitudes by allowing Canada’s immigration policy to turn away all Jewish applicants. Many Canadians signed petitions to keep out Jewish people. The St. Louis returned to Europe and the Jews were eventually killed in death camps. 2. NUREMBERG LAW (1935): Jews were legally forbidden to marry non-Jews, denied the right to vote, doctors and lawyers were not allowed to practice, their citizenship was revoked, and they were segregated (from schools, movies, swimming pools, sports...). Many were fired & assaulted without punishment. 3. KRISTALLNACHT (Nov. 7, 1938): The night of broken glass - after a Jewish student shot a German diplomat, Hitler ordered his stormtroopers to wreak havoc on Jewish communities. Synagogues were burned to the ground, businesses were destroyed, 91 Jews were killed, hundreds wounded and many terrorized. The Gestapo were secret police who would walk around and randomly ask people to show their government papers to see whether they were Ayran or Jewish. This led to some Jews having fake papers that said they were Ayran. The Gestapo arrested 30,000 wealthy Jews and confiscated all their assets. All Jews were forced to wear the Star of David. 4. RE-SETTLEMENT: The best chance of survival was to not end up in a ghetto. Jews were forced out of their homes and into GHETTOS (formerly a section of a city set apart as a legally enforced residence, usually enclosed within walls, locked at night but free to move around within). Some could go out but they had strict curfews. If they came back past their curfew three others would be killed. They could only take what they could carry with them and the Nazis confiscated everything else—also taken to CONCENTRATION CAMPS to fulfill slave labour. Many died on route (lack of air, food & water on trains). 5. SYSTEMATIC EXECUTION (1941-1945): German policy to exterminate all Jews in Germany and occupied areas (Poles, Russians, Hungarians, Slavs, Dutch). First, they were shot by firing squads (too expensive, where to bury them?) FINAL SOLUTION- massive extermination in gas chambers (ZYKLON- B) disguised as showers and their bodies were disposed of in crematoria’s. Because all Jews needed to have their heads shaven in concentration camps, the Nazis would sell their hair to stuff pillows. Medical experimentation was conducted on many resulting in death. The largest death camps were in Dachau, Auschwitz, and Treblinka. 6 million Jews were murdered by the Nazis. Holocaust means “sacrifice by fire”- Greek origin The Aftermath: Jews were liberated from the camps however, many would stay in Displacement Camps until they found surviving family members and were able to start over Many wanted to start over out of Europe and in their ancestral homeland in Palestine. In 1948 The State of Israel was created for the Jews, however, this offended the people who already lived there and so began a conflict that is still going on today.  For the first time the perpetrators (Nazis) were punished after the war (taken to court, found guilty and executed) = NUREMBERG TRIALS. -​ When determining whether a Nazi Soldier was guilty for their actions, the evidence used was the German police Battalion 101. This was proof that Germans willingly became killers even when they could have opted out of murdering Jews. Soldiers were in a line their Superior would tell them to go to a predominantly Jewish village and kill every man, woman, and child there, and if they didn't feel comfortable with doing that, they could step forward. Only three out of hundreds of soldiers stepped forward, and they were not harmed, but rather sent to fight for Germany in the war. -​ After WWII, even when many were sent to death, others either had a few years or life in prison depending on their actions. Some escaped and lived under new identities. WWII at Home Review: -​ William Lyon Mackenzie King is Canada’s Liberal Prime Minister during WWII​ -​ This is the first time Canada declares war for herself. This is done through Parliament. The House of Commons voted on Canada declaring ​War on Germany after Poland was invaded​ ​ -​ Canada invoked the War Measures Act again (2nd time)​ ​ -​ Total War: All Canadians participated in the war on the HOMEFRONT ​ (Rationing, Victory Gardens, Victory Bonds, feeding soldiers – ​farming, and manufacturing munitions- over 1M women in Canada)​ Conscription Again -​ King wants to avoid tearing the country apart again​ ​ -​ When WWII begins: King promises NO conscription, only volunteers will be sent overseas​ ​ -​ 1940 = NATIONAL RESOURCES MOBILIZATION ACT (NRMA): a law that authorized limited conscription of men who would be trained to defend Canada in ​ the case of being attacked or invaded- required all males to ​register for national service.  French resisted but happy Canadians ​would not be forced to fight oversees.​ ​ -​ As Hitler gains more power and territory King is pressured by Allies to send more troops over​ ​ -​ Britain and the US both had full conscription from the moment they declared war.​ ​ -​ Many Canadians (English) began to push for conscription- they were resentful of our lack of involvement​ ​ -​ 1942= ​PLEBISCITE (all eligible citizens take a direct vote on an issue of major national importance - AKA referendum or direct democracy) King asked Canadians if they were in favour of releasing the Liberal Government from their promise not to instill conscription to fight oversees. 9 out of 10 provinces voted YES, 72 % of Quebec’s population voted NO!​ ​ -​ Once again a division between French and English, therefore King’s solution = “Not necessarily conscription but conscription if necessary”​ ​ -​ By 1944 Allies were desperate, so King passed a motion to send 16,000 soldiers oversees and 12,000 NRMA conscripts​ ​ -​ French reaction: riots in Montreal & Quebec City, however, most French acknowledged King’s efforts to avoid conscription​ New Roles for Women -​ WWI: women filled labour shortages in factories at home and served as nurses behind front lines. Women will do this again.​ ​ -​ WWII: Women will push for official military service = THE CANADIAN ​WOMEN’S ARMY CORPS, CANADIAN WOMEN’S AUXILIARY AIR FORCE, WOMEN’S ROYAL CANADIAN NAVAL SERVICE​ ​ -​ Although they were not allowed into front line combat, they did act as radio ​ operators, guided airplanes an ships back from battle missions, on -​ site welders and mechanics​ ​ -​ Also played a vital role at home in war industries = ROSIE THE RIVITER: ​ ​ Created by Norman Rockwell, she wore overalls & bandanas as a symbol of their  commitment. Rosie was used as part of the propaganda to get women, both married and single, working (the government even provided free daycare so mothers could also work). She got millions of women into working especially in factories (they need encouragement)! War Measures Act and Enabling Act are both the same thing with the goal being to enable total control over the population (the only difference is in their intent). Hitler used this to turn into a dictator, while King (PM) did not. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS THAT MIGHT BE ON THE EXAM: -​ How was conscription handled in both world wars?: -​ How was conscription handled and what were the issues people had with it?: PLEBISCITE: (now referendum is used): Every single decision is put to a vote, direct democracy Japanese Internment: -​ Vancouver had a high Asian population involved in fishing industries that created tension between Asian and White Canadians since early 1900s. -​ Asian canadians suffered immigration limits, head tax, and were denied the right to vote until the 1960s. -​ 22,000 Japanese were living in BC during WWII. 14,000 were born in Canada and spoke English as their first language. -​ One week after Pearl Harbor, under the War Measures Act, the Canadian Govt seized Japanese fishing boats and later their homes and all property, detained them, relocated them to camps in Alberta and Manitoba and eventually after the war deported 10,000 back to Japan and never let the remainder back into BC. -​ Member of Parliament: Ian Mackenzie- "Let our slogan be no Japs from the Rockies to the Seas" -​ On September 22nd, 1988 Brian Mulroony (PM) ( and the federal government) apologized for seizing the property and imprisoning/detaining Japanese - Canadian citizens in the House of Commons. Each survivor received either 11,000$ or 21,000$. WHAT MOTIVATED JAPANESE INTERNMENT? POSSIBLE ESSAY QUESTION: -​ Option 1: National defense -​ Option 2: Racism -​ Option 3: Revenge (Pearl Harbour and Hong Kong) -​ Option 4: MONEY (MOOLAH $$$$$$$)  JAPAN SURRENDERS -​ The War was not over yet -​ Japanese were still fighting USA in the Pacific -​ Tactics: island hopping: an American strategy that made troops go to different islands constantly, so the Japanese didnt know where they would land. This practice—skipping over heavily fortified islands in order to seize lightly defended locations that could support the next advance -​ VS kamikaze: (meaning “divine wind pilot”, divine because the emperor is a god). Any of the Japanese pilots (usually teenagers) who in World War II made deliberate suicidal crashes into enemy targets, usually ships. -​ Very few Japanese Soldiers surrendered because they believed they would rather kill themselves than dishonor their family and country Surprise: TRUMAN PROJECT Truman became president in Apr ‘45 after FDR died- he wanted to shorten the war & save American lives by using their secret weapon - the Atomic Bomb created scientists under the MANHATTAN PROJECT -​ Uranium mined in Great Bear LK, Northwest Territories and refined in Port Hope ONTARIO. The Plutonium was developed in Montreal Laboratories ATOMIC BOMB - HIROSHIMA: Truman warned the Japanese to surrender or face ‘prompt & utter destruction’ – the warning was ignored -​ The Enola Gay is the plane that dropped the first atomic bomb ever August 6, 1945 US ENOLA GAY dropped the 1st bomb on Hiroshima (“Little Boy”) – chosen because it was a major port & army headquarters. All buildings within a one kilometre radius was flattened by the blast. 3 days later the 2nd bomb was dropped on Nagasaki (“Fat Man”) Truman justified the bomb in his warning with these reasons: -​ Japan started it by attacking Pearl Harbour -​ It cost 2 BILLION $  -​ #1 reason: to SAVE AMERICAN LIVES and TIME -​ Shows off to the world (especially the soviet union) how strong the U.S is Results: -​ War ended -​ Radiation Poisoning, cancer -​ PTSD -​ Birth defects & intellectually delayed babies born afterwards -​ Dead and injured in Japan: -​ H: 135,000 N: 64,000 Japan finally surrendered (V-J Day: Aug 15, 1945) – treaty signed on the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay. WWII was finally over! Source Analysis: USA v. Japan (THIS WOULD BE 1A AND 1B ON A TEST) Source 1 Excerpt from War in the Pacific: Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay edited by Bernard C. Nalty, published by Salamander Books, London, 1991, pg 291. Japan’s industrial infrastructure proved too fragile to sustain modern warfare. Stockpiles, especially of oil, could be replenished only through conquest, and the very act of conquering drew upon these reserves. Handicapped by industries that produced just 3.5 per cent of the world’s manufactures, compared to 32.2 per cent for the United States, plagued by shortages of essential materials, the Japanese hand no strategy, a shortcoming masked by tactical successes like the devastation at Pearl Harbor and the conquest of Malaya. Instead of clearly defining a strategic objective and marshalling the resources needed to achieve it, Japan devoutly believed that the warrior spirit would prevail, that Americans lacked courage and resolve and would accept a negotiated settlement leaving the Japanese in control of Asia and the western Pacific. According to the Source, why did Japan lose the war against the USA? Japan lost the war against the USA because “Japan's industrial infrastructure proved too fragile to sustain modern warfare”. They did not have the high grade weapons the U.S had, leaving them at a huge disadvantage. They also had no strategy, masked by their success at Pearl Harbor. They had no real strategy and did not define a “strategic objective”. Japan also believed that the Americans lacked the courage to accept a negotiated settlement leaving the Japanese in control of Asia and the western Pacific. Source 2 What message is being conveyed by the following image? The message being conveyed by the image is that the Americans are “island spe­arer”, meaning that they have destroyed their land/islands. This is shown by the soldier (American) on the boat with what looks like to be concrete through his spear. This signifies buildings/homes/etc that was destroyed due to the bomb.­The destroying of Japan's land is also shown through the small chunks of land in the water spelling out “Oceania”, reflecting the sea. It also shows Japan in the background with the lines around it signifying a big explosion or detonation.