Word Formation Study Guide PDF

# Appendix 4 ## Word Formation | Concrete noun | Abstract noun | Verb | Adjective | Adverb | |---|---|---|---|---| | acquirer | acquisition, acquisitiveness | acquire | acquisitive | acquisitively | | activity, activist | action, activism | act, activate | active, actionable | actively | | adapto...

# Appendix 4 ## Word Formation | Concrete noun | Abstract noun | Verb | Adjective | Adverb | |---|---|---|---|---| | acquirer | acquisition, acquisitiveness | acquire | acquisitive | acquisitively | | activity, activist | action, activism | act, activate | active, actionable | actively | | adaptor | adaptation, adaption, adaptability | adapt | adaptable, adapted, adaptive | | | additive | addition | add | (in)adequacy, additional, additive | (in)adequate | additionally, (in)adequately | | adult | adulthood | | | | | agreement | (dis)agreement | (dis)agree | (dis)agreeable | agreeably | | antique, antiquary, antiquity | antiquity | | antiquarian, antiquated, antiqued | | | applicant, appliance | application, applicability | apply | (in)applicable, applied | applicably | | architecture, architect | architecture | architectural | architecturally | | arts, artwork, artist, artifact | art, artwork, artistry, artificiality | | arty, artistic, artful, artless, artificial | artistically, artfully, artificially | | assessor | assessment | assess | assessed | | | assistant | assistance | assist | assistant, (un)assisted | | | attendant, attender, attendee | attendance, attention | attend | attentive, (un)attended | attentively | | authoritarian | authoritarianism | authorise | (un)authorised, authorising, authoritative | authoritatively | | authorities, authority | authority, authorisation, availability | avail (sb of) | available, unavailable | | | base, basics, basis | base, baseline | base | basic, based, baseless | basically | | beautician | beauty | beautify | beautiful | beautifully | | behaviourist | behaviour, behaviourism | behave | behavioural | | | believer | belief | believe | (un)believable | (un)believably | | Botany, botanicals, botanist | building | build, rebuild | botanical, botanic | botanically | | building, build, builder | building | | built, rebuilt | | | captive, captor | captivity | captivate | captivated, captive, captivating | captivatingly | | caretaker, carer | care, carefulness, carelessness | care | carefree, careful, careless, (un)caring | carefully, carelessly, (un)caringly | | category | categorisation | categorise | categorised, categorical | categorically | ## Appendix 4 (Continued) | Concrete noun | Abstract noun | Verb | Adjective | Adverb | |---|---|---|---|---| | centre | caution, precaution | caution | cautious, cautionary, precautionary | cautiously | | ceremony, ceremonialist | centrality, ceremoniousness, ceremonialism | characterise | central, centred, ceremonial, ceremonious, characterful, characterless | centrally, ceremonially, ceremoniously, characteristically | | commerce, commercial | comfort, discomfort, commerce, commercialisation, commercialism | commercialise | (un)comfortable, commercial, commercialised | (un)comfortably, commercially | | community | communion, communication | commune, communicate | communal, (un)communicative, communicational | communally | | company, companion | company, companionship, comparability | accompany, compare | accompanying, (un)accompanied, (in)comparable, comparative | (in)comparably, comparatively | | competitor | competition, competitiveness, (in)competence | compete | competitive, competing, (in)competent | competitively, competently | | complication | (in)comprehension, (in) comprehensibility, concept, conception, conceptualisation | comprehend, conceive, conceptualise | (in) comprehensible, (in)comprehensive, (in)conceivable, conceptual | (in)comprehensibly, (in) comprehensively, (in)conceivably, conceptually | | conformer, (non)conformist | (non)conformity, conformation, conformance, conformability | conform | (non)conforming, conformable | (non)conformably, conformably | | consumer | consideration, consumption, (dis)continuance, (dis)continuation, (dis)continuity | consider, consume, (dis)continue | consequent, (in)consequential, considerate, considerable, continual, (dis)continuous | consequently, (in)consequentially, (in)considerately, considerably, continually, (dis)continuously | | conventioneer | convention, conviction | convince | (un)conventional, (un)convincing | (un)conventionally, (un)convincingly | | costing(s) | cost | cost | costly | | | courage | courage | encourage, discourage | courageous, encouraged, encouraging, discouraged, discouraging | courageously, encouragingly | | creation, creator, creature, creationist | creation, creativity, creationism | create | creative | creatively | ## Appendix 4 (Continued) | Concrete noun | Abstract noun | Verb | Adjective | Adverb | |---|---|---|---|---| | culturist | culture | culture | cultural, cultured | culturally | | customer, customs | custom | customise, accustom | cured, curative, (in)curable, customary, (un)accustomed | (in)curably, curatively, customarily | | damage, damages | damage | damage | damaging, (un)damaged, damageable | damagingly | | decoration, decorator | decor, decoration | decorate | decorative | decoratively | | defender, defendant | defence, defensiveness | defend | defensive, defenceless | defensively | | denier | denial | deny | defined, (in)definable, (in)definite, definitive | definitely, indefinitely | | departure, (the) departed | departure | depart | undeniable | undeniably | | dependant | (in)dependence, (in)dependency, dependability | depend | (in)dependent, (un)dependable | (in)dependently, (un)dependably | | depth | depth | deepen | deep | deeply | | destroyer | destruction, destructiveness, (in)destructibility | destroy | destructive, destructively, (in)destructible | developmentally | | developer | development | develop | developing, (un)developed, developable, developmental | | | digit | diligence | | digital | digitally | | diner, dinner | discovery | dine | diligent | diligently | | discoverer | discrimination | discover | (in)discriminating, discriminatory, discriminative | discriminately, (un)discriminatingly, discriminatively | | dispenser | dispensation, (in)dispensability | dispense | (in)dispensable | diversely | | document, documentation | diversity, diversiveness, diversification | diversify | diverse | | | dominion, dominator | dominance, domination | dominate | dominant, dominating | dominantly | | drama, dramatics, dramatist | drama, dramatisation | dramatise | dramatic, dramatised | dramatically | | economist, economics | economy | economise | economic, (un)economical | (un)economically | ## Appendix 4 (Continued) | Concrete noun | Abstract noun | Verb | Adjective | Adverb | |---|---|---|---|---| | educator | education | educate | (un)educated, educational, educative, educationable | educationally | | effects | affectation, effect, effectiveness | affect, effect | effective, affected, effectual | effectively | | enlarger | enlargement | enlarge | large, enlarged, enlarging | largely | | environmentalist | environment, environmentalism | | environmental | environmentally | | equaliser, equation, equator | equality | equal, equalise, equate | (un)equal, (un)equalled | (un)equally | | equipment | | equip | equipped | | | excess | excess, excessiveness | exceed | excessive, exceeding | excessively | | exception | | except | exceptional, exceptionable | exceptionally | | exclusion, exclusiveness, exclusivity | exclusion | exclude | exclusive, exclusionary | exclusively | | exhibition, exhibit, exhibitor, exhibitionist | exhibition, exhibitionism | exhibit | exhibitive, exhibitionistic | expectantly, unexpectedly | | expenditure, expense, expender | expenditure, expense, expensiveness | expend | (un)expected, expectant, (in)expensive, expendable | (in)expensively | | experiment, experimenter, experimentalist | experimentation, experimentalism | experiment | experimental | experimentally | | exploiter | exploitation | exploit | (in)experienced, experiential, exploitable, exploitative | experientially | | exploration, explorer | exploration | explore | exploratory | | | explosion | | explode | explosive | explosively | | exposition, exposure, exposé | exposition, exposure | expose | exposed | | | extension, extender | extent, extension | extend | extensive, extended, extensible | extensively | | externalist | externalisation, externals, externalism | externalise | external | externally | | face | | face | facial | factually | | fact, factor | | | factual | | | favourite | favour, favouritism | favour | favoured, (un)favourable, favourite | (un)favourably, (un)favourably | | form, formula, format | formation, formulation, formalism | form, formulate | formative, (in)formal, formless | formatively, (in)formally | | former | former | | former | formerly | | frequency | freedom, frequency | free, frequent | free, (in)frequent | free, freely, (in)frequently | | globe | generosity, globalisation | globalise | generous, global | generously, globally | ## Appendix 4 (Continued) | Concrete noun | Abstract noun | Verb | Adjective | Adverb | |---|---|---|---|---| | undergoer | going | go, undergo | going | | | graces | grace, disgrace | grace, disgrace | (dis)graceful, gracious, graceless | (dis)gracefully, gracelessly, graciously | | grade, gradation, gradient, gradualist | grade, gradualism | grade | grading, graded, gradual | gradually | | gratitude | (in)gratitude, gratification | gratify | (un)grateful | (un)gratefully | | grudge | grudge | grudge | grudging | grudgingly | | harm | harm | harm | harmful, harmless, unharmed | harmfully, harmlessly | | hater | hate, hatred, hatefulness | hate | hating, hated, hateful, hateable | hatefully | | height | height | heighten | high, heightened | high, highly | | hindrance | hindrance | hinder | hindered | | | historian | history | | historical, historic | historically | | human, humanity, humanist, humanitarian, humanities, humankind | humanity, humanism | humanise | horrific, horrifying, human, (in) humane, humanistic, | horrifically, horrifyingly, humanly, humanely, humanistically | | humour(ist) | humour, identification | humour, identify | humourous, humourless, identifiable, identical | humorously, identically | | improver | improvement, improvability | improve | | | | increaser | increase | increase | improved, increasing, increasable | immunising, immunised, increasingly | | inhabitant, habitat, habitation, inhaler, inhalant, installation, installer, instructor | (in) habitation, (in)habitability, habitation, inhalation, install, instruct | inhabit, inhale, install, instruct | (un)inhabited, habitable, inhalant, instructive, instructional | | | intensity, intensification | intensity, intensification | intensify | intensive, intense, (un)intentional, intended | intensively, intensely, (un)intentionally | | interpreter | interpretation, interpretability, interpretableness | interpret | interpretive, interpretable | interpetably | | introduction | introduction | introduce | introductory | | | invader | invasion | invade | invasive | | | inventor, inventory | invention, inventiveness | invent | (un)inventive, inventional, inventionless | inventively | | land, landmark, landscape, landlord | knowledge, knowingness, landing | know, land | (un)known, knowing, knowledgeable, landless | knowingly, knowledgeably | ## Appendix 4 (Continued) | Concrete noun | Abstract noun | Verb | Adjective | Adverb | |---|---|---|---|---| | law, lawyer, lawmaker, lawsuit, lawbreaker | law, legalisation, legality | legalise | (un)lawful, lawless, (il)legal, legalistic | (un)lawfully, lawlessly, (il)legally | | like | | | like, alike | alike | | limit | limitation | limit | limiting, (un)limited, limitless | locally | | locality, local, locale, location | locality, location, localisation, localism | locate, localise | local, located | | | longitude, length | elongation, length | elongate, lengthen, prolong | long, elongate, lengthy | | | loyalist | loyalty, loyalism | | loyal | loyally | | mark, marker | marking, remark | mark, remark | marked, remarkable | markedly, remarkably | | master, mastermind, masterpiece, masterclass, masterwork, masterstroke | masterliness, mastery, masterfulness | master, mastermind | masterly, masterful | masterfully | | memory, memento, memorandum (memo), memorial, memoir(s), memorabilia | memory | memorise, memo | memorable | memorably | | milestone, mile | milestone, mileage, mimicry, minority | mime, mimic | mimetic | | | moment | momentum | | momentary, momentous, monthly | momentarily, momentously | | month | | | | | | monument | monument | moralise | monumental | monumentally | | moralist | morality, morals, moral, morale | | (im)moral, moralistic, amoral | (im)morally | | mystic | mystery, mysteriousness, mystification, mystique | mystify | mysterious | mysteriously, mystically | | navigator | navigation | navigate | navigational | | | neighbour, neighbourhood | neighbourliness | neutralise | neighbouring, neighbourly | neutrally | | noble | nobility | ennoble | noble, ennobled | nobly | | norm | norm, (ab)normality, normalisation | normalise | (ab)normal, normalising | normally | | note, notables | noteworthiness | note | notable, noteworthy | notably | | novel, novelist, novella | novelty | | novel, novelistic | | | number | | number | numbered, numerical, numberless, (in) numerous, (in)numerable | | | object, objector | objection, objectivity, objectiveness, objectionability | object | objective, objectionable | objectively, objectionably | ## Appendix 4 (Continued) | Concrete noun | Abstract noun | Verb | Adjective | Adverb | |---|---|---|---|---| | observer, observatory | obligation, observation, observance | oblige, observe | obligatory, obliged, obliging, observant, observable, observational | obligingly | | occupant | occupation, occupancy, preoccupation | occupy | occupational, occupied, preoccupied | occupationally | | offender | offence, offensiveness | offend | offensive, offending | offensively | | origin(s), originator | origin, originality | originate | original | originally | | owner | ownership | own | ordinary, extraordinary | ordinarily, extraordinarily | | participant | participation, peace, peacefulness | participate | participatory, participative, peaceful | peacefully | | percent, percentage | peculiarity, perception, perceptiveness | perceive | peculiar, perceptive, perceptual, perceptible | peculiarly, perceptively, perceptually, perceptibly | | perfectionist | perfection, imperfection, perfectionism | perfect | perfect, imperfect | perfectly, imperfectly | | period, periodical | period | | periodical, periodic | periodically | | person, personality, personnel, personage, impersonator | personality, persona, personification, impersonation | personalise, personify, impersonate | personal, impersonal | personally, impersonally | | place | (re)placement, (dis)placement | (re)place, (dis)place | replaceable, irreplaceable | | | planet | | | planetary | | | populace, population | popularity, popularism, popularisation, unpopularity, depopulation | popularise, populate | popular, unpopular, populated, populous, overpopulated | popularly | | portrait, portraitist | portrayal | portray | | | | precedent | precedence | precede | preceded, preceding, (un)precedented | (un) precedentedly | | pretender | pretence, pretension, pretentiousness | pretend | pregnant, impregnated | | | prime, primer | primacy, primitiveness | prime | primary, primal, prime, primitive | (un)pretentiously, primarily | | proceedings, proceeds | procedure | proceed | procedural | | | production, product, producer | productivity | produce, reproduce | productive, reproductive, (un)productive | productively | | professional | profession, professionalism | professionalise | (un)professional, professionalised | (un) professionally | | provider | propriety, impropriety, prosperity, provision | prosper, provide | proper, improper, prosperous, provident | properly, improperly, prosperously, providently | ## Appendix 4 (Continued) | Concrete noun | Abstract noun | Verb | Adjective | Adverb | |---|---|---|---|---| | provocateur | provocation | provoke | provocative | provocatively | | psychologist | psyche, psychology | | psychological | psychologically | | publication, publisher, publicist | publication, publicity | publicise | public, publishing, published | publicly | | punisher | punishment | punish | punishing, punishable | | | pursuer | pursuit, pursuance | pursue | pursuant | | | question, questionnaire | question, questioning | question | (un)questionable, questioning, questioned | (un)questionably | | assurance | sureness, (re)assurance | ensure, (re)assure | sure, reassuring | surely, reassuringly | | receipt, receiver, reception, receptionist, receptors | receivership, reception, receptiveness, receptivity, recreation | receive, recreate | received, receptive | receptively | | reference, reflector | reference, reflection, reflectance, reflectivity, reflectiveness | refer, reflect | recreational, referring, reflecting, reflected, reflective | reflectively | | relations, relatives | relation, relationship, relativity, relativism, reliance, (un)reliability, relief, renewal | relate, rely, relieve, renew | relative, related, reliant, (un)reliable, relieved, new, renewed | relatively, (un)reliably, newly | | reproduction | reproduction | reproduce | reproducible, reproductive | | | requirement(s) | requirement | require | required | | | resistant, resistor, restrainer | resistance, resistivity, restraint | resist, restrain | (ir)resistible, resistant, (un)restrained, restrainable | (ir)resistibly, (un) restrainedly | | riches | riches, richness | | rich | richly | | ridicule | ridicule | ridicule | ridiculous, running, runny | ridiculously | | runner, forerunner | | run | | | | safe | safety | save | safe | safely | | scene, scenery | scenery | | scenic | scenically | | school | schooling | school | schooled | | | science, scientist | science, scientism | | scientific, scientistic, sciential | scientifically | | sculptor, sculpture | sculpture | sculpt | sculptural, sculptured | searchingly | | (re)searcher | (re)search | (re)search | (re)searching, (re)searchable | | | sensor | sense, sensation, sensitivity, sensibility, sensationalism | sense | sensitive, sensible, sensory, senseless, sensational, sensual, sensuous | sensitively, sensibly, senselessly, sensationally, sensually, sensuously | | sentimentalist | sentiment, sentimentality | sentimentalise | sentimental, sentimentalising, sentimentalised | sentimentally | | settlement, settler | settlement, shame | settle, shame | (un)settled, shameful, shameless | shamefully, shamelessly | ## Appendix 4 (Continued) | Concrete noun | Abstract noun | Verb | Adjective | Adverb | |---|---|---|---|---| | size | sizeableness | | sizeable | sizably | | specialty, specialist | significance | signify | (in)significant | (in)significantly | | specification(s), specifics | specialisations, specialism, specification | specialise, specify | special, specialised, (non)specific, specifying, specified | | | spirit | spirituality | | spiritual, spirited, spiritless | spiritlessly | | spontaneousness | spontaneity | | spontaneous | spontaneously | | statistics | | | statistical | statistically | | symbol | symbolism | symbolise | symbolic | symbolically | | subscriber, subscription | subscription | subscribe | subscribed | | | substance | substance, (in)sufficiency | substantiate | (in)substantial, substantive | substantially | | successor | | succeed | (un)successful | (un)successfully | | superior | superiority | | superior | superiorly | | supposer | supposition, presupposition | suppose, presuppose | supposed, suppositional | supposedly, suppositionally | | supremacist, supremo | supremacy | | supreme | supremely | | technologist | susceptibility, technology | | susceptible | technologically | | termination, terminal | termination | terminate | interminable, terminal | interminably, terminally | | terrorist | terror | terrify, terrorise | terrifying, terrified | terrifyingly | | time, timer | time, timing | threaten, time | threatening, threatened, timely, timeless | threateningly | | tradition | tradition | | traditional | traditionally | | treat | treatment | treat | treatable | | | type | use, usefulness, uselessness, usualness | typify | typical | typically | | user | | use | (un)used, useful, useless, (un)usual | usefully, uselessly, (un) usually | | veil, veiling | unveiling | veil, unveil | (un)veiled | | | virus | | | viral | | | volunteer, voluntarist | volunteering, voluntar(y)ism | volunteer | (in)voluntary, voluntaristic, (un)welcome | (in)voluntarily | | will | (un)willingness, will | will | (un)welcoming, (un)willing, willful | (un)willingly |