Contrastive Grammar 9th Lecture PDF

University of Benghazi Faculty of Languages English Department Contrastive Grammar 9th Lecture Mr. Abdullah Aljhani Topics will be Covered: 1. Derivation in English 2. Derivation in Arabic  Derivation in English Derivation in the English language is prima...

University of Benghazi Faculty of Languages English Department Contrastive Grammar 9th Lecture Mr. Abdullah Aljhani Topics will be Covered: 1. Derivation in English 2. Derivation in Arabic  Derivation in English Derivation in the English language is primarily achieved by adding an affix to a base word. Affixes are of two types: 1. Prefixes (particles that are added to the beginning of the word) 2. Suffixes (particles that are added to the end of the word).  Prefixes Most of prefixes in English can be added to base forms of different classes of words (i.e., nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc). They are divided into the following categories: 1. Class-changing prefixes: those that change the part of speech of a word. Examples: enact, enlarge, befriend, becalm, ablaze, ashore. 1. Class-maintaining prefixes: prefixes that do not change the class of a word. Example: unhappy, incomplete, rewrite, misunderstand, discomfort, overdo.  Suffixes Most of suffixes change the part of speech of the word to which they are added. They are divided into the following categories: 1. Class-maintaining suffixes: suffixes that do not change the class of a word such as: -s plural -s 3rd person ‘s possessive -ed past tense er and est with adjectives 2. Class-changing suffixes: they can be divided into the following sub-categories: a. Verb-forming suffixes: as in (beatify, strengthen, utilize, fabricate) b. Noun-forming suffixes: as in (writer, trainee, approval, movement, pleasure, happiness). c. Adjective-forming suffixes: as in (logical, comfortable, comprehensible, cheerful, competitive). d. Adverb-forming suffixes: mostly (ly), as in (quickly, slowly, sadly, etc.).  Derivation in Arabic Derivation in Arabic was defined by Arab linguists as follows: "forming a new word from another word which is similar in meaning but different in form“ Derivation in Arabic can be divided into four main types: 1. Simple derivation 2. Metathesis 3. Root modification 4. Blending  Simple Derivation )‫(االشتقاق االصغر‬ It is the most common type of derivation in the Arabic language; and defined as: "a word formation process that involves forming a new word from a root word consisting of three sounds“  Metathesis )‫(االشتقاق الكبير‬ A process of creating new words by shifting the order of a root word sounds to produce word forms that are relevant in meaning ‫جذب وجبذ‬ ‫حمد ومدح‬ ‫سلم و لمس و ملس و سمل‬  root modification ‫االشتقاق األكبر‬ It involves an alternation of the position of the root word sounds and the retention of the original meaning ‫نعق و نهق‬ ‫هديل و هدير‬ ‫خرب و خرق‬ ‫كبح وكمح‬ ‫قشط وكشط‬  Blending ‫االشتقاق الكبار‬ It involves an alternation of the position of the root word sounds and the retention of the original meaning ‫بسمل و حمدل و سبحل‬ ‫برمائي‬ ‫كهروضوئي‬ ‫جلمد‬  Thank you BIBLIOGRAPHY Al-Jarf, Reima. (1994). A Contrastive Analysis of English and Arabic Morphology. Himmah, Aliyatul & Wahyudi, Ribut. (2014). A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ARABIC AND ENGLISH NOUN PLURAL MARKERS. PAROLE. 4. Azmi, M. (1988). Arabic Morphology. Hyderabad: Azizia Printing Press.