Circulatory System Notes - The College of Animal Welfare PDF

Wk 5 -- circulatory system is worth 2 questions 1. Aorta 2. Superior/cranial vena cava 3. Right pulmonary artery 4. Pulmonary veins 5. Right atrium 6. Tricuspid valve / atrioventricular valve 7. Right ventrical 8. inferior vena cava 9. pulmonary artery 10. Pulmonary veins 11. Lef...

Wk 5 -- circulatory system is worth 2 questions 1. Aorta 2. Superior/cranial vena cava 3. Right pulmonary artery 4. Pulmonary veins 5. Right atrium 6. Tricuspid valve / atrioventricular valve 7. Right ventrical 8. inferior vena cava 9. pulmonary artery 10. Pulmonary veins 11. Left atrium 12. Mitral valve/ bicuspid valve/ bicuspid valve 13. Aortic valve/ semi luna valve 14. Left ventricle 15. Aorta  In the heart diagram, the blue and red colours represent different types of blood flow: • Blue: Represents deoxygenated blood, which is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide. This blood returns from the body to the right side of the heart (right atrium and right ventricle) and is then pumped to the lungs for oxygenation. • Red: Represents oxygenated blood, which is rich in oxygen. This blood returns from the lungs to the left side of the heart (left atrium and left ventricle) and is then pumped out to the rest of the body. This colour-coding helps illustrate how the heart circulates blood through the pulmonary (lung) and systemic (body) circuits. so the blue side is blood that comes from the body and goes to the lungs, the red side is blood from lungs to go. **Epicardium -Outer layer**\ **Myocardium -Middle layer (muscle)**\ **Endocardium - Inner layer (valves** **Pericardium is the sack the heart sits in it is a membranous sack.** All arteries go away from the heart towards tissue.\ Arteries into arterioles into capillaries\ Capillaries walls is 1 cell thick for oxygen to transfer into external tissue External tissues go back into capillaries into venules\ Venules go into veins\ Veins always go into the heart  What does ery mean at the front/begin of a word ery - red. Red blood cells carry oxygen through the haemagobin. Erythrocytes - **(RBC) - carry o2 around the body** **Neutrophil - most common WBC - first line of defence** **basophils -- are present when we've had a allergic reaction they release histomean** **Eosinophils -- parasites** [**Agranulocyte*s***] are white blood cells that lack granules in their cytoplasm. The term \"cyte\" refers to a cell, so agranulocytes don\'t contain visible granules like granulocytes do. Examples of agranulocytes include lymphocytes and monocytes. **Lymphocytes - lymphocytes produces antibodies in the immune system (antibodies)** **Monocytes - Monocytes - second line of defence (chronic inflamation)** **Platelts are blood clotting** Neutrophils are the first line of defense and quickly respond to infection. They perform **phagocytosis**, where they \"eat\" and digest pathogens like bacteria. The term **haemopoiesis** (or hematopoiesis) is derived from two parts: - **Prefix**: **\"Haemo-\"** or **\"Hemat**: referring to blood. - **Suffix**: **\"-poiesis\"**: meaning production or formation. So, **haemopoiesis** refers to the process of making new blood cells. Femur, tibia, Alna etc, inside the bone is bone marrow this is where the red blood cells are produces and making new blood cells is called haemopoiesis. Erythropoesis is making red blood cels remember ery -- red and red blood cells dont have nucleuses  Which hormone simulates it? Erythropoiesis is the process of producing red blood cells. The hormone **erythropoietin**, which is produced by the **kidneys**, **kidneys notice that blood is anaemic - produce erythropoetin - this travels to bone and tell stem cells to start to convert into RBCs - nucleus shrinks up until its not there anymore** For our blood to clot, we need prothrombin **vitamin K**, which is found in certain foods. Specific proteins in the body help the blood clot when needed. When there is a wound, **platelets** (a type of blood cell) form a mesh at the site. This mesh captures blood proteins, which then work together to form a **blood clot** and stop the bleeding. Osteocalcin is another protein that requires vitamin k to produce healthy bone tissue. Granulocytes -- are extra enzymes in the plasma, If there was a **phil** in the name it is a granulocytes