CSS242 Measurements & Patterns of Crime & Delinquency Summary PDF
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This document is a summary of CSS242 Measurements & Patterns of Crime & Delinquency, a 3-credit undergraduate course. It details key concepts about crime, including definitions, causes, and classifications. The document also highlights the importance of criminology in understanding crime.
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WINSMART ACADEMY MOTTO: PERSONALISED TUTORING FOR LEADERS OF TOMORROW WHATSAPP: 08024665051, 08169595996 [email protected] CSS242 MEASUREMENTS & PATTERNS OF CRIME...
WINSMART ACADEMY MOTTO: PERSONALISED TUTORING FOR LEADERS OF TOMORROW WHATSAPP: 08024665051, 08169595996 [email protected] CSS242 MEASUREMENTS & PATTERNS OF CRIME & DELINQUENCY SUMMARY CSS242: Measurements and Patterns of Crime and Delinquency is a _____ credit unit course for undergraduate students in the arts and social sciences. three _______ has been and will continue to be a crucial issue in the affairs of Homo sapiens. Crime Crime has been and will continue to be a crucial issue in the affairs of_______. Homo sapiens In______, crime has existed since the days of yore to plague human beings in form of threatening their lives and their properties. Human society In human society, ______has existed since the days of yore to plague human beings in form of threatening their lives and their properties. Crime The constantly touted phraseology “threat to lives and property” is a pointer to the fact that _____ is a dangerous phenomenon which should be properly studied to understand what crime is and its place in human society. crime ______ is the breach of a rule or law for which a punishment may ultimately be prescribed by some governing authority or force. Crime Crime is the breach of a _____for which a punishment may ultimately be prescribed by some governing authority or force. Rule or law The word crime originates from the Latin word, crimen (genitive criminis), from the Latin root, cernō and Greek κρινω = "I judge". Originally it meant "charge (in law), guilt, accusation." The word crime originates from the Latin word_____ Crimen The term _____ technically refer to the use of criminal law to regulate minor infractions, such as traffic violations. Crime The term crime can also technically refer to the use of _____to regulate minor infractions, such as traffic violations. Criminal law For _______to occur there must be an external consequence or harm. Crime CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 1 For crime to occur there must be an ___________or harm. External consequence For crime to occur there must be an external consequence or___________. Harm If someone punches another individual without reasonable legal cause it is considered___________. Physical harm If a person threatens to beat up or kill another person whether or not the threat is carried out it is called___________. Verbal harm Legality has ___________ aspects. Two Actus Reus is a ___________word Latin ___________ refers to criminal action or inaction that causes harm. Actus Reus ____________ is the physical element of the guilty act and it requires proof. Actus reus ___________ is a Latin word that refers to a criminal intent or a guilty state of mind. Mens rea The mental aspect of a crime is ____________ Mens rea The following factors would negate criminal responsibility Duress Under-age Insanity Self-Defence Entrapment Necessity The age at which a person is considered legally responsible for his or her actions varies by____________. Jurisdiction ___________ is the third legal defence or legal excuse from criminal responsibility. Insanity Insanity is a legal term not a medical one. True ____________ simply means mental or psychological impairment or retardation. Insanity _____________ is a situation where people are relieved of criminal responsibility. Self-defence CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 2 _____________ is a situation where people are generally considered either not responsible or less responsible for their crimes if they were trapped or induced into committing them, by a law enforcement officer or by someone acting as an agent of law enforcement. Entrapment The final legal defence or legal excuse from criminal responsibility is ____________. Necessity A _____________ can be used when a crime has been committed to prevent a greater or more serious crime. Necessity defence ____________ is a process where the criminal act must lead directly to harm without a long delay. Causation _____________ is a causal relationship between the legally forbidden harm and the actus reus. Causation The purpose of the requirement of causation is____________ To prevent people from facing the threat of criminal charges for the rest of their lives For any act to be considered crime there must be ___________ between actus reus and mens rea. Concurrence For any act to be considered crime there must be concurrence between __________and___________. actus reus and mens rea For any behaviour to be considered a crime there must be a statutory provision for a punishment or at least the threat of____________. Punishment The threat of punishment and actual punishment is usually directed at crime and illegal acts and not innocent behaviour. True A _____ definition views crime as deviant behavior that violates prevailing norms, specifically, cultural standards prescribing how humans ought to behave. normative Laws that define crimes which violate social norms are set by __________ Legislatures Laws that define crimes which violate social normsare called ____________. mala prohibita In ___________ view, crime is defined as behavior that violates the criminal code. Legalistic The ___________approach in criminology believes in the same principles of criminal law (culpability or criminal intent, mala in se versus mala prohibita, and responsibility or justifications and excuses). Legalistic In ___________ view, popularised by a 1938 book written by Thorstein Sellin crime is just one form of conduct norm violations. Conduct norms CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 3 In ___________ view, crime includes untimely death, illness or disease, deprivation of food, shelter, clothing, medical care, racism, sexism, and tobacco dSocial Conduct Social Harm norms harm ____________ view is most closely associated with the arguments made by Herman and Julia Schwendinger Human rights violation The view that crime is deviance or norm-violating behavior is associated most with____________. Sociological criminology _____________ occurs whenever there is stigmatisation, isolation, rejection, segregation, punishment, treatment, or rehabilitation. Deviance ______________ can be coercive (forceful), normative (attitudinal), or an exchange solution (sets of rewards and incentives). Social control ____________ is in the eye of the beholder. Deviance The term ____________refers to the process whereby criminal law is selectively applied to certain behaviors and many criminalisation specialists adhere to a deviance and social control viewpoint, asking the question if criminalisation is a neutral process or if it serves the interests of the powerful. Criminalisation _____________ is an ubiquitous phenomenon that occurs everywhere and at the same time. Crime The first known written codes were produced by the ____________ Sumerians _____________ is criminalised and treated as offences against society which justifies punishment by the government. Antisocial behaviour Antisocial behaviour is criminalised and treated as offences against society which justifies _____________ by the government. Punishment Antisocial behaviour is criminalised and treated as offences against society which justifies punishment by the_____________. Government A series of reasons exist for the prevalence of crime in the society: Poverty criminal tendencies of some individuals. Public normlessness/environmental instability Poor administration of justice Religious sentiment and faith Greed Weak law enforcement agencies Weak laws Poor socialization Mental instability Ignorance of the law CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 4 ______________ is primarily the outcome of multiple adverse social, economic, cultural and family conditions. Crime To prevent crime it is important to have ______________ An understanding of its roots These are many, complex and interrelated, but can be summarised in three main categories: Economic factors/poverty Social environment Family structures The following are the root causes of crime Parental inadequacy Parental conflict Parental criminality Lack of communication (both in quality and quantity) Lack of respect and responsibility Abuse and neglect of children Family violence ____________ is indispensable to members of the criminal justice system and scholars who are interested in crime. Criminology Criminology is indispensable to members of the criminal justice system and scholars who are interested in___________. Crime ____________ as a discipline has provided people with deep insights into the nature and expression of crime. Criminology _____________ is called ‘The father of Modern Criminology’ Cesare Lombroso Who believed that particular physical characteristics or attributes could predict criminality, creating a ‘born’ criminal? Cesare Lombroso Cesare Lombroso used the following physical characteristics as indicators of criminality Size or shape of the head Enlarged cheekbones and jaw Fleshy protruding lips Abnormal teeth and dark skin to name but a few ___________ are those who would be soft and round with relaxed extrovert personalities Endomorphs ____________ are athletic and tended to be aggressive. Mesomorphs Persons that are thin frail and introverted are referred to as____________ Ectomorphs ____________ suggested the link between lead levels and criminality in 1988. Bradley Bradley suggested the link between lead levels and criminality in __________. CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 5 1988 ___________ found that high levels of lead could be linked to impulsiveness, daydreaming and frustration. Bryce-Smith (1983) ____________ found unemployment to be a significant factor in property crime. Glaser & Rice (1959) Glaser & Rice (1959) found ___________to be a significant factor in property crime. Unemployment ____________ found in 1979 that it is young adults who are most likely to have criminal tendencies if they are also unemployed. Block Block found in ___________ that it is young adults who are most likely to have criminal tendencies if they are also unemployed. 1979 The study of ___________ is indispensible for a clearer understanding of crime in the society. Criminology The study of criminology is indispensible for a clearer understanding of crime in the___________. Society The study of criminology is indispensible for a clearer ___________ of crime in the society. Understanding The types of crime in human society include Drug crimes Street crimes Organised crime Political crimes Victimless crime White-collar crime Crime is generally classified into categories including: Violent crime Crimes against international law Religious crime The term __________ refers to the unlawful activities of members of criminal organisations that supply illegal goods and services. Organised crime Consensual acts and violations in which only the perpetrator is hurt are called___________. Victimless crimes ___________ are offences that persons commit while acting in their legitimate jobs and professions. White-collar crimes Victims of white-collar crime include ______ the economy, employers, consumers, and the environment CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 6 ______ are crimes defined by treaty and include crime against peaces, waging a war of aggression, crimes of apartheid, piracy, genocide, war crimes, and the slave trade. Crime against international law A ___________ is an act of persecution or any large scale atrocities against a body of people, and is the highest level of criminal offense. Crime against humanity The __________ states that crimes against humanity are particularly odious offences in that they constitute a serious attack on human dignity or grave humiliation or a degradation of one or more human beings. Rome Statute Explanatory Memorandum The ___________is primarily responsible for the prosecution of crimes against humanity since it was chartered in 1948. United Nations The United Nations is primarily responsible for the prosecution of crimes against humanity since it was chartered in___________. 1948 ICC stands for__________ International Criminal Court UN Security Council Resolution took place in_________ 1674 In__________, the International Criminal Court (ICC) was established in The Hague 2002 The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established in the__________ Hague ______ are stored in the form of vivid sensations and images that may be fragmented and without context. Traumatic memories _____ gain a lot by committing crime. Criminals Criminals gain a lot by committing_____. crime The Criminal Justice System is impacted negatively by crime because ___________ They are the machinery that is supposed to prevent crime, more especially the policing arm of it The Government is impacted negatively by crime because___________ The government is responsible for ensuring security within the geopolitical confines of the state and for providing safety for the citizens within its boundary The Society is impacted negatively by crime because__________ The society can only be enjoyed in a peaceful and secured form ____________ is the system of practices and oganisations used by national and local governments, directed at maintaining social control, deter and controlling crime and sanctioning those who violate laws with criminal penalties. Criminal Justice System CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 7 ____________ is the means for society to enforce the standards of conduct necessary to protect individuals and the community from the activities of undesirable members of the society. Criminal justice system The criminal justice system consists of ______ law enforcement (police), courts, prosecutors, defense attorneys and corrections Criminal justice agencies are intended to operate within the__________. Rule of law The first police force comparable to the present-day police was established in 1667 under King Louis XIV in ___________ France The first police force comparable to the present-day police was established in the year___________ 1667 The notion that police are primarily concerned with enforcing criminal law was popularised in the_______ 1930s The __________ serve as the venue where disputes are settled and justice is administered. Courts The courts serve as the venue where __________are settled and justice is administered. Disputes The courts serve as the venue where disputes are settled and ___________is administered. Justice The __________ is the lawyer who brings charges against an individual or corporation. Prosecutor The prosecutor is the __________ who brings charges against an individual or corporation. Lawyer The prosecutor is the lawyer who brings _________against an individual or corporation. Charges The ____________ explains to the court what crime was committed and the detail what evidence has been found which incriminates the accused. Prosecutor The ___________ is a servant of the state who makes accusations on behalf of the state in criminal proceedings Prosecutor The prosecutor is a __________of the state who makes accusations on behalf of the state in criminal proceedings Servant The prosecutor is a servant of the state who makes _________on behalf of the state in criminal proceedings Accusations The ___________is the complaining party in civil proceedings. Plaintiff A ___________ counsels the accused on the legal process Defense attorney CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 8 A defense attorney counsels the __________on the legal process Accused A defense attorney counsels the accused on the ___________ process Legal A defense __________counsels the accused on the legal process likely outcomes for the accused and suggests strategies. Attorney The__________ may challenge evidence presented by the prosecution or present exculpatory evidence and argue on behalf of their client. Defense counsel The defense __________ may challenge evidence presented by the prosecution or present exculpatory evidence and argue on behalf of their client. Counsel The most publicly visible form of punishment in the __________era is the prison. Modern The most publicly visible form of punishment in the modern era is the__________. Prison The most publicly visible form of punishment in the modern ___________is the prison. Era In__________, the Quaker movement is commonly credited with establishing the idea that prisons should be used to reform criminals. America In America, the ___________movement is commonly credited with establishing the idea that prisons should be used to reform criminals. Quaker A new goal of prison punishments is to__________ Offer criminals a chance to be rehabilitated A _____is one who fails to do that which is required by law or by duty when such failure is minor in nature. Delinquent ____________ refer to a juvenile who commits a minor criminal act. Delinquent The __________to cure a delinquent payment can result in repossession or foreclosure. Failure The failure to cure a ___________payment can result in repossession or foreclosure. Delinquent The failure to cure a delinquent payment can result in __________or foreclosure. Repossession The failure to cure a delinquent payment can result in repossession or__________. Foreclosure CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 9 The failure to cure a delinquent ___________ can result in repossession or foreclosure. Payment Accounts that are not current are also known as___________ Delinquent accounts A high proportion of __________ criminals have a background of early delinquency. Adult A high proportion of adult criminals have a background of __________delinquency. Early ____________ is a universal phenomenon that occurs everywhere simultaneously. Delinquency Delinquency is a ___________ phenomenon that occurs everywhere simultaneously. Universal ___________ were viewed as non-persons until the 1700s. Children Children were viewed as ___________until the 1700s. non-persons Children were viewed as non-persons until the___________. 1700s The ___________ appeared as a new cultural transition at the end of the 18th century Enlightenment The Enlightenment appeared as a new cultural transition at the end of the __________ century 18th The Enlightenment appeared as a new ___________transition at the end of the 18th century Cultural In Nigeria, the issue of delinquency was intensified by the civil war of 1967-1970. A series of reasons exist for the prevalence of delinquency in the society: Poverty Criminal tendencies of some individuals Public normlessness/environmental instability Religious sentiment and faith Greed Weak law enforcement agencies Weak laws Poor socialization Mental instability Ignorance of the law ___________ is primarily the outcome of multiple adverse social, economic, cultural and family conditions. Delinquency To prevent crime it is important to have an understanding of its___________. Roots CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 10 These are many, complex and interrelated, but can be summarised in three main categories: Poverty and Economic variables Social variables and Environment Familial variables ____________ stresses that causes of crime lie within the individual offender rather than in their external environment. Classical criminology ____________ theory indicates that certain youths deliberately make a rational choice to be delinquents. Rational choice theory ___________ are individuals who accept socially approved goals, but not necessarily the socially approved means. Innovation ___________ are those who reject socially approved goals and the means for acquiring them. Retreatism ___________ are those who buy into a system of socially approved means, but lose sight of the goals. Ritualism ___________ refer to those who conform to the system's means and goals. Conformity ____________ are people who negate socially approved goals and means by creating a new system of acceptable goals and means. Rebellion The theory of Differential association also deals with young people in a group context, and looks at how peer pressure and the existence of gangs could lead them into crime. ___________ theory suggests young people are motivated to commit crimes by delinquent peers, and learn criminal skills from them. Theory of differential association ____________ theory states that once young people have been labeled as criminal, they are more likely to offend. Labeling theory ______ say that male children from poor families are more likely to be labeled deviant, and that this may partially explain why there are more lower-class young male offenders. Labeling theorists Youth ___________is disproportionately committed by young men. Crime ___________ crime is disproportionately committed by young men. Youth Youth crime is disproportionately __________by young men. Committed Youth crime is disproportionately committed by _________men. Young Youth crime is disproportionately committed by___________. Young men CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 11 The major focus of feminist theories is that ___________ Males are more prone to delinquency than females because of gender expectations of the sexes Physically, socially and emotionally, ___________are more prepared to engage in delinquency. Males Physically, socially and emotionally, males are more prepared to engage in ____________. Delinquency ___________, socially and emotionally, males are more prepared to engage in delinquency. Physically Physically, ___________and emotionally, males are more prepared to engage in delinquency. Socially Physically, socially and___________, males are more prepared to engage in delinquency. Emotionally Nigeria as a nation is beset by the problem of delinquency. True When a child stays off school without the knowledge and agreement of parents and teachers it is called___________. Truancy ____________ refers to a phenomenon in which a child is too fearful or anxious or afraid to go to school. School refusal The common sense conception of drop out is __________ Straightforward The common sense ___________of drop out is straightforward Conception The common sense conception of ___________is straightforward Drop out A ___________ is a student who leaves school before graduating. Dropout A dropout is a student who ___________school before graduating. Leaves A dropout is a student who leaves school before____________. Graduating A dropout is a ____________who leaves school before graduating. Student ______and policy makers maintain that completion of high school is the absolute minimal educational level necessary to prepare youngsters for the vast majority of jobs in the modern economy. Economists Economists and ______ maintain that completion of high school is the absolute minimal educational level necessary to prepare youngsters for the vast majority of jobs in the modern economy. CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 12 policy makers ______ refers to the brutalization of weaker individuals because one has the power to do so. Bullying ______ usually have a strong physique and are very aggressive. Bullies Bullies usually have a strong ______ and are very aggressive. Physique Bullies usually have a strong physique and are very______. Aggressive Bullying existed in pre-colonial Nigeria. True ______ is the crime of forcibly engaging in sexual intercourse with a person who has not consented. Rape The crime of forcibly engaging in sexual intercourse with a person who has not consented is called______ Rape Rapes that are committed by individuals who know their victims is referred to as_____ Acquaintance rape or date rape _____is forced and unwanted sexual intercourse with a person you know. Acquaintance rape ___________ is any unwanted sexual contact or attention made through force, threats, bribes, manipulation, pressure, tricks or violence. Sexual assault ___________ refers to sexual relationships between underage persons. Premarital sex ____________ asserted that teenagers who feel incomplete, inadequate and unappreciated are more likely to seek comfort in a sexual relationship. Farrow and Shapiro (1999) ____________ refers to physical exchange of blows between people for reasons that are personal to them. Fighting Fighting existed in pre-colonial Nigeria. True _____ occurred when bigger children beat others up on the playground. Fighting The incidence of fighting was not prevalent in colonial Nigeria because_____ it existed at a similar level with what occurred in pre-colonial Nigeria ______ are a conglomeration of youths who come together for mutual protection and who are willing to fight against other individuals and groups for dominance. Youth gangs CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 13 ______ is the use of illicit drugs. Drug abuse The use of illicit drugs is called_______ Drug abuse A _____ is a minor or a person under an arbitrary age, depending upon the local jurisdiction, who has left the home of his or her parent or legal guardian without permission, or has been thrown out by his or her parent and is considered by the local authorities to lack the capacity to live under his or her own accord. Runaway _____ is a term used to refer to children who live on the streets of a city. Street children _____ are basically deprived of family care and protection. Street children Street children are basically deprived of _____ and protection. family care Street children are basically deprived of family care and_____. protection Children on the street are those engaged in some kind of economic activity ranging from _____ to vending. Begging Children on the street are those engaged in some kind of economic activity ranging from begging to_____. Vending ______ are stored in the form of vivid sensations and images that may be fragmented and without context. Traumatic memories Traumatic memories are stored in the form of ______ that may be fragmented and without context. vivid sensations and images The delinquents do not always profit from their actions. True The ______ is impacted negatively by delinquency. Juvenile Justice System The Juvenile Justice System is impacted _____by delinquency. Negatively The Juvenile Justice System is impacted negatively by_____. Delinquency The _____ is a system set up to protect and help juvenile offenders or delinquents. Juvenile justice system The Juvenile justice system was established in _____ to protect children from the influences of adult prisoners, divert youthful offenders from the criminal courts and to encourage rehabilitation based on the juvenile's needs. 1868 The Juvenile justice system was established in the year______ CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 14 1868 The Juvenile justice system was established by Jan in _______ in Chicago as a byproduct of the Progressive Era. 1868 The Juvenile justice system was established by Jan in 1868 in _____ Chicago The Juvenile justice system was established by Jan in 1868 in Chicago as a byproduct of the _____ Era. Progressive The Juvenile justice system was established by Jan in 1868 in Chicago as a ____________ of the Progressive Era. Byproduct The _____ is a network of agencies that deal with juveniles whose conduct have come in conflict with the law. juvenile justice system The _____ acts as a shield for juveniles who perform adult criminal acts or status offences. Juvenile justice system _______ is a short-term secure facility where juveniles are held awaiting court hearings. Detention The evidentiary hearing is the same as a trial True The disposition made in most juvenile court cases is ___________ Probation ___________ is the disposition made in most juvenile court cases. Probation The first police force was established in the year___________ 1667 ______ and delinquency is a disruptive issue in the affairs of mankind. Crime Crime and _____ is a disruptive issue in the affairs of mankind. delinquency Crime and delinquency is a disruptive issue in the affairs of____________. Mankind Measurement of crime and delinquency is usually ____________ in nature. Statistical The ________ of crime and delinquency is usually statistical in nature. Measurement NDLEA stands for___________ Nigeria Drug Law Enforcement Agency ICPC stands for___________ Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 15 EFCC stands for___________ Economic and Financial Crimes Commission FRSC stands for___________ Federal Road Safety Corps NAPTIP stands for___________ National Agency for the Prohibition of Traffic in Persons For a crime to be recorded at least three things must happen: Somebody must be aware that a crime has taken place. That crime must be reported. The police or other agency must accept that a law has been broken. A situation in which media campaigns or the reporting of high profile cases can leads to moral panics and sensitize the general public to the existence of crime and reporting behavior is known as_______ Deviance amplification The number of police officers per capita has doubled in the UK since____________. 1861 ______ are designed to gather information on respondents’ experience of criminal victimisation. Questionnaires A ______ is a survey that asks a sample of people which crimes have been committed against them over a fixed period of time and whether or not they have been reported to the police. Victim study ______ is a survey of a whole country in which people are asked to provide information on crimes which have been perpetrated against them. National survey There are _____ types of Victimisation surveys Two ______ is a programme of standardised sample surveys to look at householders’ experience with crime, policing, crime prevention and feelings of unsafety in a large number of countries. International comparison is the main aim for this project. The International Crime Victim Survey (ICVS) ICVS stands for____ The International Crime Victim Survey ______ is the scientific study of victimisation, including the relationships between victims and offenders, the interactions between victims and the criminal justice system. Victimology In criminology and criminal law, a _____ of a crime is an identifiable person who has been harmed individually and directly by the perpetrator rather than merely the society as a whole. Victim Victims may experience the following psychological reactions Increase in the belief of personal vulnerability The perception of the world as meaningless and incomprehensible The view of themselves in a negative light CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 16 The experience of victimisation may result in an increasing fear of the victim of the crime and the spread of fear in the community The concept of victim-proneness also known as ____________ Victim blaming The study of __________ is multidisciplinary. Victims The study of victims is__________. Multidisciplinary The NCVS is the ______primary source of information on crime victimisation. United States ______ is defined as the relationship between perpetrator and victim of a crime. Penal couple In____ the UN General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the basic principles of justice for victims of crime and abuse of power. 1985 INTERVICT stands for______ International Victimology Institute ______ refers to information recorded by agencies on their administrative systems. Administrative data ___________ is the most widely sourced administrative data used to produce crime statistics. Police data The most widely sourced administrative data used to produce crime statistics is_____ Police data ______ refers to those criminal offences that have been reported to or detected by police and subsequently recorded by them. Police data _____ is useful for compiling crime statistics because it represents an official record of crime. Police data All ____ collect information about crime in their respective states and territories. police forces All police forces collect information about crime in their respective _____ and territories. states All police forces collect information about crime in their respective states and_____. territories The sources of administrative data in Nigeria include the following: Police Record Prosecutor’s record Court Record Prison Record CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 17 National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) Customs Immigration Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC) Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) National Agency for Prohibition of Traffic in Persons (NAPTIP) Records of juvenile institutions. Census data from either the Federal/State Statistics. Police data has a number of limitations including the following Police data only provides information on those criminal offences that have come to the attention of police. Not all crimes reported are actually recorded by the police. Police data is limited to the particulars of information collected and the level of accuracy of detail recorded in respective systems. Gibbons (1979), credits __________ for providing the impetus for self report studies Edwin Sutherland __________ provided the first published results from a self report survey on crime. Austin Porterfield __________ technique of crime/delinquency measurement requires that the researchers find out from a specific population in time and space the criminal or delinquent offences they have committed during the period of their existence. Self-report method ___________ technique of crime/delinquency measurement requires that the researchers find out from a specific population in time and space the criminal or delinquent offences perpetrated against them. Victim-report method _____ refers to the extent to which crime figures are correct representation of actual criminality or a reflection of the true situation of crime in a given area. Validity ___________ refers to the extent to which the crime figures are the result of a consistent measure of the same phenomenon from village to village, town to town and State to State. Reliability ___________ refers to the consistency of a measuring instrument. Reliability __________ refers to the extent to which the crime figures contribute to the knowledge of crime, improving the understanding, and providing enough information for projection and planning for the future. It also refers to the usefulness of Crime Statistics. Utility _________ refers to the extent to which crime statistics help in projecting and planning about crime. Utility The tips for improving crime or delinquency measurement in Nigeria include Develop a crime/delinquency index Develop a crime/delinquency data format Develop a uniform recording system CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 18 Develop a regular reporting and publication system Develop a viable data research and planning department ___________ is the crime of seizing property through violence or intimidation as opposed to stealth or fraud Robbery __________ the taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear Robbery The word "rob" came via French from Late Latin words (e.g. deraubare) of Germanic origin, from Common Germanic raub. ______ differs from simple theft in its use of violence and intimidation. Robbery Robbery differs from _____ in its use of violence and intimidation. simple theft Robbery differs from simple theft in its use of ______ and intimidation. violence Robbery differs from simple theft in its use of violence and_____. intimidation Extortion_____ is the threat to do something illegal, or the offer not to do something illegal, in the event that goods are not given, primarily using words instead of actions. delinquency Criminal slang for robbery includes "eke runs" (armed robbery, usually on the highway), “night bus road jam” (armed robbery, usually of luxurious box), “strong room attack” (armed robbery, usually of banks) and "house job" (armed robbery, usually of homes and organisations. __________ is the crime of stealing from a bank. Bank robbery Bank robbery is the crime of stealing from a__________. Bank In layman's terms__________ is entering a bank when it is open and either by using force or the threat of force or otherwise obtaining valuables usually money. Bank robbery Bank robbery did not exist in pre-colonial Nigeria because there were no banks at that time. True Bank robbery did not exist in pre-colonial Nigeria because__________ There were no banks at that time Bank robbery did not exist in colonial Nigeria because ___________ The colonial masters had a strong police force to discourage crime and enforce the law ___________ is the theft of art. Art theft Art theft is the theft of___________. CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 19 Art Art theft is the __________of art. Theft ___________ is a form of hijacking where the crime is that of stealing a motor vehicle and so also armed assault when the vehicle is occupied. Carjacking Burglary is also called breaking and entering or housebreaking ___________ is a crime of entering into a building for the purposes of committing an offence. Burglary In criminal law, __________ is the illegal taking of another person's property without that person's freely-given consent. Theft Someone who carries out an act of or makes a career of theft is known as a__________ Thief The act of theft is known as______, thieving or filching. stealing The act of theft is known as stealing, thieving_____ or filching. stealing The act of theft is known as stealing, thieving or______. filching __________ is a war-like act committed by private parties (not affiliated with any government) that engage in acts of robbery and/or criminal violence at sea. Piracy The English "pirate" is derived from the Latin term pirata and that from Greek πειρατής (peiratēs) "brigand", from πειράομαι (peiráomai) "attempt", from πεῖρα (peîra) "attempt, experience". In criminal law, __________ is the taking away or transportation of a person against the person's will, usually to hold the person in false imprisonment, a confinement without legal authority. Kidnapping Kidnapping is a common law offence requiring the following that one person takes and carries a minor away by force or fraud without the consent of the person taken without lawful excuse __________ is the unlawful killing of another human being with intent and generally this state of mind distinguishes murder from other forms of unlawful homicide. Murder A person who commits murder is called a_________ Murderer The term _____ meaning a woman, who murders murderess CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 20 Voluntary manslaughter is a lesser offence of murder. True ___________ is a defense which serves to negate the mental state of "malice". Diminished capacity ___________ is the unlawful killing of a human being without malice aforethought. Involuntary manslaughter Involuntary manslaughter is normally divided into two categories: __________and_________ Constructive manslaughter and criminally negligent manslaughter Constructive manslaughter is also referred to as_____ manslaughter. unlawful act Constructive manslaughter is also referred to as _____ unlawful act manslaughter ___________ is the intentional killing of oneself. Suicide The most common cause of suicide is an underlying mental disorder which include_____ depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, alcoholism and drug abuse __________ is a Hindu funeral practice in which the widow would immolate herself on her husband's funeral pyre, either willingly, or under pressure from the family and in-laws. Sati In criminal law, __________ is an assault by a person involving sexual intercourse with another person without that person's consent. Rape __________ is a term used in some legal jurisdictions to describe sexual relations that occur when one participant is below the age required to legally consent to the behavior. Statutory rape Perjury is also known as _________ Forswearing __________ is the willful act of swearing a false oath or affirmation to tell the truth whether spoken or in writing concerning matters material to a judicial proceeding. Perjury ___________ is the crime of threatening to reveal substantially true information about a person to the public, a family member, or associates unless a demand made upon the victim is met. Blackmail ___________ is the process of recycling large amounts of money obtained from crimes such as political corruption, embezzlement or drug trafficking in such a way as to make it seem as though it was derived from legitimate sources Money laundering ___________ is the legal utilisation of the tax regime to one's own advantage, to reduce the amount of tax that is payable by means that are within the law. Tax avoidance CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 21 __________ is the general term for efforts to not pay taxes by illegal means. Tax evasion The term _____ is a synonym for tax avoidance tax mitigation The term tax mitigation is a synonym for ______ tax avoidance __________ is the declared refusal to pay a tax for conscientious reasons (because the resister does not want to support the government or some of its activities). Tax resistance ___________ is the legal utilisation of the tax regime to one's own advantage, to reduce the amount of tax that is payable by means that are within the law. Tax avoidance __________ is the general term for efforts by individuals, firms, trusts and other entities to evade taxes by illegal means. Tax evasion A __________ is an intentional deception made for personal gain or to damage another individual Fraud An __________ is a confidence trick in which the target is persuaded to advance sums of money to facilitate a business deal in the hope of realising a significantly larger gain Advance-fee fraud The number _____ refers to the article of the Nigerian Criminal Code (part of Chapter 38: "Obtaining Property by false pretenses; Cheating") dealing with fraud. 419 __________ has been defined by Edwin Sutherland (1949) as a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation. White-collar crime __________ is the process of making, adapting, or imitating objects, statistics, or documents (see false document), with the intent to deceive. Forgery ___________ in the most general sense is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion. Terrorism CFT stands for_____ Combating the Financing of Terrorism FATF stands for_____ Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering Aircraft hijacking is also known as ______ and sky controlling skyjacking Aircraft hijacking is also known as skyjacking and _____ sky controlling Aircraft hijacking is also known as_____ CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 22 skyjacking and sky controlling __________ is the unlawful seizure of an aircraft either by an individual or by a group. Aircraft hijacking ___________ is a transnational grouping of highly centralised enterprises run by criminals for the purpose of engaging in illegal activity most commonly for the purpose of generating a monetary profit. Organised crime or criminal oganisations __________ is a term used to describe a number of criminal oganisations around the world. Mafia The first oganisation to bear the label was the Sicilian Mafia based in Italy, known to its members as_____ Cosa Nostra In the United States, "_____" generally refers to the American Mafia. the Mafia In the United States, "the Mafia" generally refers to the______. American Mafia Arms trafficking is also known as ____ Gunrunning __________ is the illegal trafficking or smuggling of contraband weapons or ammunition. Arms trafficking ___________ is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of children for the purpose of exploitation. Trafficking of children __________ is the practice of people being tricked, lured, coerced or otherwise removed from their home or country, and then forced to work with no or low payment or on terms which are highly exploitative. Human trafficking The ___________ is a global black market consisting of the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of illegal controlled drugs. Illegal drug trade A __________ is a payment given personally to a government official in exchange for his use of official powers. Bribe Bribery requires _________ participants Two Bribery requires two participants: _____ the one that gives the bribe and one that takes it The term _____ refer to usury or price-gouging, though neither is legally considered extortion. Extortion _____ refer to everyday situations where one person feels indebted to another against his/her will in order to receive an essential service or avoid legal consequences. Extortion CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 23 ____ refers to the situation where a person is selling his/her influence over the decision process involving a third party (person or institution). Trading in influence __________ refers to favoring supporters Patronage Patronage refers to favoring ____ Supporters __________ is illegal interference with the process of an election. Electoral fraud Electoral fraud is _____ with the process of an election. illegal interference Electoral fraud is illegal interference with the process of_____. an election Electoral fraud is also called_____ voter fraud Embezzlement is outright _____ of entrusted funds. theft Embezzlement is outright theft of_____. entrusted funds Embezzlement is a _____ of property. misappropriation Embezzlement is a misappropriation of_____. property _____ is a kind of financial fraud. Embezzlement Embezzlement is a kind of _____ fraud. financial Embezzlement is a kind of_____. financial fraud _____ may range from the very minor in nature, involving only small amounts, to the immense, involving large sums and sophisticated schemes. Embezzlement _____ is performed in a manner that is premeditated, systematic and/or methodical, with the explicit intent to conceal the activities from other individuals, usually because it is being done without their knowledge or consent. Embezzlement _____ involves the trusted person embezzling only a small proportion or fraction of the funds received, in an attempt to minimise the risk of detection. Embezzlement CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 24 A kickback is an official's share of misappropriated funds allocated from his or her organisation to an organisation involved in ____bidding. corrupt Kickbacks are not limited to government officials True _____ are common in the pharmaceutical industry, as many doctors and physicians receive pay in return for added promotion and prescription of the drug these pharmaceutical companies are marketing. Kickbacks ______ is outright theft of entrusted funds. Embezzlement A _________ is an official's share of misappropriated funds allocated from his or her organisation to an organisation involved in corrupt bidding. Kickback An ____ is a coalition among seemingly antagonistic groups especially if one is religious for ad hoc or hidden gain. Unholy alliance The ____ election was allegedly considered the most fraudulent election ever held in Nigeria. 1999 _____ is a term of art used in English criminal law which has become synonymous with the offences that are created by sections 18 and 20 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861. Grievous bodily harm Grievous bodily harm is often abbreviated to_____ GBH Grievous bodily harm is a term of art used in English criminal law which has become synonymous with the offences that are created by sections 18 and 20 of the Offences against the_____. Person Act 1861 Grievous bodily harm is a term of art used in English criminal law which has become synonymous with the offences that are created by sections 18 and 20 of the Offences against the Person Act_____. 1861 ____ is a crime of violence against another person. Assault _____is often defined to include not only violence, but any intentional physical contact with another person without their consent. Assault Assault is defined by section _____ of that Criminal Code Act. 252 _____ is the crime that represents the unlawful physical contact Battery Exceptions exist to cover unsolicited physical contact which amount to normal social behavior known as_____ harm. de minimis At common law criminal _____ was an attempted battery. CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 25 assault At common law criminal assault was_____. an attempted battery _____ means merely apprehension - awareness rather than any emotional state. Fear Grievous Bodily Harm existed in pre-colonial Nigeria. True The incidence of grievous bodily harm was very prevalent in colonial Nigeria because_____. it was usually perpetrated by slave traders against slaves _____ was usually a crime committed during war periods or by marauding warlords against members of targeted communities in pre-colonial Nigeria. Grievous Bodily Harm Grievous bodily harm existed in a minor form in post-colonial Nigeria between 1960 and 1964 because_____ the instruments of social control in Nigeria like the police force at that time were competent ______ is a criminal offense involving unlawful physical contact, distinct from assault in that the contact is not necessarily violent. Battery _____ is the use of force against another, resulting in harmful or offensive contact. simply battery Criminal battery is also referred to as_____ simply battery _____ was defined at common law as "any unlawful touching of the person of another by the aggressor himself, or by a substance put in motion by him." Battery Battery was defined at common law as_____ any unlawful touching of the person of another by the aggressor himself, or by a substance put in motion by him Battery is typically classified as either _____or aggravated. simple Battery is typically classified as either simple or______. aggravated Under modern statutory schemes, _____is often divided into grades that determine the severity of punishment. battery _____ battery may include any form of non-consensual harmful or insulting contact regardless of the injury caused. Simple _____ battery requires an intent to inflict an injury on another as distinguished from a tortuous battery. Criminal _____ may be defined as non-consensual touching of the intimate parts of another. Sexual battery CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 26 At least in Florida, "_____means oral, anal, or vaginal penetration by, or union with, the sexual organ of another or the anal or vaginal penetration of another by any other object". Sexual battery _____ generally is seen as a serious offense of felony grade, involving the loss of the victim's limb or some other type of permanent disfigurement. Aggravated battery _____ is an attempted battery or the act of intentionally placing a person in apprehension of a harmful or offensive contact with his or her person. Assault Battery existed in pre-colonial Nigeria. True The incidence of battery was very prevalent in colonial Nigeria because_____ it was usually perpetrated by slave traders against slaves Battery existed in a minor form in post-colonial Nigeria between 1960 and 1964 because_____ the instruments of social control in Nigeria like the police force at that time were competent in discouraging it When a child stays off school without the knowledge and agreement of parents it is called_______ Truancy ____ is any intentional unauthorised absence from compulsory schooling. Truancy Truancy and school refusal existed in pre-colonial Nigeria. True A _____ is a student who leaves school before graduating. dropout School drop outs existed in pre-colonial Nigeria True Youths were known to drop out from learning farming to learning _____ or wrestling fishing Youths were known to drop out from learning farming to learning fishing or_____ wrestling The incidence of school drop outs increased drastically in colonial Nigeria because_____ of the introduction of formal education School drop outs existed in a major form in post-colonial Nigeria between 1960 and 1967 because_____ formal education was being forced down peoples’ throats which made it unpalatable for many who became left midway to completing school _____ refers to a phenomenon in which a child is too fearful or anxious or afraid to go to school. School refusal _____ refers to the brutalisation of weaker individuals because one has the power to do so. Bullying ___________ is the crime of forcibly engaging in sexual intercourse with a person who has not consented. CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 27 Rape __________ refers to physical exchange of blows between people for reasons that are personal to them. Adolescent Fighting __________ are a conglomeration of youths who come together for mutual protection and who are willing to fight against other individuals and groups for dominance. Youth gangs __________ refers to sexual relationships between underage persons Premarital sex _____ asserted that teenagers who feel incomplete, inadequate and unappreciated are more likely to seek comfort in a sexual relationship. Farrow and Shapiro (1999) Farrow and Shapiro (1999) asserted that _____ who feel incomplete, inadequate and unappreciated are more likely to seek comfort in a sexual relationship. teenagers Farrow and Shapiro (1999) asserted that teenagers who feel incomplete, inadequate and unappreciated are more likely to seek comfort in a_____. sexual relationship _____ creates a grossly distorted view of sexual behavior, destroys boundaries, and drives a deep sense of worthlessness into the emotions. Sexual abuse _____ and loss of friendships may lead some teenagers to use sexual activity to gain social acceptance. Loneliness Loneliness and _____ may lead some teenagers to use sexual activity to gain social acceptance. loss of friendships _____ was meant to be a team effort, and some risks will naturally increase when one parent is left to do all the protecting and monitoring alone. Parenting _____ refers to physical exchange of blows between people for reasons that are personal to them. Fighting _____ examined demographic characteristics and psychosocial factors to determine the correlates of physical fighting and alcohol-related physical fighting among adolescent drinkers. Swahn (2001) _____ are a conglomeration of youths who come together for mutual protection and who are willing to fight against other individuals and groups for dominance. Youth gangs _____ view joining youth gangs as consisting of both pulls and pushes. Decker and Van Winkle (1996) Decker and Van Winkle (1996) view joining ____ as consisting of both pulls and pushes. youth gangs Decker and Van Winkle (1996) view joining youth gangs as consisting of both _____ and pushes. CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 28 pulls Decker and Van Winkle (1996) view joining youth gangs as consisting of both pulls and_____. pushes _____ can enhance prestige or status among friends, especially girls and provide opportunities to be with the boys. Gang membership _____ provide other attractive opportunities such as the chance for excitement by selling drugs and making money. Gangs _____, _____ and_____ forces push many adolescents in the direction of gangs. Social, economic, and cultural Social, economic, and cultural forces push many adolescents in the direction of gangs. True _____ has to do with the use of illicit drugs. Drug abuse Drug abuse has to do with the use of_____. illicit drugs _____ is a major public health problem that puts millions of adolescents at increased risk for alcohol-related and drug- related traffic accidents, risky sexual practices, poor academic performance, juvenile delinquency, and developmental problems. Substance abuse A _____ is a minor or a person under an arbitrary age, depending upon the local jurisdiction, who has left the home of his or her parent or legal guardian without permission, or has been thrown out by his or her parent and is considered by the local authorities to lack the capacity to live under his or her own accord. runaway A runaway is a _____ or a person under an arbitrary age, depending upon the local jurisdiction, who has left the home of his or her parent or legal guardian without permission, or has been thrown out by his or her parent and is considered by the local authorities to lack the capacity to live under his or her own accord. minor A runaway is a minor or a person under an arbitrary age, depending upon the local jurisdiction, who has left the home of his or her parent or _____ without permission, or has been thrown out by his or her parent and is considered by the local authorities to lack the capacity to live under his or her own accord. legal guardian _____ is a term used to refer to children who live on the streets of a city. Street children _____ are basically deprived of family care and protection. Street children Most children on the streets are between the ages of about _____ years old 5 and 17 _____ live in abandoned buildings, cardboard boxes, parks or on the street itself. Street children Children on the street are those engaged in some kind of economic activity ranging from _____ to vending. CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 29 begging Children on the street are those engaged in some kind of economic activity ranging from begging to_____. vending Delinquency affects everybody. True Victims of _____ often suffer a range of psychological and social injuries that persist long after their physical wounds have healed. delinquency _____ suggests that victimisation can shatter basic assumptions about the self and the world which individuals need in order to function normally in their daily lives Janoff-Bulman The lack of support for victims trying to recover from a delinquent act can_____ exacerbate the psychological harm caused by victimisation and make recovery even more difficult The _____ is impacted negatively by delinquent acts. Government The _____ usually experiences feelings of frustration and failure in discouraging delinquency among adolescents and protecting the citizenry from the negative implications of delinquency. government The society is negatively affected by delinquency. True The family is negatively affected by delinquency. True _____ represents the unknown and when this situation exists at a high level it causes anxiety and mortal terror among the citizenry. Delinquency _____ creates low morale for members of the society because more often than not, they are mostly responsible for the problems of delinquency. Delinquency _____ causes low morale, shame and disgrace into the family. Delinquency _____ spoils the good name of the family and usually makes it a byword among other members of the society. Delinquency _____ causes tension, anxiety and uncertainty among family members. Delinquency Children younger than seven are not held accountable for their actions. This is called______ defense of infancy The purpose of _____ is to screen cases to determine how they will be handled. intake If a juvenile is detained and a petition is filed, the case is referred to_____. CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 30 court Juveniles may be held because_____ of the seriousness of the offense, a history of criminal offenses, the juvenile is a threat to others, or to insure that the juvenile returns to court The _____ is for the purpose of informing the juvenile and parents of the charges and their rights. initial hearing The _____ is the same as a trial, except that juveniles do not have the right to a jury. hearing At_____ hearing, the judge listens to everyone's testimony and determines whether the acts charged actually happened. evidentiary At the _____ hearing the judge will decide what services will be ordered and what conditions the juvenile and parents must fulfill. sentencing Before_____ hearing, a probation officer will investigate the case by interviewing the family and other people to gather information to help the judge make a disposition. sentencing The _____and parents will be ordered to repay the victim for losses. juvenile The juvenile and _____ will be ordered to repay the victim for losses. parents The juvenile and parents will be ordered to repay the _____ for losses. victim The juvenile and parents will be ordered to _____ the victim for losses. repay The juvenile and parents will be ordered to repay the victim for_____. losses The two main dispositions the court may order are _____ or commitment to the Department of Juvenile Corrections. probation The two main dispositions the court may order are probation or _____ to the Department of Juvenile Corrections. commitment Any juvenile between the ages of fourteen and seventeen who is charged with first or second-degree murder, any type of gun violation (Armed Robbery), or any crime relating to gang violence is automatically tried as a_____ youthful offender The criminal justice system consists of _____ police, prosecutor, detention, court, probation, and the Department of Juvenile Corrections Juvenile justice agencies are intended to operate within the_____. rule of law The first contact an offender has with the criminal justice system is usually with the ____ (or law enforcement) who investigate and make the arrest. CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 31 police The first contact an offender has with the criminal justice system is usually with the police (or law enforcement) who investigate and make the_____. arrest _____ or law enforcement agencies and officers are empowered to use force and other forms of legal coercion and legal means to effect public and social order. Police The notion that police are primarily concerned with enforcing criminal law was popularised in the 1930s with the rise of the _____ as the pre-eminent "law enforcement agency" in the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI stands for_____ Federal Bureau of Investigation The notion that police are primarily concerned with enforcing criminal law was popularised in the 1930s with the rise of the Federal Bureau of Investigation as the pre-eminent____ in the United States law enforcement agency The focus of the juvenile justice system is_____ to rehabilitate juveniles rather than imprisoning and punishing them. The focus of the juvenile justice system is to _____ juveniles rather than imprisoning and punishing them. rehabilitate The focus of the juvenile justice system is to rehabilitate juveniles rather than _____and punishing them. imprisoning The focus of the juvenile justice system is to rehabilitate juveniles rather than imprisoning and _____them. punishing Many countries have special courts set aside just to try_____. juveniles The _____serve as the venue where disputes are then settled and justice is administered. courts The courts serve as the venue where disputes are then settled and ____ is administered. justice With regard to juvenile justice, there are a number of critical people in any court setting. These include ______ the judge, prosecutor, and defense attorney _____ cases are usually decided upon by a judge, rather than by a jury. Juvenile court Juvenile court cases are usually decided upon by a_____, rather than by a jury. judge Juvenile court cases are usually decided upon by a judge, rather than by a_____. jury _____are turned over to the correctional authorities, from the court system after the accused has been found guilty. Offenders CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 32 Offenders are turned over to the _____authorities, from the court system after the accused has been found guilty. correctional Offenders are turned over to the correctional authorities, from the court system after the accused has been found_____. guilty The most publicly visible form of correction or punishment in the modern era for juveniles is the _____ or prison. remand home The most publicly visible form of correction or punishment in the modern era for juveniles is the remand home or_____. prison The _____ has a program called Project HEART, which gives inmates the chance to take care of and train dogs that have been abandoned. Nebraska Correctional Youth Facility The Nebraska Correctional Youth Facility has a program called_____, which gives inmates the chance to take care of and train dogs that have been abandoned. Project heart Within the Nigerian context correctional institutions can be found at Federal and State levels and these are dichotomised into prison and_____. remand homes Within the Nigerian context correctional institutions can be found at Federal and State levels and these are dichotomised into ____ and remand homes. prison Crime and delinquency is a disruptive issue in the affairs of mankind. True Measurement of crime and delinquency is usually _____ in nature. statistical _____ attempt to provide statistical measures of the crime and delinquency in societies. Crime statistics ______ are normally made over a year long reporting period. Counts _____ involves measuring how often the same victim is subjected to a repeated occurrence of an offence, often by the same offender. Repeated victimization _____ rarely encompass all crime, rarely procure statistics useful for local crime prevention, often ignore offences against children, and do not count offenders brought before the criminal justice system. Public surveys _____ is a useful statistic for many purposes, such as evaluating the effectiveness of crime prevention measures or the relative safety of a particular city or neighbourhood. Crime rate _____ are commonly used by politicians to advocate for or against a policy designed to deal with crime. Crime rate statistics CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 33 Crime rate _____ are commonly used by politicians to advocate for or against a policy designed to deal with crime. statistics Crime rate statistics are commonly used by _____to advocate for or against a policy designed to deal with crime. politicians The calculation of crime rates uses data that is obtained either from _____or public surveys. criminal justice systems The calculation of crime rates uses data that is obtained either from criminal justice systems or ______ public surveys Counting rules vary from country to country. True There must be a _____case that an offence has been committed before it is recorded. prima facie Multiple reports of the same offence usually count as ____ offence. one Where multiple offenders are involved in the same act of offending_____ only one act is counted when counting offenses but each offender is counted when apprehended Where several offences are committed at the same time, in one act of offending_____ only the most serious offense is counted Offending is counted_____ at the time it comes to the attention of a law enforcement officer Offending is counted at the time it comes to the attention of a_____. law enforcement officer Offending that is a breach of the law but for which no punishment exists is often not counted. True The _____ is a term employed by criminologists and sociologists to describe the amount of unreported or undiscovered crime, which calls into question the reliability of official crime statistics dark figure of crime _____ is a term employed by criminologists and sociologists to describe the amount of unreported or undiscovered crime, which calls into question the reliability of official crime statistics dark figure _____ refer to the gap between the official level of crime and the amount of crime in the community as the ‘dark figure’ for crime. Sociologists sociologists refer to the gap between the official level of crime and the amount of crime in the community as the _____ for crime. dark figure Victim studies may be carried out at a _____ or local level. national CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 34 Victim studies may be carried out at a national or local____ level. national _____ are canvasses of the public which request them to report any crimes which they have experienced, whether or not they have reported them Victim studies Victimisation surveys are usually of _____types two A criticism of victim surveys is that_____ there is no way of verifying information given by respondents In criminology and criminal law, a _____ of a crime is an identifiable person who has been harmed individually and directly by the perpetrator, rather than merely the society as a whole. victim A _____ is a form of community-based or restorative justice in which the crime victims (or relatives and friends of deceased crime victims) meet with the defendant after conviction to tell the convict about how the criminal activity affected them, in the hope of rehabilitation or deterrence. victim impact panel _____ as the result of crime is a recurring theme for all victims of crime. Emotional distress Emotional _____ as the result of crime is a recurring theme for all victims of crime. distress The most common problem affecting three quarters of victims were psychological problems including_____ fear, anxiety, nervousness, self-blame, anger, shame, and difficulty sleeping Victim-proneness is also known as_____ victim blaming A well-known example of a class at increased risk to varying forms of attacks is the_____. prostitute _____ is known anecdotally to have an abnormally high incidence of violent crime, and such crimes usually go unresolved. Prostitute Victim facilitation finds its roots in the writings of a criminologist called_____ Marvin Wolfgang _____, expresses victim facilitation as a model that ultimately describes only the misinterpretation of victim behavior of the offender. Schneider (2001) Schneider (2001), expresses _____ as a model that ultimately describes only the misinterpretation of victim behavior of the offender. victim facilitation _____ is based upon the theory of a symbolic interaction and does not alleviate the offender of his/her exclusive responsibility. victim facilitation CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 35 The study of victims is_____. multidisciplinary The professionals involved in victimology may be_____, practitioners and policy makers. scientists The professionals involved in victimology may be scientists, _____and policy makers. practitioners The professionals involved in victimology may be scientists, practitioners and_____. policy makers The _____is a tool to measure the existence of actual, rather than reported crimes (the victimisation rate). National Crime Victimisation Survey (NCVS) NCVS stands for_____ National Crime Victimisation Survey The _____ is the United States' primary source of information on crime victimisation. NCVS The NCVS is the United States' ____ source of information on crime victimisation. primary The NCVS is the United States' primary source of information on_____. crime victimization BJS stands for_____ Bureau of Justice Statistics A group of European criminologists started an international victimisation study with the sole purpose to generate international comparative crime and victimisation data. The project is now known as the______. International Crime Victims Survey (ICVS) ICVS stands for_____ International Crime Victims Survey The _____ couple is defined as the relationship between perpetrator and victim of a crime. penal The penal _____ is defined as the relationship between perpetrator and victim of a crime. couple The penal couple is defined as the relationship between _____ and victim of a crime. perpetrator The penal couple is defined as_____ the relationship between perpetrator and victim of a crime A _____ invented the term ‘’penal couple’’ in 1963 sociologist A sociologist invented the term ‘’penal couple’’ in _____ 1963 CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 36 _____ data refers to information recorded by agencies on their administrative systems. Administrative _____ data is the most widely sourced administrative data used to produce crime statistics. Police Police data is useful for compiling crime statistics because _____ it represents an official record of crime The administrative data or police data is published as _____ which usually stands as the actual crime statistics for most societies. Annual Police Report Not all crimes reported are actually recorded by the police. True _____ is limited to the particulars of information collected and the level of accuracy of detail recorded in respective systems. Police data Statistics concerning armed robbery have been inflated by police. True _____ concerning armed robbery have been inflated by police. Statistics Statistics concerning _____have been inflated by police. armed robbery Statistics concerning armed robbery have been _____ by police. inflated Statistics concerning armed robbery have been inflated by_____. police A major cause for the inflated statistics may be_____ senior officers advocating that statistical data be driven up to justify the effectiveness of the Police Force The _____ technique is one of the three major ways of measuring involvement in delinquent and criminal behavior. self-report The self-report technique is one of the _____ major ways of measuring involvement in delinquent and criminal behavior. three An early study by _____found that estimates of the number of delinquents doubled when they included those referred to as unofficial agencies rather than sent through the Children’s Court. Robison (1936) An early study by Robison (1936) found that_____ estimates of the number of delinquents doubled when they included those referred to as unofficial agencies rather than sent through the Children’s Court An early study by Robison (1936) found that estimates of the number of delinquents _____ when they included those referred to as unofficial agencies rather than sent through the Children’s Court. doubled An early study by Robison (1936) found that estimates of the number of delinquents doubled when_____ CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 37 they included those referred to as unofficial agencies rather than sent through the Children’s Court _____, credits Edwin Sutherland for providing the impetus for self-report studies. Gibbons (1979) Gibbons (1979), credits _____for providing the impetus for self-report studies. Edwin Sutherland Sutherland’s (1949) landmark work on _____ crime white-collar _____ provided the first published results from a self report survey on crime. Austin Porterfield _____ analysed the juvenile court records of 2,049 delinquents from the Fort Worth, Texas, area and identified 55 offenses for which they had been adjudicated delinquent. Porterfield Inspired by Porterfield’s findings, _____ sampled a group of 1,698 adult men and women and examined selfreports of their delinquent behavior committed before the age of 16. Wallerstein and Wylie (1947) Inspired by ____ findings, Wallerstein and Wylie (1947) sampled a group of 1,698 adult men and women and examined selfreports of their delinquent behavior committed before the age of 16. Porterfield’s Inspired by Porterfield’s findings, Wallerstein and Wylie (1947) sampled a group of _____adult men and women and examined selfreports of their delinquent behavior committed before the age of 16. 1,698 Inspired by Porterfield’s findings, Wallerstein and Wylie (1947) sampled a group of 1,698 adult men and women and examined selfreports of their delinquent behavior committed before the age of_____. 16 The use of self-report studies to examine theoretical issues continued throughout the ____till date. 1970s _____ studies were particularly instrumental in pointing to the flaws in self-report measures. Two _____observed that a relatively small numbers of youths commit a disproportionate number of serious offenses. Elliott and Ageton (1980) _____ suggested a number of changes in the way in which we measure self-report data to reflect the fact that some offenders contribute disproportionately to the rate of serious and violent delinquent acts. Elliott and Ageton (1980) The identification of a relatively small group of offenders who commit a disproportionate amount of crime and delinquency led to a call to focus research efforts on the_____ or “career” criminals chronic The identification of a relatively small group of offenders who commit a disproportionate amount of crime and delinquency led to a call to focus research efforts on the “chronic” or _____ criminals career Two crimes cannot be the same. CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 38 True The idea of weighting of crime was first introduced by _____and Wolfgang Sellin The idea of weighting of crime was first introduced by Sellin and _____ Wolfgang The idea of weighting of crime was first introduced by_____ Sellin and Wolfgang The ____ is to attach weight in terms of seriousness. public The public is to attach weight in terms of_____. seriousness The public is to attach _____ in terms of seriousness. weight ______ technique of crime/delinquency measurement attaches various weight to different crime categories. Crime profiling/scaling _____ technique of crime/delinquency measurement requires that the researchers keep a close watch on criminal and delinquent behaviours and record them as they are happening in a particular area. Participant observation _____technique of crime/delinquency measurement requires that the researchers find out from a specific population in time and space the criminal or delinquent offences they have committed during the period of their existence. Self-report method The rules of anonymity and confidentiality are adhered to strictly to get the best from_____. Self-report method _____technique of crime/delinquency measurement requires that the researchers find out from a specific population in time and space the criminal or delinquent offences perpetrated against them. Victim-report method _____ is geared towards understanding how victims perceive crime and delinquency in society as they have experienced it personally Victim survey In Nigeria, victims of crime are usually prone to_____, exaggeration and information concealment. lying In Nigeria, victims of crime are usually prone to lying, _____ and information concealment. exaggeration In Nigeria, victims of crime are usually prone to lying, exaggeration and_____. information concealment _____ report method is usually low on validity and reliability. Victim Victim-report method is usually low on _____ and reliability. validity CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 39 Victim-report method is usually low on validity and_____. reliability Validity refers to_____ the extent to which crime figures are correct representation of actual criminality or a reflection of the true situation of crime in a given area _____ is a true representation of crime and the type of crime committed in an area. Validity Reliability refers to_____ the extent to which the crime figures are the result of a consistent measure of the same phenomenon from village to village, town to town and State to State -_____ refers to the consistency of a measuring instrument. Reliability Utility refers to_____ the extent to which the crime figures contribute to the knowledge of crime, improving the understanding, and providing enough information for projection and planning for the future _____ refers to the usefulness of Crime Statistics. Utility ______ refers to the extent to which crime statistics help in projecting and planning about crime. Utility Crime Statistics can only be useful for projecting and planning if it is _____ and valid. reliable Crime Statistics can only be useful for projecting and planning if it is reliable and_____. valid Robbery is the crime of seizing property through _____or intimidation, as opposed to stealth or fraud (which is theft). violence Robbery is the crime of seizing property through violence or_____, as opposed to stealth or fraud (which is theft). intimidation At common law, _____ is defined as taking the property of another, with the intent to permanently deprive the person of that property, by means of force or fear. robbery _____ is the use of legislated powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. Political corruption The activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the _____ or jurisdiction. country The activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or_____. jurisdiction _____ may be demanded in order for an official to do something he is already paid to do. Bribes CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 40 The term _____ is often used metaphorically to refer to usury or price-gouging, though neither is legally considered extortion. extortion _____ does not require a threat of a criminal act, such as violence, merely a threat used to elicit actions, money, or property from the object of the extortion. Extortion The incidence of political corruption, bribery and extortion continued in colonial Nigeria as it did in pre-colonial times. True From_____, the civil war in Nigeria led to a state of lawlessness and the issue of political corruption / bribery by members of the military government regarding the fictitious supply of food, weapons and relief materials escalated because of selfishness and greed. 1967 to 1970 _____ were given to mercenaries to destroy innocent civilians. Bribes Bribes were given to _____ to destroy innocent civilians. mercenaries Bribes were given to mercenaries to _____ destroy innocent civilians A milder form of _____ is an "old boy network", in which appointees to official positions are selected only from a closed and exclusive social network cronyism The act of favoring relatives is called_____ nepotism The act of favoring personal friends is called_____ cronyism From_____, the civil war in Nigeria led to a state of lawlessness and as such grievous bodily harm as a crime in Nigeria escalated because of the need by frustrated civilians and soldiers to satisfy their urges to inflict harm on others with impunity. 1967 to 1970 From 1967 to 1970, the ____in Nigeria led to a state of lawlessness and as such grievous bodily harm as a crime in Nigeria escalated because of the need by frustrated civilians and soldiers to satisfy their urges to inflict harm on others with impunity. civil war From 1967 to 1970, the civil war in Nigeria led to a state of lawlessness and as such grievous bodily harm as a crime in Nigeria escalated because of the need by frustrated civilians and soldiers to satisfy their urges to inflict harm on others with_____. impunity Grievous bodily harm increased from the early 1990s till date because_____ the economy became unfavourable, cultism boomed and people became more aggressive because of their frustration Assault and battery is the combination of _____violent crimes CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 41 two _____ is the threat of violence Assault Physical violence is referred to as_____ battery There are two offences: _____ and battery. common assault There are two offences: common assault and_____. battery A person commits the offence strictly known as assault or common assault_____ if he intentionally or recklessly causes another person to apprehend immediate and unlawful personal violence A person has committed an aggravated assault when that person attempts to: cause serious bodily injury to another person such as in the case of kidnapping have sexual activity with another person under the age of 14 causes bodily injury to another person with a deadly weapon Assault and Aggravated assault existed in pre-colonial Nigeria. True The incidence of assault and aggravated assault was very prevalent in colonial Nigeria because_____ it was usually perpetrated by slave traders against slaves Assault and aggravated assault existed in a minor form in post-colonial Nigeria between 1960 and 1964 because_____ the instruments of social control in Nigeria like the police force at that time were competent in discouraging it Between_____, as a result of a series of coups by the military cabal assault and aggravated assault became institutionalised in the northern part of Nigeria when the northerners started aggravated assaults against the igbos as a fallout of the coup and counter-coup. 1965 and 1966 Assault and aggravated assault increased from the early 1990s till date because_____ the economy became unfavourable, cultism boomed and people became more aggressive because of their frustration and were more willing to cause injury to opponents when provoked Enslavement, Apartheid and Genocide are typical examples of _____ international crimes Security and crime are_____ that have to do with threat to life and property concepts The influence of the____ on Roman law was evident in continental Europe and its colonies Church Roman Law stipulates that assaults were a matter of ____ private compensation Crime as a violation of____ borders on anything that thwarts the right to a dignified human existence human rights it is clearly unfair that white collar criminals get off with civil fines rather than criminal punishments. This statement is better credited to _____ CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 42 Thorstein Sellin (1938) Crime is inevitable, yet creates _____ social stigma Victimisation surveys has been found to exhibit _____ a subjective bias Crime figures can be influenced by one of the following except_____ religious values The criminal justice system is not always concerned with punishments but also with _____ Remedies The idea that criminals are born and have specific physical characteristics that predict criminality was propounded by ____ Cesare Lombroso _____ is the believe that criminals are evolutionary throwbacks. Atavism _____ attributed crimes to body types William Sheldon _____ concluded that crime was inherited much in the same way as ordinary physical traits and features. Charles Gooring ____crimes are offences that persons commit while acting in their legitimate jobs and professions White Collar Crimes _____ are consensual acts (in which people are willing participants) and violations in which only the perpetrator is hurt, such as the personal use of illegal drugs, are called victimless crimes ‘ Victimless Crimes _____ refers to the unlawful activities of members of criminal organisations that supply illegal goods and services. Organised Crimes _____encompasses a range of offences connected with the use, transportation, purchase, and sale of illegal drugs. Drug Crimes The first contact an individual has is usually with the _____ Police The ____ consists of law enforcement (police), courts, prosecutors, defense attorneys and corrections. Criminal justice system The first police force comparable to the present-day police was established in _____ under King Louis XIV in France 1667 The term _____is often used to refer to a juvenile who commits a minor criminal act Juvenile Delinquent A ____ is one who fails to do that which is required by law or by duty when such failure is minor in nature. Delinquent _____ theory explains offenders are motivated by rational self-interest. Rational choice theory CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 43 _____ theory holds that crime is caused by the difficulty those in poverty have in achieving socially valued goals by legitimate means. Strain theory Those who buy into a system of socially approved means, but lose sight of the goals. Merton believed that drug users are in this category according to R. K. Merton are ____ Ritualists Question: Merton referred to individuals who accept socially approved goals, but not necessarily the socially approved means as ____ Innovation The strain theory is associated mainly with the work of ____ R. K. Merton Those who negate socially approved goals and means by creating a new system of acceptable goals and means according to Merton are _____ Rebellions The differential association theory was postulated by _____ Edwin Sutherland _____ states that once young people have been labelled as criminal, they are more likely to offend Labelling theory The Juvenile justice system was established by Jan in ____ in ____ 1868 / Chicago The juvenile justice system is a byproduct of the ____ Progressive Era _____ is the scientific study of victimisation, including the relationships between victims and offenders, the interactions between victims and the criminal justice system Victimology The____ theory posits that the location and context of the crime gets the victim of the crime and the perpetrator of that crime together. Environmental theory Victim facilitation finds its roots in the works of______ Marvin Wolfgang The idea behind____ is to study the elements that make a victim more accessible or vulnerable to an attack. Victim facilitation Penal Couple is defined as the ____ between perpetrator and victim of a crime. relationship _____ refers to information recorded by agencies on their administrative systems Administrative data _____ refers to those criminal offences that have been reported to or detected by police, and subsequently recorded by them. Police data _____ is the most widely sourced administrative data Police data CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 44 ____ is one of the three major ways of measuring involvement in delinquent and criminal behavior The self-report technique _____ is "the taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear (Byran, 2009). Robbery The word “rob” is from the German origin, from the word _____ Raub ____ is the act of stealing a car from a victim by force Carjacking ____ involves use of a weapon, and aggravated robbery involving use of a deadly weapon or something that appears to be a deadly weapon Armed robbery “House job” is slang ____ Armed robbery (usually of homes and organisations) _____is the threat to do something illegal, or the offer not to do something illegal, in the event that goods are not given, primarily using words instead of actions. Extortion _____ is defined as, "unlawful entry into a structure to commit a felony or theft (Glick, 2005)." Burglary _____refers to professional shoplifting, cargo theft, retail crime rings, DVD and VCD piracy and other organised crime occurring in retail environments. Organised retail crime Someone who carries out an act of or makes a career of theft is known as a ____ Thief In criminal law, ____ is the taking away or transportation of a person against the person's will, usually to hold the person in false imprisonment, a confinement without legal authority. Kidnapping _____as defined by common law, is the unlawful killing of another human being with intent (or malice aforethought). Murder _____ occurs when the defendant kills with malice aforethought (intention to kill or cause serious harm), but there are mitigating circumstances which reduce culpability. Voluntary manslaughter _____is the unlawful killing of a human being without malice aforethought. Involuntary manslaughter Involuntary manslaughter is distinguished from voluntary manslaughter by the absence of____. Intention _____is also referred to as ‘unlawful act’ manslaughter Constructive manslaughter Crime is a breach of a rule or _____ CONTACT US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, TMA, SEMINAR, PROJECT, ETC 08024665051 (WHATSAPP), 08169595996, [email protected] 45 Law Question: Informal relationships and sanctions have been deemed insufficient to create and maintain a desired ____ Social order A person who fails to do that which is required by law or by duty when such failure is minor in nature is called a/an_____ Delinquent ALL but One are the reasons for delinquency_____ Quality education According to Graham & Bowling (1995), Family factors which may have an influence on offending includes ALL except____ Pro bono _____is a mental or psychological impairment or retardation. Insanity A situation where people are relieved of criminal responsibility based on the fact that they only acted in de