Crime and Delinquency Overview
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Crime has been and will continue to be a crucial issue in the affairs of Homo sapiens.

True (A)

What is the breach of a rule or law for which a punishment may ultimately be prescribed by some governing authority or force?

Crime

What is the Latin word for crime, from which "crime" is derived?

<p>Crimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be present for a crime to occur?

<p>An external consequence or harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Latin word that refers to a criminal action or inaction that causes harm?

<p>Actus Reus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Latin word that refers to a criminal intent or a guilty state of mind?

<p>Mens Rea</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final legal defence or legal excuse from criminal responsibility?

<p>Necessity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as deviant behavior that violates prevailing norms, specifically, cultural standards prescribing how humans ought to behave?

<p>Normative</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the laws that define crimes which violate social norms called?

<p>Mala Prohibita</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as the unlawful killing of another human being with intent, and generally this state of mind distinguishes murder from other forms of unlawful homicide?

<p>Murder</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a person who commits murder called?

<p>Murderer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as the situation where a person is selling his/her influence over the decision process involving a third party (person or institution)?

<p>Trading in influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unlawful seizure of an aircraft either by an individual or by a group?

<p>Aircraft Hijacking</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most widely sourced administrative data used to produce crime statistics?

<p>Police data</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a program of standardised sample surveys to look at householders' experience with crime, policing, crime prevention and feelings of unsafety in a large number of countries?

<p>The International Crime Victim Survey (ICVS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refers to information recorded by agencies on their administrative systems?

<p>Administrative data</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the crime of seizing property through violence or intimidation as opposed to stealth or fraud (which is theft)?

<p>Robbery</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation?

<p>White-collar Crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refers to the unlawful killing of another human being with intent, and usually this requirement emphasizes the premeditation and cruelty involved in murder called?

<p>Murder</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as the relationship between perpetrator and victim of a crime?

<p>Penal couple</p> Signup and view all the answers

The idea of weighting of crime was first introduced by Sellin and Wolfgang.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a term used to describe various offences that are created by sections 18 and 20 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861 in English law?

<p>Grievous bodily harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a criminal offense involving unlawful physical contact, distinct from assault in that the contact is not necessarily violent?

<p>Battery</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main dispositions the court may order in juvenile offenses?

<p>Probation or commitment to the Department of Juvenile Corrections</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first police force comparable to the present-day police was established in ______ under King Louis XIV in France.

<p>1667</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most publicly visible form of correction or punishment in the modern era for juveniles?

<p>Remand home or prison</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the scientific study of victimisation, including the relationships between victims and offenders, the interactions between victims and the criminal justice system?

<p>Victimology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unlawful killing of another human being with intent, and usually this requirement emphasizes the premeditation and cruelty involved in murder called?

<p>Murder</p> Signup and view all the answers

Crime is a breach of a rule or law for which punishment may ultimately be prescribed by some governing authority or force is true.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a crime?

A crime is a breach of a rule or law for which a punishment may ultimately be prescribed by some governing authority or force.

What is Actus Reus?

Actus Reus is a Latin term that refers to the physical element of a crime.

What is Mens Rea?

Mens Rea is a Latin term that refers to a guilty state of mind.

Is insanity a medical or legal term?

Insanity is a legal term, not a medical one.

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What is self-defense?

Self-defense is a situation where people are relieved of criminal responsibility if they acted to protect themselves.

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What is entrapment?

Entrapment is a situation where people are generally considered either not responsible or less responsible for their crimes if they were tricked or induced into committing them by law enforcement.

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What is a necessity defense?

A necessity defense can be used when a crime has been committed to prevent a greater or more serious crime.

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What is causation?

Causation is a process where the criminal act must lead directly to harm without a long delay.

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What is concurrence in crime?

Concurrence means that both the actus reus (the physical element) and the mens rea (the mental element) must be present for an act to be considered a crime.

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What is a normative definition of crime?

A normative definition views crime as deviant behavior that violates prevailing norms, specifically, cultural standards prescribing how humans ought to behave.

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What are mala prohibita laws?

Mala prohibita laws define crimes that violate social norms.

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What is the legalistic view of crime?

The legalistic view of crime defines it as behavior that violates the criminal code.

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What is the conduct norms view of crime?

The conduct norms view argues that crime is just one form of conduct norm violations.

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What is the human rights violation view of crime?

The human rights violation view sees crime as acts that violate basic human rights.

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What is deviance?

Deviance refers to any behavior that is considered unacceptable by a society or group.

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What is social control?

Social control is the means by which society enforces its standards of conduct, by which individuals are encouraged to conform to the rules and values of society.

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What is criminalization?

Criminalization is the process by which certain behaviors become defined as criminal and subject to punishment.

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Who produced the first known written codes?

The first known written codes were produced by the Sumerians.

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What are some reasons crime exists?

Poverty, environmental instability, weak law enforcement, and poor socialization are some of the reasons for the prevalence of crime in society.

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What are some root causes of crime?

Parental inadequacy, conflict, criminality, and lack of communication within a family are some of the root causes of crime.

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What is criminology?

Criminology is the study of crime and criminal behavior, its causes, and its prevention.

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Who is known as 'The father of Modern Criminology'?

Cesare Lombroso, known as 'The father of Modern Criminology,' believed that specific physical characteristics could predict criminality.

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What are endomorphs, mesomorphs, and ectomorphs?

Endomorphs, mesomorphs, and ectomorphs are body types that were thought to be linked to criminality.

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Why is criminology important?

The study of criminology is crucial for a deeper understanding of crime in society.

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What is organised crime?

Organised crime encompasses unlawful activities of criminal organisations that supply illegal goods and services.

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What are victimless crimes?

Victimless crimes involve consensual acts where only the perpetrator is harmed.

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What are white-collar crimes?

White-collar crimes are offenses that persons commit while acting in their legitimate jobs and professions.

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What are crimes against international law?

Crimes against international law are offences defined by treaty, including crimes against peace, war crimes, and genocide.

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What is a crime against humanity?

A crime against humanity is an act of persecution or any large-scale atrocities against a body of people, and constitutes a serious attack on human dignity.

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Who is responsible for prosecuting crimes against humanity?

The United Nations is primarily responsible for the prosecution of crimes against humanity.

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What is the ICC?

The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established in The Hague to prosecute individuals for crimes against humanity.

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What are traumatic memories?

Traumatic memories are vivid sensations and images stored without context.

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What is the criminal justice system?

The criminal justice system is a network of institutions and practices designed to maintain social control, deter and control crime, and sanction offenders.

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What are the components of the criminal justice system?

The criminal justice system consists of law enforcement, courts, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and corrections.

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What is delinquency?

Delinquency refers to juvenile behavior that violates social norms and laws.

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What is the juvenile justice system?

The juvenile justice system is a system set up to protect and help juvenile offenders.

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What is intake in the juvenile justice system?

The purpose of intake in the juvenile justice system is to screen cases and determine how they will be handled.

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What is probation in the juvenile justice system?

Probation is the most common disposition made in juvenile court cases, where the juvenile is supervised by a probation officer.

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What is the goal of the juvenile justice system?

The focus of the juvenile justice system is to rehabilitate juveniles rather than imprison and punish them.

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Study Notes

Crime and Delinquency Summary

  • Crime: A crucial issue in human society, it involves the violation of a rule or law and is punishable by some governing authority.
  • Origin of Crime: Crime has existed throughout history, threatening lives and property.
  • Nature of Crime: Crime is dangerous and needs to be studied to understand its place in society.
  • Rule of Law: Crime is the breaking of a rule or law.
  • Crimen: The Latin word for Crime, comes from the Latin roots, cernō, and Greek κρινω, meaning "I judge".Originally it meant "charge, guilt, and accusation."
  • Criminal law: Criminal law regulates minor infractions such as traffic violations.
  • External consequence or harm: For crime to occur there needs to be an external consequence or harm.
  • Actus Reus: The physical element of a crime, requiring proof. It refers to criminal action or inaction that causes harm.
  • Mens rea: The mental aspect of a crime, Latin word for a mind.
  • External Consequence or Harm: For crime to be committed an outside consequence or harm must occur.
  • Entrapment: A legal defense where individuals are induced into committing a crime by law enforcement officials.
  • Necessity: A legal defense that can be used when a crime was committed to prevent a more serious crime.
  • Causation: A causal relationship between harm and the criminal act.
  • Concurrence: For a behavior to be a crime, there must be a statutory provision for punishment or the threat of punishment.
  • Antisocial behavior: This is criminalised, seen as an offense against society, and punishable by the government
  • Punishment: The threat or application of punishment is aimed at illegal acts rather than innocent behavior.
  • Normative: This type of crime involves violating social norms, cultural standards, and the behavior expected of humans.
  • Laws: These are the regulations set up by the authorities.
  • Legalistic: This view defines crime as behavior that violates the criminal code.
  • Conduct Norms: Crime can be viewed as one type of conduct norm.
  • Social Harm: This view of crime focuses on how the crime affects humanity.
  • Crime against international Law: Act of persecution or any large-scale atrocities against a people; the highest level of criminal offense.
  • Crime against humanity heinous violation of human dignity
  • International Criminal Court: UN organization responsible for prosecuting crimes against humanity.
  • Traumatic memories: These are memories in the form of vivid mental images often fragmented or not in context.

External Consequence or Harm

  • For a crime to be considered a crime an external consequence or harm must occur.

Types of Crimes

  • Street crimes: These involve criminal activities like begging or petty theft that people commit in public spaces
  • Organized Crime: Criminal deeds carried out by groups of people that involve supplying illegal goods/services
  • Political crime: These are crimes committed to disrupt a nation or government
  • White-collar crime: Crimes carried out by high-ranking social elites usually during professional endeavours
  • Victimless Crimes: these are offences that are committed without there being a victim or harm to the perpetrator.
  • Cybercrime: A crime that occurs via computers or the internet
  • Hate crimes: Criminal acts that target people based on their race, religion, or other personal attributes.
  • Drug crimes: Those crimes involving the production, possession, or sale of illegal drugs

The Criminal Justice System

  • Components: Law enforcement, courts, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and corrections.
  • Role: Enforcing the rules of law, deterring crime, maintaining social order, and holding offenders accountable.
  • Impacting Factors: Crime negatively affects individuals, communities, and society
  • Dispute resolution: Courts settle legal disputes and provide justice.
  • Prosecutor: Represents the state, files charges, and presents evidence against the accused party
  • Defense Attorney: Represents the accused individual, challenges the state's case
  • Plaintiff/Accused: Person initiating a case/charge or defendant

Causes of Crime and Delinquency

  • Economic Factors/Poverty: Poverty and financial struggles can contribute to crime.
  • Social Factors: factors/poverty, social structure, and environmental factors can influence crime
  • Environmental Factors: Environmental problems and societal issues can contribute to crime
  • Familial Factors: Family structures and the relationships within can greatly affect the chances of crime.

Delinquency

  • Universal: A universal phenomenon that occurs simultaneously.
  • Childhood: Children were viewed as non-persons until the 1700s
  • Causes: Poverty, criminal tendencies, environmental instability, faith deficiency, greed, law enforcement weakness, poor socialization, mental instability, ignorance of the law.

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CSS242 Measurements & Patterns of Crime & Delinquency Summary PDF

Description

This quiz provides a summary of key concepts related to crime and delinquency. It covers the nature of crime, its legal implications, and important terminology such as actus reus and mens rea. Understanding these elements is essential for grasping the complexities of criminal behavior in society.

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