Western Civ Notes PDF

Notes: The printing press -​ Johannes Gutenberg was a German goldsmith and printer -​ Gutenberg was the first to develop movable type printing. This allowed for mass production of books -​ Gutenberg’s invention revolutionized book-making in Europe -​ Gutenberg was a key figure in sprea...

Notes: The printing press -​ Johannes Gutenberg was a German goldsmith and printer -​ Gutenberg was the first to develop movable type printing. This allowed for mass production of books -​ Gutenberg’s invention revolutionized book-making in Europe -​ Gutenberg was a key figure in spreading the Renaissance -​ His invention of movable type is still considered the most important invention in history. Political expectancy and the peasants war, 1524-1525 -​ Peasants were angry about the abuse of Feudalism (Feudalism was a social and political system that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages. Under feudalism, the king owned all the land in his kingdom, but he would give gifts of land to lords or nobles in exchange for service or protection. It was a way of structuring society around relationships derived from land ownership) -​ Thomas Muntzer, radical Lutheran, enflames peasants vs.German princes. -​ Economic dissatisfaction ha duties with religious rebellion -​ Luther: “murdering hordes of peasants,” sides with princes because he need their support for his idea  English Reformation … Henry VIII (1509-1547) -​ Henry VIII wanted divorce from Catherine of Aragorn -​ Pope Clement VII dependant on the Holy Roman emperor, Charles V, who is the nephew to Catherine -​ Parliament Passes Act Supremacy establishing the Church of England with the monarch as head of the church Church of England and Reformation -​ Henry VIII wants church of England to be as much like the Roman Catholic church as possible -​ Mandy shades of protestantism had entered england -​ Puritans- basically Calvinist -​ Pilgrims- basically puritans John Calvin, 1509-1564 -​ Native France (strong Catholic) -​ Theology is the study of religious faith, practice, and experience, especially focusing on the nature of God and God's relation to the world. -​ Systematic theologian of Protestant Reformation -​ Predestination- elect and reprobate -​ Evangelicalism- the activists international form of Calvinism Puritanism in the American Colonies -​ Sovereignty of God -​ Depravity of Man -​ Original Sin -​ Christ/Conversion/Election -​ Know God through Bible -​ Good works as evidence of salvation -​ “Protestant work ethic” Social impact of Protestant Reformation -​ Emphasis on family -​ Education Reform -​ More widespread, needed semi-literate people to read the Bible -​ Gave rise to an “activist” Protestantism -​ Catholic Reformation Society of Jesus (Jesuits) -​ Established highly disciplined schools and colleges (borrowed humanist methods and ideas) -​ Propagation of Catholic faith among non-christian (francic Xavier) -​ Carry Catholic banner and fight Protestantism (recaptured Poland and parts of Germany) The peace of Westphalia (1648) -​ The 30 years War officially ended in 1648 with peace of westphalia -​ The treaties recognized the sovereignty of the 300+ German princes -​ The treaties disallowed papal meddling German Religious affairs -​ The treaties upheld the Peace of Augsburg, added calvinism to the list of religious allowed german states and nullified the Edict of Restitution -​ The peace of Westphalia established the modern concept id state’s sovereignty -​ The teraties acknowledged the nation-state's sovereignty for the first time. The nation-states were recognized as autonomous and independent