Weeks 7-12 Quiz 3 PDF

**Question 81:** What is a **cross-cousin marriage**, and where is it commonly practiced?\ a) Marriage between individuals of the same patrilineal clan.\ b) Marriage between cousins from opposite parental lineages.\ c) Marriage restricted to individuals within the same caste.\ d) Marriage arranged...

**Question 81:** What is a **cross-cousin marriage**, and where is it commonly practiced?\ a) Marriage between individuals of the same patrilineal clan.\ b) Marriage between cousins from opposite parental lineages.\ c) Marriage restricted to individuals within the same caste.\ d) Marriage arranged solely for political alliances.\ e) Marriage determined by religious obligations. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** Cross-cousin marriage involves marrying a cousin from the opposite parental lineage, commonly practiced in South India and other kinship-based societies. **Question 82:** What is the function of **altered states of consciousness** in rituals?\ a) To increase physical endurance during ceremonial dances.\ b) To establish permanent connections with supernatural beings.\ c) To facilitate spiritual journeys and interactions with spirits.\ d) To reinforce social hierarchies through symbolic gestures.\ e) To ensure economic prosperity within the community. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** Altered states of consciousness, induced through drumming, dancing, or psychoactive substances, help participants connect with the spiritual world during rituals. **Question 83:** What is the purpose of **Inuit song duels** in conflict resolution?\ a) To establish dominance through physical contests.\ b) To shame individuals into conformity with social norms.\ c) To mediate disputes through competitive performances judged by the community.\ d) To reinforce kinship bonds through ceremonial exchanges.\ e) To exclude individuals from group membership through ostracism. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** Inuit song duels involve rivals composing and performing satirical songs to resolve conflicts, with the community\'s judgment determining the winner. **Question 84:** What is an example of **contagious magic** in Navajo culture?\ a) Using talismans to summon supernatural forces.\ b) Avoiding photographs to prevent spiritual harm.\ c) Painting depictions of animals to invoke hunting success.\ d) Wearing charms to protect against misfortune.\ e) Burning incense to purify ceremonial spaces. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** In Navajo culture, photographs are avoided as they are believed to create a spiritual connection that could be exploited for harm. **Question 85:** How does the Maisin integrate **Christianity into their rituals**?\ a) By replacing traditional practices with Christian liturgy.\ b) By blending Christian hymns with traditional drumming and tapa cloth.\ c) By emphasizing the exclusivity of Christian religious doctrines.\ d) By abandoning traditional beliefs in favor of Western practices.\ e) By creating separate ceremonies for Christian and traditional events. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** The Maisin integrate Christianity into their culture by combining hymns with traditional drumming and using tapa cloth in church ceremonies. **Question 86:** What is a **myth**, and how does it differ from a folktale?\ a) A myth is a fictional story, while a folktale explains sacred truths.\ b) A myth is a sacred narrative, while a folktale is primarily fictional.\ c) A myth is tied to historical events, while a folktale is set in an undefined time.\ d) A myth focuses on individual characters, while a folktale involves collective action.\ e) A myth is meant for entertainment, while a folktale addresses cosmological origins. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** Myths are sacred narratives explaining origins and societal values, while folktales are fictional stories meant for entertainment or moral instruction. **Question 87:** What does the term **emic perspective** refer to in anthropology?\ a) The external, objective viewpoint of an outsider.\ b) The study of material culture and archaeological remains.\ c) The subjective, insider\'s perspective of a culture.\ d) A quantitative analysis of societal patterns.\ e) A critique of historical accounts of cultural practices. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** An emic perspective captures the subjective experiences and views of individuals within the culture being studied. **Question 88:** What is the **Sapir-Whorf hypothesis**, and what does it propose?\ a) Language has no effect on cultural or thought processes.\ b) Language shapes thought and perception, influencing worldview.\ c) Language evolves in isolation from cultural practices.\ d) Language determines social hierarchies within a community.\ e) Language always adapts to reflect global economic trends. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that language influences how individuals perceive and interact with the world, shaping their cultural realities. **Question 89:** What is **Paul Fussell's nine-class system** primarily based on?\ a) Wealth and inheritance of property.\ b) Education, taste, and cultural awareness.\ c) Political affiliations within a hierarchical structure.\ d) Access to natural resources and land ownership.\ e) Contributions to societal rituals and ceremonies. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** Fussell\'s nine-class system categorizes individuals by their cultural markers, such as taste, education, and behavior, rather than just wealth. **Question 90:** What is an example of **diffusion** in cultural change?\ a) The spread of Buddhism along the Silk Road.\ b) The complete adoption of dominant cultural practices.\ c) The revitalization of traditional ecological knowledge.\ d) The blending of two languages into a creole.\ e) The exclusive practice of endogamy within a caste system. **Correct Answer:** a\ **Explanation:** Diffusion refers to the spread of cultural traits, such as Buddhism traveling from India to China through trade and interaction. **Question 91:** What is the **function of gossip** as a leveling mechanism in egalitarian societies?\ a) To formalize legal disputes within small communities.\ b) To prevent individuals from acquiring excessive power or resources.\ c) To reinforce hierarchical roles through public discourse.\ d) To create competitive relationships within kinship groups.\ e) To regulate external trade between different societies. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** Gossip serves as a social tool to discourage dominance or selfish behavior, maintaining equality and cohesion in egalitarian societies. **Question 92:** What is **rapid fading**, a lesser design feature of language?\ a) Spoken language disappears quickly unless recorded.\ b) Language changes rapidly due to globalization.\ c) Words lose their meaning after prolonged use in rituals.\ d) Symbols in written language evolve into new forms.\ e) Dialects shift abruptly within isolated communities. **Correct Answer:** a\ **Explanation:** Rapid fading refers to the transient nature of spoken language, which disappears once spoken unless preserved in written or recorded form. **Question 93:** What is a **potlatch ceremony**, and where is it practiced?\ a) A ceremonial redistribution of resources among ranked societies, such as the Kwakwaka'wakw.\ b) A competitive exchange of goods between tribes in the Amazon.\ c) A religious ritual to honor ancestors in Polynesian societies.\ d) A feast held to celebrate seasonal harvests in Melanesian cultures.\ e) A trade ceremony focused on strengthening intergroup alliances. **Correct Answer:** a\ **Explanation:** Potlatch ceremonies, practiced by groups like the Kwakwaka'wakw, involve redistributing wealth to demonstrate generosity and reinforce social hierarchies. **Question 94:** What does **endangered language revitalization** often involve?\ a) Establishing schools and programs to teach the language to new generations.\ b) Prioritizing economic development over linguistic preservation.\ c) Translating endangered languages into dominant global languages.\ d) Creating dictionaries without engaging native speakers.\ e) Abandoning traditional practices in favor of modern ones. **Correct Answer:** a\ **Explanation:** Language revitalization efforts, such as those for Māori or Ainu, focus on teaching the language to children through schools, media, and cultural programs. **Question 95:** What is a **legend**, and how does it function in cultural contexts?\ a) A fictional story meant to entertain and educate.\ b) A historical account blending factual and symbolic elements.\ c) A cosmological explanation rooted in sacred beliefs.\ d) A story exclusively passed down through oral traditions.\ e) A secular tale focusing on moral dilemmas. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** Legends blend historical and symbolic elements, often serving to explain or reinforce cultural values and historical identity. **Question 96:** What is the **importance of symbolic groups** in Edward Sapir's model?\ a) They are defined by physical proximity and shared resources.\ b) They focus on shared symbols or status rather than direct interaction.\ c) They consist of individuals working toward a common goal.\ d) They emphasize face-to-face relationships and emotional bonds.\ e) They prioritize kinship ties over economic interactions. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** Symbolic groups are characterized by shared meanings, symbols, or status, often existing without direct interaction among members. **E.B. Tylor and Victor Turner** **Question 97:**\ What was **E.B. Tylor's contribution to the study of religion**?\ a) He argued that rituals were a form of social drama resolving conflicts.\ b) He proposed that religion originated from a belief in spiritual beings (animism).\ c) He suggested that myths serve only as entertainment in non-industrial societies.\ d) He focused exclusively on rites of passage and their symbolic significance.\ e) He developed the communication model to analyze religious language. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** Tylor introduced the concept of animism, the belief in spiritual beings, as the foundation of religion in his work on the evolution of belief systems. **Power, Influence, Authority** **Question 98:**\ What is the difference between **power, influence, and authority** in political systems?\ a) Power is coercive, influence is persuasive, and authority is legitimate.\ b) Power is informal, influence is hierarchical, and authority is based on force.\ c) Power is egalitarian, influence is economic, and authority is symbolic.\ d) Power is inherited, influence is transactional, and authority is communal.\ e) Power is symbolic, influence is formal, and authority is ritualistic. **Correct Answer:** a\ **Explanation:** Power involves coercion, influence uses persuasion without force, and authority is recognized as legitimate by society. **Ancestral Lines** **Question 99:**\ What role do **ancestral lines** play in Maisin social organization?\ a) They reinforce egalitarian norms through redistribution ceremonies.\ b) They determine leadership roles and inheritance of wealth.\ c) They preserve cultural identity and connect people to their land.\ d) They formalize trade agreements between clans.\ e) They serve as a basis for hierarchical social stratification. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** In Maisin culture, ancestral lines symbolize connections to land and cultural identity, integral to sustaining their traditions. **Question 114:** What is an example of **arbitrariness** in language?\ a) Mimicking environmental sounds to form new vocabulary.\ b) Combining sounds into meaningful units based on universal patterns.\ c) Using onomatopoeia to reflect real-world sounds.\ d) Words having no inherent connection to their meanings.\ e) Communication relying entirely on innate vocalizations. **Correct Answer:** d\ **Explanation:** Arbitrariness refers to the lack of inherent connection between the form of a word and its meaning, as seen in how different languages have unique words for the same concept. **Question 115:** What is an example of **discreteness** in language?\ a) The blending of phonemes to create subtle sound gradients.\ b) Using intonation to alter the emotional impact of speech.\ c) Combining entire sentences without distinguishing their components.\ d) Distinct phonemes, like /p/ and /b/, forming the basis of different words.\ e) Speech patterns evolving into indistinguishable vocalizations. **Correct Answer:** d\ **Explanation:** Discreteness highlights how distinct phonemes, like /p/ and /b/, combine to form words with entirely different meanings (e.g., \"pat\" vs. \"bat\"). **Labov's Study** **Question 100:**\ What was the primary finding of **Labov's study on pronunciation in New York City department stores**?\ a) Language use does not correlate with social class.\ b) Upper-class speakers avoided using the /r/ sound in formal speech.\ c) Lower-class speakers used the /r/ sound more frequently in informal settings.\ d) Pronunciation was entirely influenced by education levels, not class\ e) Middle-class speakers exhibited hypercorrection in formal contexts. **Correct Answer:** e\ **Explanation:** Labov found that middle-class speakers hypercorrected their /r/ pronunciation in formal settings to emulate upper-class speech patterns. **Tahltan Hunting Stories** **Question 101:**\ What do **Tahltan hunting stories** demonstrate about language and knowledge?\ a) They preserve ecological knowledge that cannot be fully translated.\ b) They emphasize the importance of trade in sustaining communities.\ c) They focus on spiritual rituals disconnected from daily life.\ d) They highlight the development of modern agricultural techniques.\ e) They formalize the inheritance of wealth and property. **Correct Answer:** a\ **Explanation:** Tahltan hunting stories encode ecological knowledge and cultural practices, demonstrating the value of language in preserving environmental understanding. **Invention and Synchronic/Diachronic Studies** **Question 102:**\ What is the difference between **synchronic and diachronic studies** of change?\ a) Synchronic studies focus on cultural change over time, while diachronic examines specific moments.\ b) Synchronic studies analyze a culture at one point in time, while diachronic examines change over time.\ c) Synchronic studies address language evolution, while diachronic focuses on technology.\ d) Synchronic studies emphasize biological change, while diachronic emphasizes cultural trends.\ e) Synchronic studies compare multiple societies, while diachronic focuses on one group. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** Synchronic studies analyze a culture or system at a specific moment, while diachronic studies track its evolution and changes over time. **Invention** **Question 103:**\ How does **invention** contribute to cultural change?\ a) It spreads traits from one culture to another through trade and migration.\ b) It preserves traditional knowledge against external influences.\ c) It involves adopting dominant cultural practices from other groups.\ d) It creates entirely new cultural traits or practices in response to societal needs.\ e) It formalizes rituals to address shifts in political power. **Correct Answer:** d\ **Explanation:** Invention introduces new practices or tools within a culture, often as a response to changing environmental or social conditions. **Genocide** **Question 104:**\ What impact does **genocide** have on cultural preservation?\ a) It encourages cultural blending and innovation.\ b) It strengthens traditional practices through resistance.\ c) It leads to the loss of languages and cultural knowledge.\ d) It preserves ecological knowledge through oral traditions.\ e) It redistributes wealth and resources within communities. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** Genocide often results in the destruction of cultural knowledge, traditions, and languages, as seen in the loss of Tasmanian Aboriginal and Beothuk cultures. **Question 105:** Which of the following is an example of **monogamy's evolution** in modern societies?\ a) The rise of serial monogamy, where individuals have multiple spouses at the same time.\ b) The abandonment of marriage systems in favor of cohabitation.\ c) The shift from lifelong unions to sequential monogamous partnerships over a lifetime.\ d) The adoption of endogamous practices to preserve cultural purity.\ e) The transition to legal recognition of multiple simultaneous marriages. **Correct Answer:** e\ **Explanation:** Serial monogamy reflects modern societal trends, where individuals may have multiple partners over their lifetime, one at a time. **Question 106:** What is an example of **liminality** in a rite of passage?\ a) A young adult leaving their home to begin higher education.\ b) A bride and groom exchanging vows during their wedding ceremony.\ c) A child undergoing a naming ceremony after birth.\ d) A deceased individual being buried during a funeral.\ e) A new employee receiving a promotion within a company. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** Liminality is the transitional phase in a rite of passage, such as the wedding vows marking the shift from singlehood to marriage. **Question 107:** What distinguishes **egalitarian societies** from ranked societies?\ a) Egalitarian societies rely on centralized leadership, while ranked societies do not.\ b) Egalitarian societies emphasize equal access to power and resources, while ranked societies distribute status unequally.\ c) Egalitarian societies prioritize wealth accumulation, while ranked societies limit economic stratification.\ d) Egalitarian societies enforce hierarchical norms, while ranked societies operate informally.\ e) Egalitarian societies use formal laws, while ranked societies use rituals. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** Egalitarian societies emphasize equality in power and resources, whereas ranked societies exhibit unequal access to status and prestige. **Question 108:** What is an example of **diffusion** in agricultural practices?\ a) The invention of irrigation techniques in the Fertile Crescent.\ b) The spread of maize cultivation from the Americas to Europe.\ c) The independent domestication of rice in East Asia.\ d) The loss of traditional farming methods due to urbanization.\ e) The genetic modification of crops for mass production. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** Diffusion involves the spread of cultural practices, such as maize cultivation, from one region to another through trade and interaction. **Question 109:** What does the **law of similarity** in sympathetic magic suggest?\ a) Objects with a shared history retain a magical connection.\ b) Magic works best when performed during celestial events.\ c) Words or names contain inherent magical power.\ d) Physical proximity is required for magical effects to work.\ e) Rituals that mimic a desired outcome can influence reality. **Correct Answer:** e\ **Explanation:** The law of similarity posits that rituals or objects resembling the desired outcome can symbolically affect it, such as a voodoo doll. **Question 110:** Which of the following represents **language maintenance** efforts?\ a) Declaring an endangered language extinct due to lack of speakers.\ b) Encouraging communities to abandon endangered languages for economic integration.\ c) Translating traditional stories into dominant languages for accessibility.\ d) Introducing bilingual education programs to teach Indigenous languages.\ e) Creating hybrid languages like creoles for broader communication. **Correct Answer:** d\ **Explanation:** Language maintenance includes efforts like bilingual education, which ensure endangered languages are taught to new generations. **Question 111:** What does **duality of patterning** refer to in human language?\ a) The ability to use sounds and gestures interchangeably.\ b) The replication of speech patterns across different languages.\ c) The reliance on cultural context to derive meaning.\ d) The combination of meaningless sounds into meaningful units like words.\ e) The arrangement of words into syntactically valid sentences. **Correct Answer:** d\ **Explanation:** Duality of patterning describes how meaningless phonemes combine to form meaningful morphemes and words, enabling complex communication. **Question 112:** How does **productivity** distinguish human language from animal communication?\ a) Humans can produce language only in response to external stimuli.\ b) Human language lacks repetition in structure and syntax.\ c) Human language operates strictly within innate grammatical constraints.\ d) Humans can create an infinite number of novel sentences and ideas.\ e) Humans use language exclusively for survival and reproduction. **Correct Answer:** d\ **Explanation:** Productivity refers to the ability of humans to generate an infinite number of new and meaningful sentences using a finite set of rules and vocabulary. **Question 113:** What does **displacement** enable humans to do that most animal communication cannot?\ a) Use arbitrary symbols to represent objects or actions.\ b) Mimic natural sounds to create meaningful language.\ c) Generate complex vocalizations for immediate needs.\ d) Discuss events or concepts that are not present in time or space.\ e) Encode emotional states into repetitive vocal patterns. **Correct Answer:** d\ **Explanation:** Displacement allows humans to communicate about things that are not immediately observable, such as past or future events, or hypothetical ideas. **Question 116:**\ What is an example of **reincorporation** in a rite of passage?\ a) A bride returning to her family after a wedding ceremony.\ b) A young adult participating in initiation rites and becoming a full community member.\ c) A shaman entering a trance state to communicate with spirits.\ d) A child attending a naming ceremony shortly after birth.\ e) A chief redistributing goods during a potlatch ceremony. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** Reincorporation is the final stage of a rite of passage, where the individual is integrated into society with a new status or role. **Political Systems** **Question 117:**\ What distinguishes a **tribe** from a **chiefdom** in political organization?\ a) Tribes rely on hereditary leadership, while chiefdoms rely on informal consensus.\ b) Tribes have centralized authority, while chiefdoms are egalitarian.\ c) Tribes use persuasion-based leadership, while chiefdoms use formalized power and redistribution.\ d) Tribes practice intensive agriculture, while chiefdoms rely on foraging.\ e) Tribes focus on competitive ceremonies, while chiefdoms have no redistributive practices. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** Tribes use informal persuasion-based leadership, while chiefdoms feature centralized, hereditary authority and formalized redistribution systems. **Language Structure** **Question 118:**\ What is a **phoneme**, and why is it important?\ a) A word with a unique cultural meaning.\ b) The smallest unit of meaning in a language.\ c) A sound that differentiates meaning in words.\ d) A grammatical structure governing sentence formation.\ e) A written symbol representing a spoken sound. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a language that can change the meaning of a word, such as /p/ in \"pat\" vs. /b/ in \"bat.\" **Social Stratification** **Question 119:**\ What is the **function of potlatch ceremonies** in ranked societies?\ a) To create competitive dominance through displays of wealth.\ b) To reinforce social hierarchies by redistributing resources.\ c) To maintain egalitarian norms through communal sharing.\ d) To formalize leadership transitions between clans.\ e) To establish intergroup trade agreements. **Correct Answer:** b\ **Explanation:** Potlatch ceremonies redistribute resources while reinforcing social hierarchies, as chiefs demonstrate their wealth and generosity. **Magic and Witchcraft** **Question 120:**\ What is an example of **sympathetic magic**?\ a) Using a charm to ward off illness.\ b) Avoiding physical contact with sacred objects.\ c) Creating a doll resembling a person to influence them.\ d) Consulting an oracle to resolve disputes.\ e) Burning herbs to cleanse a ritual space. **Correct Answer:** c\ **Explanation:** Sympathetic magic involves actions or objects that imitate the desired effect, such as using a doll to influence a person. **Cultural Change** **Question 121:**\ What is an example of **acculturation**?\ a) Indigenous communities adopting Western education systems while retaining traditional ceremonies.\ b) The complete replacement of a minority culture with dominant cultural practices.\ c) The spread of Christianity through missionary activity.\ d) The development of pidgin languages in colonial trade contexts.\ e) The invention of new tools to address environmental challenges. **Correct Answer:** a\ **Explanation:** Acculturation involves adopting cultural traits from a dominant group while maintaining core aspects of one's original identity.